Reglering av fracking i EU en aktörsanalys OSCAR STENSTRÖM
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(104) . DFFHSWDQVHQ1lUGHWJlOOHUIUDFNLQJILQQVLQJHWVPnVNDOLJWlJDQGHLHQHUJLERODJHQ RFKOnQJWLGVHIIHNWHQORNDOWVHUGHOYLVDQQRUOXQGDXW(QEUXQERUUKnOKDULYLVVDIDOO NRUWOLYVOlQJGMlPI|UWPHGYLQGNUDIW(IWHULVQLWWnUVOlFNVERUUKnOHWlYHQRP YLVVDI|UHWDJWDODURPP|MOLJKHWHUDWWSURGXFHUDJDVLXSSWLOOnULVDPPDEUXQQ 1lUEUXQQHQVOlFNWVIO\WWDVSURGXNWLRQHQYLGDUH'HWUHVHURFNVnIUnJRURP nWHUVWlOODQGHRFKRPPDUNDQYlQGQLQJHQ)UDFNLQJPDUNQDGVI|UVVRPHQP|MOLJKHW DWWEHYDUDMREEUlGGDIDVWLJKHWVSULVHURFKVlNUDIUDPWLGVXWVLNWHUI|UORNDOVDPKlOOHQL JOHVE\JJG'HQDPHULNDQVNDIDVWLJKHWVELOGQLQJHQP|MOLJJ|UI|UPDUNlJDUHDWWVlOMD YlUGHWDYGHWLOOJnQJDUVRPILQQVXQGHUPDUN\WDQ/LNQDQGHMXULGLVNDNRQVWUXNWLRQHU ILQQVLQWHL(XURSD1lUI|UHWDJHW&KHYURQH[SDQGHUDUVLQXWYLQQLQJJHQRPIUDFNLQJ PDUNQDGVI|UGHVLJVRPHQVWDELOORNDODUEHWVJLYDUHLHQNRQWH[WGlUDUEHWVPDUNQDGHQ VYLNWDU . Figur 10.. Flygfoto över Johnson County, Texas, USA. Varje borrplats tar i sig en liten yta, men det krävs sett över ett större område många borrplatser. Den totala ytan på bilden till vänster är ca 260 m x 160 m, till höger ca 26 km x 16 km. (Google Maps). 6.3.4 Övrig miljöpåverkan. (QULVNVRPXSSPlUNVDPPDWVDYORNDODDNW|UHUlUGHQJHRPHNDQLVNDSnYHUNDQ. VRPNDQXWO|VDMRUGElYQLQJDUHOOHUMRUGVNDOY9LGWLOOI|UVHODYVWRUDYRO\PHUYlWVND XQGHUK|JWWU\FNNDQVHLVPLVNDNWLYLWHWXSSVWn 9LGWYnXSSPlUNVDPPDGHMRUGVNDOYNULQJEULWWLVND%ODFNSRROYLG&XDGULOOD XWYLQQLQJHQSnYLVDGHVWXGLHUDWWGHQWUROLJDVWHDQOHGQLQJHQWLOOMRUGVNDOYEHURGGHSn GHWK|JDYDWWHQWU\FNHWIUnQIUDFNLQJ'HWlULYLVVDEHUJJUXQGHUVYnUWHOOHURP|MOLJW DWWInIXOONRQWUROO|YHUGHQH[DNWDIRUWSODQWQLQJHQDYVSULFNRULEHUJJUXQGHQYLONHW 50. Grönlund, Erik. Tyskland – Världsmästare i vindkraft. Examensarbete. Avdelningen för teknik- och vetenskapshistoria KTH. 2007..
(105) . J|UDWWVNDSDGHVSULFNRUPHGIUDFNLQJNDQInNRQWDNWPHGWLGLJDUHJHRORJLVND VSULFNELOGQLQJDU bYHQQlUGHWJlOOHUVHLVPLVNSnYHUNDQVSHODUGHQEHILQWOLJDORNDODUlGVODQHQVWRU UROOI|UGHQVLWXDWLRQVEXQGQDNRQWH[WHQ,.DOLIRUQLHQRFK5XPlQLHQGlUGHWUHGDQ LGDJILQQVSnWDJOLJULVNI|UMRUGVNDOYKDUIUDFNLQJDGGHUDWHQULVNYLONHWVNDSDWGHEDWW. 51. Healy, Dave. Hydraulic Fracturing or ‘Fracking’: A Short Summary of Current Knowledge and Potential Environmental Impacts. Department of Geology & Petroleum Geology, University of Aberdeen. 2012 juli..
