PERILUS XIV: Papers from the symposium Current Phonetic Research Paradigma: Implications for Speech Motor Control, held in Stockholm, August 13-16, 1991

University of Stockholm

Institute of Linguistics

PERILUS XIV

PERILUS mainly contains reports on current experimental work carried out in the Phonetics Laboratory at the University of Stockholm. Copies are available from the Institute of Linguis­

tics, University of Stockholm, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.

This issue of PERILUS was edited by aile Engstrand and Catharina Kylander.

Institute of Linguistics University of Stockholm S-10691 Stockholm

Telephone: 08-162 347

(+468 1623 47, international)

Telefax: 08-155389

(+468 1553 89, international) Telex/Teletex: 8105199 Univers

(c) 1991 The authors

ISSN

0282-6690

This volume of PER ILUS presents brief summaries of the papers presented at Current Phonetic Research Paradigms: Implications for Speech Motor Control, a symposium organized at Stockholm Uni

v

e

rs

i

t

y during August 1 3-16, 1991.

In taking this initiative we believe that we responded to a current, rather widely felt need for bringing together proponents of a number of different theoretical viewpoints and for facilitating cross-paradigm interaction. The

International Congress of Phonetic Sciences which took place immediately after the Stockholm event, appeared to provide ample evidence for that need. It brought it very much to the fore, perhaps more than ever before. It showed clearly that our discipline is right now

characterized by a great deal of diversity.

Do phoneticians share a sense of common direction despite the current breadth of their subject matter? Will a common research agenda

naturally

grow out

o

f

th

e

v

a

ri

e

g

a

t

ed

spectrum

of

topics and theoretical perspectives now presented

to

us? Are the practical applications of phonetics and its theoretical development best served by leaving it alone as it goes through its unsupervised process of "mosaic evolution"?

Should the driving force be whatever research happens to promote its short-term academic survival and prosperity? Or does progress in phonetics presuppose interfering with that process, raising to one's awareness and acknowledging that the unification of the field is an absolute prerequisite for reaching both theoretical and applied goals?

Debating such questions is essential to the future role of phonetics, not only in Sweden but also internationally. They are big, hard, but important questions that must be addressed by all concerned whenever there is a chance to meet.

We are grateful to our sponosr, The Swedish Council for Research in the Social Sciences, SFR, for providing us with the opportunity to do so during the Stockholm symposium.

We also thank all participants for all their contributions to the meeting - and to the long-term cross-paradigm agenda of phonetics.

Olle Engstrand Bjorn Lindblom

i

i

i

v

Contents

The phonetics laboratory group ... ix

Current projects and grants ... xi

Previous issues of PER ILUS ... .xiii

Participants in alphabetic order ... xxiii

Does increasing representational complexity lead to more speech variability?

... . . . .. . . .. . . ... . . 1

Christian Abry & Tahar Lallouache

Some cross language aspects of co-articulation

^.

..

. . . .

.

. . . .. . .. . . .

.

. . . .

.

^.

7

Robert McAllister & Olle Engstrand

Coarticulation and reduction in consonants

^:

comparing isolated words and continuous speech

.^..^...... .......

.

^{. . . . .}.. . . ..^..^... 11

Edda F arnetani

Trading relations between tongue-body raising and lip rounding in production of the vowel luI

.^..^....^{. . .}.^{. .}...^{. .}.^{. . .}...^{. . .}.^..^..^{. . . . .}.^{. .}

.

^..^...^{. .}...^{. . .}.^{. . . .}.^. 1 7 Joseph S. Perkell, Mario A. Svirsky, Melanie L. Matthies & Michael I. Jordan

Tongue

^-

jaw interactions in linugal consonants .

^{. . .}

.

^{. . .}

.

. . . .

.

^{. . .}

.

^...

.

. . . 21

B Kuhnert, C Ledl, P Hoole & H G Tillmann

Discrete and continous modes in speech motor control

. . . 27

Anders Lofqvist & Vincent L. Gracco

Paths and trajectories in orofacial motion

. . . .. .

.

^{. . . .}.^....^{. .}

.

^{. . .}

.

^.......^..^..

.

. . . 35

DJ. Os try, K.G. Munhall, JR. Flanagan & A.S Bregman

Articulatory control in stop consonant clusters

. . . ...^{. . .}... . . ...^{. . . .}.^....^{. .}..^{. . . .} 39

Daniel Recasens, Jordi Fontdevila & Maria Dolors Pallares

Dynamics of intergestural timing ... .47

E. Saltzman, B. Kay, P. Rubin & J. Kinsella-Shaw

Modelling the speaker-listnener interaction in a quantitative model for speech motor control: a framework and some preliminary results

. . . ... 57

Rafael Laboissiere, Jean-Luc Schwartz & Gerard Bailly

CONTENTS

Neural network modelling of speech motor control using physiological data

... ... . . . 63

Eric Vatikiotis-Bateson, Makoto Hirayama & Mitsuo Kawato

Movement paths: different phonetic contexts and different speaking

styles

... . . . . .. . . ... 69 Celia Scully, Esther Grabe-Georges & Pierre Badin

Speech production. From acoustic tubes to the central representation

^{. . .} 75 Rene Carre & Mohamed Mrayati

On articulatory and acoustic varibilities: implications for speech motor control

...^...^....^... ...^{. . .}.^....^....^{. . . .}...^..... .^...^....^.... 79

Shinji Maeda

Speech perception based on acoustic landmarks: implications for speech

production ...^....^....^..^.....^..^......^.....^...^{. .}....^.....^.....^...^..^... . . . ..... . . B3 Kenneth N. Stevens

An investigation of locus equ

a

t

i

o

n

s as a source of relational invariance for stop place categorization

^{. . .}..^{. . .}..^{. . .}..^{. . .}..^....^{. ....}.... . . ....^... 89

Harvey M. Sussman

A

first report

on conso

nan

t

underarticulation in spontaneous speech i

n French

.^....^...... ....^..^....^....^.....^......^......^....^{. . .}.^...^....... . ...^.... .93

Danielle Duez

Temporal variability and the speed of time's flow

^....^{. .}.^....^...^. 99 Gerald D. Lame

Prosodic segmentation of recorded speech

^{. . .}.^....^....... . . . ...^{. .}...^{. . ....} 1 01 W.N. Campbell

Rhythmical ^-

in

what sense?

