Fungal communities of West African ectomycorrhizal woodlands
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(2) Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Ekmansalen, Evolutionary Biology Center (EBC), Norbyvägen 14, Uppsala, Friday, 15 January 2021 at 14:00 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Assistant Professor Matthew Smith (University of Florida). Abstract Furneaux, B. R. 2020. Fungal communities of West African ectomycorrhizal woodlands. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1987. 58 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-513-1064-0. Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis is a widespread mutualist relationship between fungi and plants, often trees. It is most well-known in temperate and boreal forests, but also occurs in a variety of tropical ecosystems, including Sudanian savanna woodlands and gallery forests in West Africa. In addition to their important role in nutrient cycling, many ectomycorrhizal fungi also produce edible mushrooms as their fruit-bodies. In this thesis, I explore spatial patterns of aboveground and below-ground diversity in West African ectomycorrhizal communities, as well as the use of wild edible fungi by the local human population. In Papers I and II, I used soil DNA metabarcoding to investigate fungal communities in their vegetative state. Paper I used measurements of the scale of spatial autocorrelation within the fungal community in Sudanian woodlands in Benin as a test to compare different high-throughput DNA sequencing strategies, including short (≈350 bp) amplicon barcoding using the Illumina, Ion Torrent, and PacBio sequencing platforms, as well as long (≈1550 bp) amplicon barcoding using PacBio. There were some differences in species richness and community composition recovered by the two amplicon lengths, attributable to known primer biases for the short amplicons, but these did not lead to different ecological results. Additionally, Paper I introduced new software packages for analysis of long-amplicon metabarcoding data and integrating phylogenetic information into sequence-based taxonomic identification. In Paper II we sampled both Sudanian woodland and gallery forest sites in five countries across West Africa using long-amplicon metabarcoding with PacBio. We found significant differences in fungal community composition between Sudanian woodland and gallery forest sites, but not between different tree species within each vegetation type. Papers III and IV focused above-ground to study the natural production and human use of the mushrooms themselves. In Paper III we exhaustively collected mushrooms from nine Sudanian woodland plots in Benin during three consecutive rainy seasons. We measured the total biomass produced of each morphospecies, as well as environmental variables related to microclimate, host tree availability, and soil chemistry. Mushroom production and diversity were negatively correlated with soil nitrogen levels, and positively correlated with soil phosphorus levels. Although there were no clear differences in the fungal communities associated with the four host trees present in our plots, greater host tree diversity was associated with greater fungal diversity and productivity. Finally, Paper IV combined interviews with local people from four ethnic groups in five villages near the study sites from Paper III about their knowledge and preferences for edible mushrooms with DNA barcoding of specimens. Knowledge and preferences for different mushrooms varied between ethnic groups, but people living in a village where their ethnic group is a minority tended to absorb knowledge about mushrooms from the majority group in the village. Women over age 35 were the most knowledgeable about mushrooms, but the degree of gender difference varied between groups. We compiled a list of the most choice edible mushrooms in the area, which can inform the possibility for commercial trade in wild mushrooms to supplement the income of rural people and encourage sustainable forest management. Keywords: ectomycorrhizal fungi, West Africa, metabarcoding, Sudanian woodlands, community ecology, ethnomycology, edible mushrooms, fungi Brendan R. Furneaux, Department of Organismal Biology, Systematic Biology, Norbyv. 18 D, Uppsala University, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden. © Brendan R. Furneaux 2020 ISSN 1651-6214 ISBN 978-91-513-1064-0 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-425732 (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-425732).