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(108) . Kapitel 7. Aktuella lagrum 7.1 Lagrum i EU 3nXSSGUDJDY(8NRPPLVVLRQHQUHGRYLVDGHDGYRNDWE\UnQ3KLOLSSH 3DUWQHUV HQVWXGLHRPODJUXPPHWI|UIUDFNLQJLQRYHPEHU5DSSRUWHQUHGRYLVDGH(8 V EHILQWOLJDODJUXPRFKGHUDVVOXWVDWVYDUDWWGHQEHILQWOLJDODJVWLIWQLQJHQWlFNWHLQGH IOHVWDNlQGDPLOM|DVSHNWHUQD6WXGLHQXQGHUV|NWHRFNVnODJUXPPHQRFK WLOOVWnQGVJLYQLQJHQL)UDQNULNH3ROHQ7\VNODQGRFK6YHULJH 0LOM|NRQVHNYHQVSU|YQLQJHQlUNlUQDQLDOODWLOOVWnQGVSURFHVVHUL(8I|UDWWInHQ OLFHQVI|UIUDFNLQJ 7LOOlPSOLJDI|URUGQLQJDURFKGLUHNWLYI|UIUDFNLQJL(8 . )|UJHQHUHOODWLOOVWnQGJlOOHU+\GURFDUERQV'LUHFWLYH. . )|UYDWWHQVN\GGJlOOHU:DWHU)UDPHZRUN'LUHFWLYH*URXQGZDWHU 'LUHFWLYHRFKWKH0LQLQJ:DVWH'LUHFWLYH. . $QYlQGQLQJHQDYNHPLNDOLHUIDOOHUXQGHU5($&+RFKDGPLQLVWUHUDVDY (XURSHLVNDNHPLNDOLHP\QGLJKHWHQ(&+$2PHWWI|UHWDJVNXOOHYLOMD KHPOLJKnOODNHPLNDOLHUQDlUGHWP|MOLJWPHQGHWNUlYHUHQVSHFLHOO UHJLVWUHULQJRFKHQVMlOYVWlQGLJP\QGLJKHWVEHG|PQLQJ'lUWLOOILQQVGHWVn NDOODGH6HYHVRGLUHNWLYHWRPnWJlUGHUI|UDWWI|UHE\JJDRFKEHJUlQVD I|OMGHUQDDYDOOYDUOLJDRO\FNVKlQGHOVHUGlUIDUOLJDlPQHQLQJnU. . 0DUNVN\GGRFKELRGLYHUVLWHWWlFNVLQDY1DWXUDGlUWLOOILQQV+DELWDWV 'LUHFWLYHDQGWKH:LOG%LUGV'LUHFWLYH . 52. Ibid. Not 13. 53 Direktiv 94/22/EG - tillstånd för prospektering efter samt undersökning och utvinning av kolväten. Europaparlamentet. 54 Direktiv 2000/60/EG gemenskapens åtgärder på vattenpolitikens område. Europaparlamentet. 55 Direktiv 2006/118/EG skydd för grundvatten mot föroreningar och försämring. Europaparlamentet. 56 Direktiv 2006/21/EG hantering av avfall från utvinningsindustrin. Europaparlamentet. 57 Förordning nr 1907/2006. Reach registrering, utvärdering, godkännande och begränsning av kemikalier. Europaparlamentet. 58 Direktiv 2003/105/EG; direktiv 96/82/EG. Europaparlamentets och Europeiska rådet. 59 Direktiv 92/43/EEG om bevarande av livsmiljöer samt vilda djur och växter. Europaparlamentet. 60 Miljöbalk SFS 1998:808. 7 kap. Stockholm: Miljödepartementet..