Some preliminary considerations

.^....^..^{. . .} 1 07 Lennart Nord

Focus and

phonological re

du

c

t

io

n ... 1 1 3 Linda Shockey

Recovery of "deleted" schwa

^...^..^{. . .}.^.....^....^..^....^.......^.....^....^{. .} 1 1 5 Sharon Y. Manuel

Invariant auditory patterns in speech processing: an explanation for

normalization

... 1 1 9 Natalie Waterson

CONTENTS

vii

Function and limits of the F1 :FO covaration in speech

^{. . . .}

..

^{. .}

...

. . . .

..

^. 1 25 H artmut TraunmiUler

Psychoacoustic complementarity and the dynamics of speech perception and production

^{. .}

..

^.

....

^...

.

^{. .}

.

^.

.

^..

....

^{. . . . .}

.

^{. . . . .}

..

^{. . .}

..

^{. .}

.

. . . .

.

^{. . .}

....

^{.. .}

..

^{. . .}

.

^{. . . . .}

..

^{. .}

.

^...

..

^.

..

^{. .} 1 31

Keith R. Kluender

How the listener can deduce the speaker's intended pronunciation

^.

.

^.

.

^{. .} 137 JohnJ.Ohaia

Phonetic covariation as auditory enhancement: the case of the

[+voice]/[-vocie] distinction

.. . ... . ... .

.

^..

.

^...

.

^{... . ..}

..

^...

.

^...

.

^...

...

^.

.

.. . .... . . . .

..

1 39 Randy L. Diehl & John Kingston

Cognitive-auditory constraints on articulatory reduction

^{. . .}

.

^.

.

^{. .}

..

. . . ..

.

^... 1 45 Klaus J. Kohler

Words are produced in order to be perceived: the listener in the

speaker's mind

... . . .. . . .

.

... .. . ... . . ..

...

^.

.

^{.. .}

.

^...

.

^.

..

^{. . .}

.

^{. . .}

..

... .

..

1 49 Sieb G. Nooteboom

An acoustic and percetpual study of undershoot in clear and citation-form speech

. . . .. . . .. . . 1 53

Seung-Jae Moon

Phonetics of baby tal speech: implications for infant speech

perception

. . . .. . . .. . . ...

.

. . . . ... . . ... 157 Barbara Davis

Use of the sound space in early speech

^..

.

...

.

...

.

^.

.

. . . .

.

^...

.

^..

..

^. 1 59 Peter F. MacNei/age

The emergence of phonological organization ... .... ... 161

M.M. Vihman & L. Roug-Hellichius

In defense of the Motor Theory

. . . ... . .. . . .. . . . .

.

. . . .. . .

.

. . . .. . . .

.

^... 167 Ignatius G. Mattingly

Learning to talk

... 173 Michael Studdert-Kennedy

CONTENTS

The phonetics laboratory group

Ann-Marie Alme Robert Bannert Peter Branderud

Una Cunningham-Andersson Hassan Djamshidpey

Mats Duiberg Ahmed Elgendi

Olle Engstrand Garda Ericsson

¹

Anders Eriksson2 Ake Floren

Eva Holmberg3 Bo Kassling

Amalia Khatchaturian 4 Diana Krull

Catharina Kylander Francisco Lacerda

Ingrid Landberg

B jam Lindblom5

Rolf Lindgren James Lubker6 Berti! Lyberg7 Robert McAllister Lennart Nord8

Lennart Nordstrand9 Lise-Lotte Roug-Hellichius Richard Schulman

Johan Stark

Ulla Sundberg Gunilla Thunberg

Hartmut Traunmiiller Karen Williams

Eva Oberg

Ann-Marie OsterlO

1 Also Department of Phoniatrics, University Hospital, Linkoping 2 Also Department of Linguistics, University of Gothenburg

3 Also Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA

ix

4 Visiting from Institute of Language, USSR Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia 5 Also Department of Linguistics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA 6 Also Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Vermont,

Burlington, Vermont, USA

7 Also Telia Research AB, Stockholm

8 Also Department of Speech Communication and Music Acoustics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm

9 Also AB Consonant, Uppsala

10 Also Department of Speech Communication and Music Acoustics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm

Current projects and grants

Speech transforms - an acoustic data base and computational rules for Swedish phonetics and phonology

xi

Supported by: The Swedish Board for Technical Development (NUTEK) and The Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences (HSFR), grant 89-00274P to One Engstrand

Project group: OUe Engstrand, Bjorn Lindblom, and Rolf Lindgren

Speech after glossectomy

Supported by: The Swedish Cancer Society, grant RMC901556 One Engstrand;

The Swedish Council for Planning and Coordination of Research (FRN), grant 900116:2 A 15-5/47 to One Engstrand

Project group: Ann- Marie Alme, Olle Engstrand, and Eva Oberg

The measurement of speech comprehension

Supported by: The Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences (HSFR), grant F423/90 to Robert McAllister

Project group: Mats Dufberg , Robert McAllister, and Gunilla Thunberg

Articulatory-acoustic correlations in coarticulatory processes: a crOSS-language investigation

Supported by: The Swedish Board for Technical Development (NUTEK), grant 89-00275P to Olle Engstrand; ESPRIT: Basic Research Action, AI and Cognitive Science: Speech

Project group: OUe Engstrand and Robert McAllister

An ontogentic study of infants' perception of speech

Supported by: The Tercentenary Foundation of the Bank of Sweden (RJ), grant 90/150: 1 to Francisco Lacerda

Project group: Francisco Lacerda, Bjorn Lindblom, and Ulla Sundberg; Goran Aurelius (S:t Gorans Children's Hospital).

Typological studies of phonetic systems

Supported by: The Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences (HSFR), grant F421/90 to Bjorn Lindblom

Project group: Olle Engstrand, Diana Krull, and Bjorn Lindblom

Sociodialectal perception from an immigrant perspective

Supported by: The Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences (HSFR), grant F420/90 to OBe Engstrand

Project group: Una Cunningham-Andersson and OBe Engstrand

Early language-specific sound development

Supported by: The Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences (HSFR), grant F615/91 to OBe Engstrand

Project group: OBe Engstrand, Catharina Kylander, Francisco Lacerda, Lise­

Lotte Roug-Hellichius and Karen Williams

Paralinguistic variation in speech and speech technology

Supported by: The Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences (HSFR), grant F682/91 to Hartmut Traunmiiller

Project group: Hartmut TraunmiiBer

PROJECTS AND GRANTS

Previous issues of PERILUS

PERILUS I, 1978-1979 1. Introduction

Bjorn Lindblom and James Lubker

xiii

2. Some Issues In research on the perception of steady-state

vowels Vowel identification and spectral slope

Eva Age/fors and Mary Graslund

Why does [a] change to [0] when Fa is increased? Interplay between

harmonic structure and formant frequency

in the perception

of vowel

quality Ake Floren

Analysis and

prediction of difference limen data for formant frequ

e

n

c

i

e

s Lennart Nord and Eva Sventelius

Vowel

identification as a function of increasing fundamental frequency Elisabeth Tenenholtz

Essentials of a psychoacoustic model

of spectral matching Hartmut Traunmilller

3.

