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A node-based representation of gameplay scripts

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Teknisk- naturvetenskaplig fakultet UTH-enheten Besöksadress: Ångströmlaboratoriet Lägerhyddsvägen 1 Hus 4, Plan 0 Postadress: Box 536 751 21 Uppsala Telefon: 018 – 471 30 03 Telefax: 018 – 471 30 00 Hemsida: http://www.teknat.uu.se/student

Abstract

A node-based representation of gameplay scripts

Mark Tibblin

This project expands on the Unreal Engine 4 by providing an additional tool for it. The tool’s purpose is to convert C# code into the engine’s built in Blueprint system which is a visual scripting kind of language.

This thesis will be going through the three big steps necessary to take in order to complete this kind of conversion. It includes parsing and evaluating C# code, creating an Abstract Syntax Tree from it, and generating a Blueprint from the result.

Furthermore it will also explore how to structure a graph, as a Blueprint is visualizing through the use of graphs and nodes.

Tryckt av: Reprocentralen ITC IT 16 001

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