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(110) . . 2IIHQWOLJKHWXQGHUWLOOVWnQGVDQV|NDQJDUDQWHUDVDY(QYLURQPHQWDO,PSDFW $VVHVVPHQW'LUHFWLYH. . 2SHUDW|UHUNDQEOLVNDGHVWnQGVVN\OGLJDHQOLJW(QYLURQPHQWDO/LDELOLW\ 'LUHFWLYH. 5DSSRUWHQJDYVW|GI|UXSSIDWWQLQJHQDWWGHWIDQQVHWWYlOXSSE\JJWODSSWlFNHDY ODJDURFKUHJOHUVRPWHNQLNHQIUDFNLQJEHK|YGHI|UKnOODVLJWLOOL(8 )UnQHWWI|UHWDJVSHUVSHNWLYXWJMRUGHGHPnQJDROLNDODJDUQDRFK P\QGLJKHWVNRQWDNWHUQDHQSU|YQLQJLVLJ0HQUDSSRUWHQIUnQ3KLOLSSH 3DUWQHUV UHGRYLVDGHRFNVnDWWGHWIDQQVEUDO|VQLQJDUVRPH[HPSHOYLVL7\VNODQGGlUHQµRQH VWRSVKRSµJMRUGHDWWI|UHWDJHQGDVWEHK|YGHWDHQP\QGLJKHWVNRQWDNWWURWVHQEUHG XSSVlWWQLQJDYODJDU (QVYDJKHWVRPXSSPlUNVDPPDGHVDY3KLOLSSH 3DUWQHUVYDUDWWUHVSHNWLYH ERUUKnOLVLJXWJMRUGHHQVnSDVVOLWHQYHUNVDPKHWDWWWLOOVWnQGVJLYQLQJEOHYI|UHQNODG WURWVDWWGHQDJJUHJHUDGHSURGXNWLRQVQLYnQLHWWRPUnGHVNXOOHNXQQDEOLK|J 8W|YHUGHHXURSHLVNDI|URUGQLQJDUQDRFKGLUHNWLYHQSnSHNDGHVDWWUHVSHNWLYH QDWLRQDOVWDWNXQGHJ|UDHJQD|YHUYlJDQGHQRFKLQI|UDHJQDQDWLRQHOODODJDU9LG LQJnQJHQDYnUIDQQVIHPXWWDODGHI|UEXGL(8VHILJXU. 61. Direktiv 2009/147/EG om bevarande av vilda fåglar. Europaparlamentet. 62 Direktiv 2011/92/EU om bedömning av inverkan på miljön av vissa offentliga och privata projekt. Europaparlamentet. 63 Direktiv 2004/35/EG om miljöansvar för att förebygga och avhjälpa miljöskador. Europaparlamentet..
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(112) . Skiffergastillgång i EU år 2012 samt förekomsten av förbud/moratorier.64. 7.2 Lagrum i Sverige )|UDWWEHGULYDLQGXVWULHOOYHUNVDPKHWPHGIUDFNLQJLHQOLJKHWPHGVYHQVNODJ NUlYVSU|YQLQJHQOLJWEODQGDQQDWPLQHUDOODJHQRFKPLOM|EDONHQI|UVnYlO XQGHUV|NQLQJVRPXWYLQQLQJ'HWILQQVLQJHQVSHFLHOOODJUHJOHULQJHOOHUUHIHUHQV H[SOLFLWI|UIUDFNLQJ0LQHUDOODJHQXSSVWlOOHUNUDYSnWHNQLVNWNXQQDQGHRFK HNRQRPLVNDUHVXUVHUI|UGHWI|UHWDJVRPYLOOXQGHUV|NDRFKXWYLQQD)|USU|YQLQJ PRWPLOM|EDONHQNUlYVDOOWLGHQVlUVNLOGPLOM|SU|YQLQJDYPLOM|GRPVWROHQ'lU EHG|PVYHUNVDPKHWHQVLQYHUNDQSnPLOM|QLYLGPHQLQJ'RPVWROHQIDVWVWlOOHURFNVn YLOONRUI|UYHUNVDPKHWHQ $QV|NDQRPWLOOVWnQGHQOLJWPLQHUDOODJHQJ|UVWLOO%HUJVVWDWHQ,6YHULJHIDQQVYLG LQJnQJHQDYnUVMXWWRQXQGHUV|NQLQJVWLOOVWnQGHQOLJWPLQHUDOODJHQVRP XWWU\FNOLJHQDYVnJJDVLRPUnGHQPHGDOXQVNLIIHU)HPDYGHVVDRPUnGHQIDQQVSn gODQGRFKGH|YULJDWROYLgVWHUJ|WODQGVOlQ 'HWVYHQVNDV\VWHPHWPHGWLOOVWnQGVSU|YQLQJlUGHQLVlUNODVVYDQOLJDVWHPRGHOOHQ L(8)UDFNLQJSU|YDVVRPDOODDQQDQLQGXVWULHOOYHUNVDPKHWRFKRPODJHQlUDWW EHWUDNWDVRPµVWULNWµEHURUSnLYLONHQDNW|UVNOlGHUPDQEHILQQHUVLJL 64. Frack to the future. The Economist. 2013-02-02. http://www.economist.com/news/business/21571171-extracting-europesshale-gas-and-oil-will-be-slow-and-difficult-business-frack-future (Hämtad 2013-10-10)..
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