On the perceptual role of dynamic features in the speech signal

Interaction

between spectral and durational cues in Swedish

vowel contrasts

Anette Bishop and Gunilla Edlund

On the distribution of [h]

in

the

languages of the world: is the rarity

of syllable final [h] due

to an asymmetry of backward and forward masking?

Eva Holmberg and Alan Gibson

On the function of formant transitions:

I. Formant frequency

target

vs.

rate of change in vowel identification I I.

Perception of steady vs. dynamic vowel sounds in noise

Karin Holmgren

Artificiall y clipped syllables and the role of formant transitions in consonant perception

Hartmut Traunmilller

4. Prosody and top down processing

The importance of timing and fundamental frequency contour information in the perception of prosodic categories

Berti! Lyberg

Speech perception in noise and the evaluation of l

a

ng

ua

ge

proficiency

Alan

C.

Sheats

5. BLOD -A block diagram simulator

Peter Branderud

PERILUS

II,

1979-1980 Introduction

James Lubker

A study of anticipatory labial coarticulation

in the

speech of children

Asa Berlin, Ingrid Landberg and Lilian Persson

Rapid reproduction of vowel-vowel sequences by children

Ake Floren

Production of bite-block vowels

by children Alan Gibson and Lorrane McPhearson

Laryngeal airway resistance as

a function of phonation type Eva Holmberg

The declination effect in Swedish

Diana Krull and Siv Wandeback

Compensatory articulation by deaf speakers

Richard Schulman

Neural and mechanical response time in the speech of cerebral palsied subjects

Elisabeth Tenenholtz

An acoustic investigation of production of plosives

by cleft

pala

te

speakers

Garda Ericsson

PERILUS III, 1982-1983 Introduction

Bjorn Lindblom

Elicitation and perceptual judgement of disfluency and stuttering

Anne-Marie Alme

PREVIOUS ISSUES

Intelligibility vs. redundancy - conditions of dependency

Sheri Hunnicut

The role of vowel context on the perception of place of articulation for stops

Diana Krull

Vowel categorization by the bilingual listener

Richard Schulman

Comprehension of foreign accents.

(A

Cryptic investigation.)

Richard Schulman and Maria Wingstedt

Syntetiskt tal som hjalpmedel vid korrektion av dovas tal

Anne-Marie Oster

PERILUS IV, 1984-1985 Introduction

Bjorn Lindblom

Labial coarticulation in stutterers and normal speakers

Ann-Marie Alme

Movetrack

Peter Branderud

Some evidence on rhythmic patterns of spoken French

Danielle Duez and Yukihoro Nishinuma

xv

On the relation between the acoustic properties of Swedish voiced stops and their perceptual processing

Diana Krull

Descriptive acoustic studies for the synthesis of spoken Swedish

Francisco Lacerda

Frequency discrimination as a function of stimulus onset characteristics

Francisco Lacerda

Speaker-listener interaction and phonetic variation

Bjorn Lindblom and Rolf Lindgren

Articulatory targeting and perceptual consistency of loud speech

Richard Schulman

The role of the fundamental and the higher formants in the perception of speaker size, vocal effort, and vowel openness

Hartmut TraunmtJller

PREVIOUS ISSUES

PERILUS

V, 1986-1987

About the computer-lab

Peter Branderud

Adaptive variability and absolute constancy in speech signals: two themes in the quest for phonetic invariance

Bjorn

Lindblom

Articulatory dynamics of loud and normal

speech Richard Schulman

An experiment on the cues to the identification of fricatives

Hartmut Traunmilller and Diana Krull

Second formant

locus patterns as a measure of consonant-vowel

coarticulation

Diana Krull

Exploring discourse intonation in Swedish

Madeleine Wulffson

Why two labialization strategies in Setswana?

Mats Oufberg

Phonetic development in early infancy - a study of four Swedish children during the first 1 8 months of life

Liselotte Roug, Ingrid Landberg and Lars

Johan Lundberg A simple computerized response collection system

Johan Stark and Mats

Dufberg

Experiments with technical aids in pronunciation teaching

Robert McAllister, Mats Oufberg and Maria Wallius

PERILUS VI, FALL 1987

Effects of peripheral auditory adaptation on the discrimination of speech sounds (Ph.D. thesis)

Francisco Lacerda

PERILUS VII, MAY 1988

Acoustic properties as predictors of perceptual responses:

a

study of Swedish voiced stops

(Ph.D. thesis) Diana Krull

PERILUS VIII, 1988

Some remarks on the origin of the "phonetic code"

Bjorn Lindblom

PREVIOUS ISSUES

Formant undershoot in clear and citation form speech

Bjorn Lindblom and Seung-Jae Moon

On the systematicity of phonetic variation in spontaneous

speech aile Engstrand and Diana Krull

Discontinuous variation in spontaneous speech

aile Engstrand and Diana Krull

xvii

Paralinguistic variation and invariance in the characteristic freque

n

c

ie

s of vowels

Hartmut TraunmOller

Analytical expressions for the

tonotopic sensory scale

Hartmut TraunmOller

Attitudes to immigrant Swedish - A literature review and preparatory experiments

Una Cunningham-Andersson and

aile

Engstrand

Representing pitch accent in Swedish

Leslie M. Bailey

PERILUS IX, February 1989

Speech after cleft palate treatment ^-an

a

l

ysis of a

1

O-year

material

Garda Ericsson and Birgitta Ystrom

Some attempts to measure speech comprehension

Robert McAllister and Mats Dufberg

Speech after glossectomy: phonetic considerations and som preliminary results

Ann-Marie A/me and aile Engstrand

PERILUS X, December 1989

FO

correlates of tonal word

accents in s

pon

tane

o

us s

p

eec

h: range and systematicity of variation

aile

Engstrand

Phonetic features of the acute and grave word accents: data from spontaneous speech.

aile Engstrand

A note on hidden factors in vowel perception experiments

Hartmut TraunmOller

Paralinguistic speech signal transformations

Hartmut TraunmOller, Peter Branderud and Aina Bigestans

PREVIOUS ISSUES

Perceived strenght and identity of foreign accent in Swedish

Una Cunningham-Andersson and aile

Engstrand

Second formant locus patterns and consonant-vowel

coarticulation

i n spontaneous speech

Diana Krull

Second formant locus - nucleus patterns in spontaneous

s

pee

ch

: some preliminary results on French

Danielle Duez

Towards an ele

c

t

^ro

pa

la

t

o

gr

a

phi

c specification

of

consonant articulation in

Swedish.

aile

Engstrand

An

acoustic-perceptual study of Swedish vowels produced by a subtotally glossectomized speaker

Ann-Marie Alme, Eva Oberg and

aile

Engstrand

PERILUS XI, MAY 1990

In what sense is speech quantal?

Bjorn LIndblom

& aile

Engstrand

The status of phonetic gestures

Bjorn LIndblom

On the notion of "Possible Speech Sound"

Bjorn Lindblom

Models of phonetic variation and selection

Bjorn Lindblom

Phonetic content in phonology

Bjorn Lindblom

PERILUS XII, MAY 199 1

On the communicative process: Speaker-listener interaction and the development of speech

Bjorn Lindblom

Conversational maxims and principles of language planning

Hartmut TraunmOller

Quantity perception in Swedish [VC]-sequences:

word length and speech rate.

Hartmut TraunmOller and Aina Bigestans

Perceptual foreign accent: L2 user's co

m

p

re

h

en

s

i

o

n

ability

Robert McAllister

PREVIOUS ISSUES

Sociolectal sensitivity in native, non-native and non speakers of Swedish - a pilot study

Una Cunningham-Andersson

Perceptual evaluation of speech following subtotal and partial glossectomy

Ann-Marie Alme

VOT

in spontaneous speech and in citation form words Diana Krull

Some evidence on second formant locus-nucleus patterns in spontaneous speech in French

Daniell Duez

Vowel production in isolated words and in connected speech:

an investigation of the linguo-mandibular subsystem

Edda Farnetani and Alice Faber

Jaw position in English and Swedish VCVs

Patricia A. Keating, Bjorn Lindblom, James Lubker, and Jody Kreiman

Perception of CV-utterances by young infants:

pilot study using the High-Amplitude-Sucking technique

Francisco Lacerda

Child adjusted speech

Ulla Sundberg

Acquisition of the Swedish tonal word accent contrast

Olle Engstrand, Karen Williams, and Sven Stromquist

PERILUS XIII, May 199 1

xix

(Papers from the Fifth National Phonetics Conference, Stockholm; May 199 1)

Initial consonants and phonation types in Shanghai

Jan-Olof Svantesson

Acoustic features of creaky and breathy voice in Udehe

Galina Radchenko

Voice quality variations for female speech synthesis

Inger Karlsson

Effects of inventory size on the distribution of vowels in the formant space: preliminary data from seven languages

Olle Engstrand and Diana Krull

PREVIOUS ISSUES

The phonetics of pronouns

Raquel Willerman and Bjorn Lindblom Perceptual aspects of an intonation model Eva G�rding

Tempo and stress

Gunnar Fant, Anita Kruckenberg, and Lennart Nord On prosodic phrasing in Swedish

Gosta Bruce, Bjorn Granstrom, Kjell Gustafson and David House Phonetic characteristics of professional news reading

Eva Strangert

Studies of some phonetic characteristics of speech on stage Gunilla

Th

unb

er

g

The prosody of Norwegian news broadcasts

Kjell

Gustafson

Accentual prominence in French: read and spontaneous speech

Paul Touati

Stability of some Estonian duration relations

Diana Krull

Variation of speaker and speaking style in text-to-speech systems

Bjorn Granstrom and Lennart Nord

Child adjusted speech: remarks on the Swedish tonal word accent

Ulla

S

u

n

dber

g

Motivated deictic forms in early language acquisition

Sarah Williams

Cluster production at grammatical boundaries by Swedish children:

some preliminary observations

Peter Czigler

Infant speech perception studies

Francisco Lacerda

Reading and writing processes in children with Down syndrome - a research project

Irene Johansson

Velum and epiglottis behaviour during production of Arabic pharyngeals:

fibroscopic study

Ahmed Elgendi

PREVIOUS ISSUES

Analysing gestures from X-ray m

o

ti

o

n

films of speech Sidney Wood

Some cross language aspects of co-articulation

Robert McAllister and aile Engstrand

Articulation inter-timing variation in speech: modelling in a

recognition

system

Mats Blomberg

The context sensitivity of the perceptual interaction

between FO and F1 Hartmut TraunmOller

On the relative accessibility of units and representations in speech perception

Kari Suomi

The QAR comprehension test:

a

progress report on test comparisons

Mats Dufberg and Robert McAllister

Phoneme recognition using multi-level perceptrons

Kjell Elenius och

G.

Takacs

Statistical inferencing of text-phonemics correspondences

Bob Damper

Phonetic and phonological levels in the speech of the deaf

Anne-Marie Oster

Signal analysis

and

speech perception in normal and hearing-impaired listeners

Annica Hovmark

Speech perception abilities of patients using cochlear implants, vibrotactile aids and hearing aids

Eva Age/fors and Arne Risberg

On hearing impairments, cochlear implants and the perception of mood in speech

David House

Touching voices - a comparison between the hand, the tactil ator and the vibrator as tactile aids

Gunilla Ohngren

Acoustic analysis of dysarthria associated with multiple sclerosis - a preliminary note

Lena Hartelius and Lennart Nord

Compensatory strategies in speech following glossectomy

Eva Oberg

PREVIOUS ISSUES

xxi

Flow and pressure registrations of alaryngeal speech

Lennart Nord, Britta Hammarberg, and Elisabet Lundstrom

PREVIOUS ISSUES

Participants in alphabetic order

Christian Abry

Institut de la

Communication Parlee

Universite Stendhal

Domaine Universitaire, B.P 25X F-38040 Grenoble

Cedex, France

Gerard Bailly

Institut de la

Comminication Parlee

46, avenue Felix-Viallet

F-38031 Gr

e

nob

le Cedex, France

Nick Campbell

ATR Auditory

and

Visual Perception Research Laboratories Inuidani, Seika-cho

Soraku-gun

Kyoto 619-02 Japan Rene

Carre

Ecole Nationale Superieure des Telecommunications 46, rue Barrault

F-75634 Paris Cede x 13, France

Ba

r

bara Da

v

is

Department of Linguistics University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78712, USA Randy Diehl

Department of Psychology University of Texas at Austin 330 Mezes

Austin, TX 78712, USA Danielle Duez

Institut de phonetique

L.A. 261 - CNRS, Universite de Provence 29, avenue Robert-Schuman

F-13621 Aix-en-Provence, France Olle Engstrand

Institutionen for lingvistik Stockholms universitet

S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

xxiii

Gunnar Fant

Institutionen for taloverforing och musikakustik Kung!. Tekniska Hogskolan

Box 7001 4

S-1 0044 Stockholm, Sweden Edda Farnetani

Centro per Ie ricerche di foneticalCNR Piazzale G. Salvemini 13

1-35131 Padova, Italy Vincent Gracco

Haskins Labora

to

r

i

e

s

270, Crown Street

New Haven,

CT

06511-6695,USA Philip Hoole

Institut

fOr

P

h

on

e

t

i

k und s

prach

li

ch

e

Kommunikation der Un

i

ver

si

ta

t M

O

n

che

n

Schellingstrasse

3

0-8000 MOnchen, Germany Keith Kluender

Department of Psychology University of Wisconsin 1202 West Johnson

Street

Madison, WI 53706, USA Klaus Kohler

Institut fOr Phonetik und digitale Sprachverarbeitung Universitat Kiel

Olshausenstrasse 40 0-2300 Kiel, Germany Barbara KOhnert

Institut fOr Phonetik und sprachliche Kommunikation der Universitat MOnchen

Schellingstrasse 3

0-8000 MOnchen, Germany Gerald o. Lame

Department of Linguistics University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78712, USA

PAR TICIP ANTS

Bjorn Lindblom

Institutionen fOr lingvistik Stockholms universitet

S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden and

Department of Linguistics University of Texas at

Austin

Austin, TX 78712, USA Anders LOfqvist

Institutionen for logopedi och foniatri Lasarettet

S-22185 Lund, Sweden and

Haskins Laboratories 270 Crown Street

New Haven, CT 06511, USA Peter MacNeilage

Department of Linguistics Unive

rsi

ty

of Texas

at Austin Austin, TX 78712, USA Shinji Maeda

Departement SIGNAL CNRS URA-820 ENST 46, rue Barrault

F-75634 Paris Cedex 13,

France

Sharon Manuel

Communication Disorders and Sciences Wayne State University

563, Manoogian Hall Detroit, MI 48202, USA Ignatius Mattingly Haskins Laboratories 270, Crown Street

New Haven, CT 06511, USA Robert McAllister

Institutionen for lingvistik Stockholms Universitet S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

PARTICIPANTS

xxv

Zeung-Jae Moon

De

p

artment of Linguistics University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX

7871 2,

USA Kevin Munhall

Department of Psychology Queen's University

Kingston, Ontario

K7L

3N6, Canada Sieb Nooteboom

Research Institute for Language and Speech Utrecht University

Trans 10

NL-3512JK Utrecht, Netherlands Lennart Nord

Institutionen fOr taloverforing och musikakustik Kung!. Tekn. Hogskolan

S-1 0044 Stockholm, Sweden John Ohala

Department of Linguistics University of Alberta

Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E7, Canada David Ostry

Department of Psychology McGill University

Montreal, P.Q. H3A 1 B1, Canada Joseph S. Perkell

Research Laboratory of Electronics 36-591 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

Daniel Recasens

Institut d'Estudis Catalans Carrer del Carme,

47

E-08001 Barcelona, Spain Lise-Lotte Roug-Hellichius Institutionen for lingvistik Stockholms universitet

S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

PAR TICIPANTS

Elliot Saltzman Haskins Laboratories 270 Crown Street

New Haven, CT 0651 1 ,

USA

Jean-Luc Schwartz I. C. P.

INPG

46 Av. Felix-Viallet

F-38031 Grenoble Cedex, France Celia Scully

Department of Linguistics and Phonetics The University of Leeds

Leeds LS2 9JT, England Linda Shockey

Department of Linguistic Science University of Re

a

d

i

ng

White

Knights

Reading RG6 2AA, England

Kenneth N. Stevens

Research L

abora

t

o ry of

Electronics 36-517 Massachusetts Institute of Techology Cambride, MA 02139, USA

Michael Studdert-Kennedy Haskins Laboratories 270 Crown Street

New Haven, CT 06511-6695, USA Harvey Sussman

Department of linguistics University of Texas at Austin Calhoun Hall 510

Austin, TX 78712, USA Hartmut Traunmuller Institutionen for lingvistik Stockholms universitet

S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

PAR neIP ANTS

xxvii

Eric Vatikiotis-Bateson

ATR Auditory and Visual Perception

Research Laboratories

Inuidani, Seika-cho Soraku-gun

Kyoto 61 9-02 Japan Marilyn Vihman 539 Old Street Road Trevose, PA 19053, USA Natalie Waterson

' Innisfree', Fairby Lane

Hartley, Longfield

Kent DA3

BOA,

England

PARTICIPANTS

Does increasing representational complexity lead to more speech variability?

On explaining some French data by current models of anticipatory rounding

Christian ABRYand Tahar LALLOUACHE

/nstitut de /a Communication Parlee, Grenoble-Stendhal (France)

1 Introduction

On testing competing models of anticipatory rounding - the so-called

look-ahead

(LA),

time-locked

(T L), and

two-stage

or

hybrid

(H) models, following the procedure set up by Perkell (1990)

^-

with French data (Abry and Lallouache, 199 1), we had the opportunity to observe a lot of variational behavior, for the

same

speaker, between and

within

two sessions (dec. 1989 and june 1990). This discards all three models as candidates to account for anticipatory rounding in general and the possibility to invoke linguistic and biological variables (Lubker and Gay, 1982) to account for variability. Experimental variables are thus to be suspected.

At a first guess, within speaker variability between sessions, and within session variability for the same speaker, could point out that:

(i) Variability would depend on the

complexity

of the encoded string, i.e. the number of consonants and junctures, currently used in this kind of experiment.

(ii)

Poorly audible

protrusion movements (Benguerel and Adelman, 1976) through up to five consonants [kstsk] complexes would be "free" to vary, provided they reach their audible goal, in our case the vowel [y].

(iii)

Slow

movements, occuring in the realization of such heavy syllables, would be more variable than fast ones; more specifically, they would allow underlying vocalic (and supposedly

consonantal)

protrusion "gestures" to emerge more clearly (Boyce

et al.,

1990), leading to bumpy movement profiles.

Note that all three factors could perhaps explain an even stronger variability than the one observed. This makes the variability phenomenon overdetermined and its hypothesized origins difficultly testable when it is observed in such complex strings, because poor audibility (of the possible consonants) and sluggishness are usually concomitant with this increase in complexity.

However, a trend to proportional stability observed in one session, where the eliciting technique allowed to improve prosodic pausing control, indicated that, in the pronunciation of such complex clusters, prosodic mastery can counteract effectively the variability induced by representational (syllabic and metric) complexity, ultimately preventing poorly audible movements - in spite of their increased sluggishness - to become bumpy. The first two factors (i) & (ii) being present, and the longest realizations of consonantal strings (iii) belonging precisely to this session, we will challenge the claim that the coproduction framework (overlap of "gestures") could explain the divergences in anticipatory behavior with

1

the basic assumption that "the addition of 'neutral' segments ['protruded' is meant]

and an decrease in speaking rate both favor the occurence of multi-stage patterns and allow individual gestures to emerge as distinct entities"

(ibid.,

p. 186).

2 Paradigm and results

In French (non Southern), the number of consonants admitted within [-round] to [+round] transitions, like [i. . .y], can be up to 6 (e.g.:

C' etait pourtant un directeur d'societe miUmupuleux),

depending on the possibility of schwa deletion (thus, the famous French

sinistre structure

of Benguerel and Cowan, 1974, appeared to be unpronounceable without schwa, even by Northern speakers). We chose to manipulate the number of consonants and the position of the juncture, starting from a «mirror» sequence [ . . .ikstsky . . . ] in

Ces deux Sixte sculpterent

("These two Sixte [popes] sculptured"), thus obtaining [kstsk], [kssk], [ksk], [kk], [k] and none [-], with [kst;i:sk], [ks;i:sk], [k;i:sk], [ks;i:k], [k;i:k], [;i:k] , [k;i:] , [k], [;i:], [-], as French regular sequences.

Our attention being focussed, in this discussion, on the possible falsification of the hypothesis that any lengthening effect on the obstruence interval - such as number of consonants, stress and slow rate - would lead to more complex patterns of protrusion movements (Boyce

et al.,

1990), we will examine only the most

"heavy" case [ikstsky]. Following Perkell's procedure, kinematic events were detected manually on instantaneous velocity and acceleration functions of the upper lip protrusion, derived from cubic spline functions fitted to raw measurements on each 20 ms video field of our recordings (for more details see Lallouache, 199 1).

An

obstruence interval

was determined on the synchronized audio signal (sampled at 16KHz) by detecting [i] offset and [y] onset, corresponding respectively to the disappearance and appearance of a clear vocalic formant structure. Among parameters other than upper lip protrusion, image processing enabled us to measure between-lips area from front views. Additional cepstral formant tracking and measurements were checked when needed.

We examined in more details patterns of events referred to [y] acoustic onset and [i] offset in Abry and Lallouache (199 1). During the 2nd session, all three movement profiles - characterized by Perkell (1990) - were observed: (i) a unique ramp, i.e. a one-phase gesture; (ii) no (or a weak) movement phase, followed by a rather steep start of protrusion, i.e. a two-phase protrusion ; (iii) an initial ramp-like phase, followed by a steeper phase, i.e. two phases again. In contrast to this large variety of profiles, the 1 st session displayed almost exclusively movements of the type (ii).

So we must agree with Perkell ( 1990, p. 280) in rejecting all three "strong versions" of LA, TL and

H

models. The protrusion «beginning» (conventionally:

minimum value) was not locked at the offset of the unrounded first vowel (LA), nor fixed relative to the onset of the rounded second one (TL; its peak acceleration neither, thus rejecting H). The only consistent fact

through both sessions

was that peak protrusion was locked

about

the onset of [y]: this means simply that no plateau-like and/or spatially overshooted anticipations were observed.

So our data exemplify all the three main types of profiles, but they violate all three models with respect to their predicted dates.

� '-'

0

-Eo-

<

CI:

� <

..l

;.. Eo-

-u 0 ..l

� >

:::e:

<

� i:l.

100 �---�

o

80

cP

£ £

60 .��

�� 1st session ^£

flJr.; £

�

�

��:

40

0 0

20

o� ____________________________________ �

200 300

OBSTRUENCE INTERVAL (ms) Fig.1

(See text, below)

400

3 A tentative explanation

Such negative results have puzzled students in coarticulation for years. And for our part, we were about to give up and to come to a conclusion about variability

per se,

when we suddenly remembered

(post hoc!)

that we had used innocently two different eliciting techniques to make produce such complex consonant chains as

[

^{. . .}

kstsk .

^{. .}

]. In the 2nd session, instruction was to repeat the sentence, prompted

with a long pause: «Ces deux Sixte . . . sculpterent»,

as a whole;

whereas in the 1st one the subject had to repeat, when prompted, the noun phrase: «Ces deux Sixte», linking up with: «Ces deux Sixte sculpterent». This possibility to «prime» the action could be compared with a trial approach before jumping the hurdle, allowing to size it up. In our case the effect was a better movement «chunking»

(corresponding to prosodic parsing) in this 1st performance, which is visible looking at converging cues, such as overall longer obstruence intervals and less elisions of the closure phase for [t] (see Abry and Lallouache, 199 1, for an illustration).

Testing the

proportionality

(for this procedure, cf. Gentner, 1987) for the different kinematic events, it was found that, within the obstruence interval, peak

3

velocity (see Fig. 1) was relatively stable in the 1st session (53%

�

protrusion lag ratio

�

67%), whereas it drifted towards [y] onset in the 2nd one, as obstruence duration increased (from 30% to 96% lag ratio).

An interpretation of the proportional behavior in the 1st session could be that

more pausing lengthens rounding anticipation

(see Cathiard

et al.,

for evidence in silent pauses, for French and for the same speaker), hence increasing

both

phases:

the first one that corresponds to a rather clear realization of [kstt:] (without a full silent pause, of course), with no, slow or just starting protrusion; and the second to the deceleration phase towards peak protrusion.

In the 2nd session, due to the eliciting technique, pausing was not as easily controlled, which led to unsteadily junctured products. But we have no suggestion to explain the fact that this instability caused the maximum velocity event to draw nearer to [y] onset as obstruence interval increased (Fig. 1).

4 Provisional conclusions

Since it has been recently reemphasized by supporters of the coproduction model - and this specifically in order to explain conflicting findings about anticipatory rounding-, that any lengthening effect on the obstruence interval (such as number of consonants, stress and slow rate) would lead to more complex patterns of protrusion movement, allowing «individual gestures [vocalic and consonantal protrusions] to emerge as distinct entities» (Boyce et al., 1990), one noteworthy finding was that the greatest stability in movement profiles was obtained in the 1 st session, which brought about the longest and more carefully pronounced tokens.

This shows that rate is not the only factor capable of smoothing articulatory trajectories, as it increases. In the case of a so complex clustering task - hence bumpy in nature in its execution, and this not necessarily because it would prevent an aggregation of idiosyncratic gestures -, an improvement in prosodic pausing control can counteract effectively the variability induced by representational complexity, ultimately preventing movements to become bumpy, in spite of their poor audibility and/or increased sluggishness.

Since we proposed that the whole family of

upper lip

protrusion profiles, we observed in both sessions, could be accounted for by the binding - under prosodic control - of two

active vocalic

gestures (active retraction for [i] and active protrusion for [yD, with no influence of an

active upper lip protrusion

for [s], [t]

consonants, at least in French (contrary to the suggestion of Boyce

et aI.,

1990, for English; their arguments rest mainly on the

lower

lip behavior - in spite of its clear coupling with the jaw for such coronal consonants -, and seems to us obviously immaterial as regards the

upper

lip, see their Fig. 6),

E.

Saltzman asked us about the similarity of this assumption with the coproduction one. Our answer is clearly that the prosodic control in the binding of the two underlying vocalic gestures - provided their acoustic constraints are

sufficiently

satisfied - determines the extent of the anticipation and not a look-ahead programming process, nor a time-locked

<?,ne. So we basically agree with the very general assumption (made popular by

Ohman) that vocalic gestures are carrier gestures; but disagree on the specific

interpretation of consonantal "perturbations" on anticipatory rounding; and on the

fact that lengthening factors (number of segments, stress, rate) could explain

per

se

the presence/absence of perturbations, hence one-

v s.

two-stage data.

The actual problem which is left unsolved by our present view is how gestures are bound through junctures, i. e. essentially between words? Some answers are certainly to be taken from an approach like the one adopted by Fujimura et al.

( 199 1), which - among other concepts - explicitly uses boundary pulses in order to take account of prosodic effects on articulatory gestures and copes with the chunks of motor programming in utterance phrasing.

Thanks to Bj6m Lindblom and Olle Engstrand, who invited us to this seminar, and to Bob McAllister, David Ostry, Joe Perkell and Elliot Saltzman for their comments. On some controversial points regarding anticipation, this text is a stiffened version of Abry and Lallouache (1991), which benefited from subsequent discussions in order to be improved (except our English, every new mistake being our own). This work was done at CNRS URA 368.

References

Abry, C. & Lallouache, M.T. ^(1991), "Audibility and stability of articulatory movements.

Deciphering two experiments on anticipatory rounding in French", Proceedings of the XIIth Congress of Phonetic Sciences, vol. 1, 220-225.

Benguerel, A.-P. & Adelman, S. ^(1976), "Perception of coarticulated lip rounding", Phonetica, 33, 113-126.

Benguerel, A.-P. & Cowan, ^{H.A (1974),} "Coarticulation of upper lip protrusion in French", Phonetica, 30, 41-55.

Boyce, S.E., Krakow, RA., Bell-Berti, F. & Gelfer, C. E. ^(1990), "Converging sources of evidence for dissecting articulatory movements into core gestures", Journal of Phonetics, 18, 173-188.

Cathiard, M.-A., Tiberghien, G., Cirot-Tseva, A, Lallouache, M.T. & Escudier, P. ^(1991),

"Visual perception of anticipatory rounding during acoustic pauses : a cross-language study", Proceedings of the XIIth Congress of Phonetic Sciences, vol. 4, 50-53.

Fujimura, 0., Erikson, D. & Wilhelms, R (1991), "Prosodic effects on articulatory gestures. A model of temporal organization", Proceedings of the XlIth Congress of Phonetic Sciences, vol. 2, 26-29.

Gentner, D.R. (1987), "Timing of skilled motor performance: tests of the proportional duration model", Psychological review, 94, 255-276.

Lallouache, M.T. (1991), Un poste "Visage-Parole" couleur. Acquisition et traitement des contours des levres, Doctoral thesis, Institut National Poly technique de Grenoble.

Lubker, J. & Gay, ^{T. (1982),} "Anticipatory labial coarticulation: Experimental, biological, and linguistic variables", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 71 (2),437-448.

Perkell, J.S. (1990), "Testing theories of speech production: implications of some detailed analyses of variable articulatory data", in W.J. Hardcastle & A. Marchal (Eds), ^Speech production and speech modelling, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 263-288.

5

SOME CROSS LANGUAGE ASPECTS OF CO-ARTICULATION

ABSTRACT

Robert MeA/lister and Olle Engstrand Institute of Linguistics Stockholm, Sweden

The work reported in this paper concerns som temporal aspects of vowel dynamics in English, French and Swedish. The language specific auditory effects of dynamic complexity and direction of tongue movement are starting points for a study of VCV sequences in these three languages using dynamic electropalatography. Tongue movement is compared between the three lan­

guages. Results support the assumtion that differences in auditory impressions of vowels in Swedish and English are dependent on differences in the timing of similar articulatory events whereas French seems to employ quite different articulatory strategies.

1. Introduction

This paper is a brief progress report on research activities in connection with the ACCOR project (Articulatory-Acoustic Correlations in Coarticulatory Processes: A Cross-Language Investigation) which is part of ESPRIT's Basic Research Action program. The work being reported on here is focused on articulatory dynamics in VCV utterances and, in particular, vowel dynamics in these sequences. In many dialects of English, high vowels such as

^Ii!

and

^lui

are heard to glide from a somewhat centralized towards a more cardinal vowel quality. The corresponding Central Swedish vowels tend to display a more complex dynamic behavior with a final offglide from cardinal to centralized. In French, on the other hand, these vowel colors sound essentially constant. These language specific, auditory effects are quite characteristic. From a cross-lin­

guistic point of view, these dynamic patterns tend to typify a phonetic typology based on two continuous dimensions: 1) dynamic complexity (monophthongal, diphthongal, triphtongal, ... ), and 2) direction of movement (offgliding, onglid­

ing). Among the languages mentioned above, French would approximate the dynamically less complex type, whereas English and Swedish would approxi­

mate the dynamically more complex type; and English would approximate the

ongliding type, whereas Swedish would approximate the offgliding type.

articulatory means employed to bring about these effects. It might be assumed, in particular, that differences in perceived vowel dynamics between some languages (perhaps English and Swedish) are brought about essentially by means of different relative timing of onsets and offsets of parallel activity in the articulatory and phonatory subsystems, whereas the activity pattern in each particular subsystem varies less between the languages; other languages (per­

haps French) might employ a different articulatory scheme altogether. In this paper, we present some preliminary electropalatographic (EPG) data relevant to this question.

2. METHODS

We used the EPG system available at Reading to record a set of vowel-con­

sonant-vowel (VCV) utterances, forming all possible combinations of V

⁼

/i,a/

and C

⁼

/p,b/, spoken by an Australian English, a French, and a Swedish speaker. The English and Swedish vowels belonged to the set of tense vowels;

the French vowel inventory has no tense vs. lax distinction. Randomly ordered lists of these combinations were read several times by each speaker.

3. RESULTS

We will limit this report to some results on the sequence /ipi/ as produced by the three speakers. Figure 1 shows number of activated electrodes (out of a total of 62) at various points in time for English and Swedish; from left to right:

a) acoustic onset of Vl, b) maximum number of activated electrodes during Vl, c) acoustic offset of Vl, d) minimum number of activated electrodes (for English

⁼

acoustic /p/ release, e) (only Swedish) acoustic /p/ release, f) maximum number of activated electrodes during V2, g) acoustic offset of V2.

For French, where no clear maxima or minima could be discerned, the triangles correspond to a) acoustic onset of Vl, b) acoustic offset of Vl, c) acoustic /p/

release, d) acoustic offset of V2. Acoustic segments corresponding to /i/l, /p/

and /i/2 are indicated at the bottom of the figure for each subject. The data

represent averages of

⁵

repetitions of the test utterance. The Swedish data are

shown by filled squares, the English data by filled circles, and the French data

by triangles. These symbols are connected by straight lines. The data are aligned

to the point in time where there is a minimum number of active electrodes for

all three subjects. This point also corresponds to the /p/ release for the

Australian English and the French subject. When the data are synchronized in

this way, the similarity between the overall English and Swedish contours, and

the difference between these and the French contour, are evident. In particular, the English and Swedish data both display a deep "trough" in the electrode activation pattern, corresponding to a relaxation of the tongue position roughly coinciding with the consonant; the tendency to such a trough in the French pattern is to weak to be statistically significant.

There is, however, a clear difference between the English and the Swedish contours. In the Swedish contour, most of the vowel offglides fall within the vocalic segments, whereas they mostly fall outside the vocalic segments in the English contour. In other words, the troughs in the respective EPG pattern are differently timed relative to the acoustic segment boundaries; the minimum number of activated electrodes occurs at the middle of the consonant segment in the Swedish subject, and at the CN2 boundary in the Australian-English subject. These differences are thus due to a different relative timing between the tongue articulation underlying the EPG activation patterns and the parallel labial and glottal activities .

...

-

.^-

�---4---4---'r---�ISwedish Eng�ish French

Figure 1. Number of activated EPG electrodes at different points in time during the production of the utterence lipV by an Australian English (circles). a Swedish (squares) and a French speaker (triangles). Below: segment boundaries between the vocalic portion of 1V1. and /V2.

In summary, this limited data set supports the assumption that the difference in perceived vowel dynamics between English and Swedish can be primarily brought about by means of different relative timing of onsets and offsets of activity in the articulatory and phonatory subsystems, whereas French seems to employ a quite different articulatory scheme. In French, the auditory im­

pression of a constant, non-dynamic vowel quality seems to correspond to a constant articulatory position throughout the /ipi/ sequence. This also shows that the presence of a trough in a VCV sequence is language specific rather than universal (Perkell, 1986), and that its timing relative to acoustic boundar­

ies is related to characteristic dynamic properties of vowels in the respective languages. A further factor possibly contributing to the presence of troughs in vowel-symmetrical utterances in English and Swedish is related to conditions on aspiration as discussed in McAllister (1978) and Engstrand (1988, 1989). In particular, the aerodynamic requirements on the production of the stressed, aspirated /p/ release would include a relatively wide vocal tract (cf. Stevens, 1971), a condition met when the high vowel position is temporarily relaxed. In French, where voiceless stops are not aspirated, or considerably less aspirated, this adjustment would not be necessary.

REFERENCES

[1] Engstrand,

^O.

1988. Articulatory correlates of stress and speaking rate in Swedish VCV utterances. JASA 83, 5 1863-1875

[2] Engstrand,

^O.

1989. "Towards an electropalatographic specification of consonant articulation in Swedish." Phonetic Experimental Research, Institute of Linguistics, University of Stockholm (PER/LUS) X, 115-156.

[3] McAllister, R. 1978. "Temporal assymmetry in labial coarticulation." Papers from the Institute of Linguistics, University of Stockholm (PILUS) 35.

[4] Perkell,

^J.

1986. "Co articulation strategies: preliminary implications of a detailed analysis of lower lip protrusion movements." Speech Communication 5, 47-68.

[5] Stevens, K.N. 1971. "Airflow and turbulence noise for fricative and stop consonants: static considerations." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 50, 1180-1192.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was supported by ESPRIT/BRA and by The Swedish Board for

Technical Development (STU). We are grateful to our ACCOR partners Fiona

Gibbon, Katerina Nicolaidis and Bill Hardcastle for helping us carrying out the

above recording at the phonetics lab in Reading.