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(24) p2`v HQrX am#b2[m2MiHv- KTHB+QM@# b2/ B/2MiB}+ iBQM mbBM; `2bi`B+iBQM 7` ;K2Mi H2M;i? TQHvKQ`T?BbK U_6GSV Q` b2[m2M+BM; ? p2 #22M mb2/ iQ B/2MiB7v i?2 7mM;mb- /` biB+ HHv BM+`2 bBM; i?2 MmK#2` Q7 `QQi iBTb i? i +QmH/ #2 B/2MiB}2/ BM bim/v- b r2HH b i?2 T`2+BbBQM M/ ++m` +v Q7 B/2MiB}+ iBQM U>Q`iQM M/ "`mMb kyyRVX h?Bb K2i?Q/ HbQ HQrb B/2MiB}@ + iBQM Q7 i?2 TH Mi ?Qbi b r2HH- mbBM; TH Mi@bT2+B}+ T`BK2`b- i?mb /B`2+iHv T`QpBM; i?2 +QKT iB#BHBiv Q7 T `iB+mH ` TH Mi M/ 7mM; H bT2+B2b U2X;XqBHbQM 2i HX kyydVX _QQi iBT b2[m2M+BM; ? b HbQ #22M BMbi`mK2Mi H BM i?2 /Bb+Qp2`v Q7 1*J 7mM; H HBM2 ;2b r?B+? /Q MQi T`Q/m+2 +QMbTB+mQmb 7`mBi#Q/B2b Uh2/2`bQQ 2i HX kyRyc h2/2`bQQ M/ aKBi? kyRj- kyRd- M/ `272`2M+2b i?2`2BMVX _QQi iBTb `2 i?2 bBi2 Q7 + `#QM i` Mb72` 7`QK i?2 TH Mi T `iM2` iQ i?2 7mM; H T `iM2`- bQ +QmMiBM; `QQi iBTb Q7 /Bz2`2Mi bT2+B2b Bb M im` H [m M@ iB}+ iBQM Q7 `2H iBp2 #mM/ M+2 BM i?2 1*J +QKKmMBivX >Qr2p2`- Bi ? b #22M bm;;2bi2/ i? i TH Mib K v ? p2 i?2 + T +Biv iQ /Bz2`2MiB HHv /B`2+i T?QiQbvMi?2iB+ + `#QM iQ `QQib Q` 2p2M `QQi iBTb r?B+? KQ`2 2z2+iBp2Hv T`QpB/2 Mmi`B2Mib U6` MFHBM 2i HX kyR9V- b ? b #22M /2KQMbi` i2/ 7Q` J bvK#BQbBb UEB2`b 2i HX kyRRc 62HH# mK 2i HX kyRkVX A7 i?Bb Bb i`m2i?2 MmK#2` Q7 `QQi iBTb K v MQi #2 M ++m` i2 K2 bm`2 Q7 i?2 `2H iBp2 [m MiBiv Q7 + `#QMfMmi`B2Mi 2t+? M;2X AM/22/- bQK2 1*J bT2+B2b ? p2 #22M 7QmM/ iQ 7Q`K H `;2 7` +iBQM Q7 i?2 7`mBiBM; #Q/v +QKKmMBiv- M/ i?mb Kmbi ? p2 ++2bb iQ `2H iBp2Hv H `;2 TQQH Q7 + `#QM- r?BH2 #2BM; TQQ`Hv `2T`2b2Mi2/ BM i?2 `QQi iBT +QKKmMBiv U: `/2b M/ "`mMb RNNeVX Ai Bb TQbbB#H2 i? i i?2b2 i t r?B+? 7`mBi #mM/ MiHv #mi b22K mM/2``2T@ `2b2Mi2/ BM `QQi iBT b KTH2b `2 mM/2i2+i2/ /m2 iQ i?2B` T`272`2M+2 7Q` /22T bQBH ?Q`BxQMb- r?B+? K v #2 M2;H2+i2/ /m`BM; b KTHBM; U_QbHBM; 2i HX kyyjVX "2+ mb2 #2HQr@;`QmM/ 1*J +QKKmMBiB2b `2 Q7i2M p2`v bT2+B2b@`B+? M/ i?2`2 + M #2 bm#bi MiB H bT iB H p `B iBQM BM i?2 +QKKmMBiv +QKTQbBiBQM Q7 `QQi iBT b KTH2b 2p2M mM/2` bBM;H2 ?Qbi- H `;2 MmK#2` Q7 b KTH2b Bb `2[mB`2/ iQ ++m` i2Hv +? ` +i2`Bx2 i?2 `2H iBp2 #mM/ M+2 Q7 bT2+B2b i ;Bp2M bBi2 U>Q`iQM M/ "`mMb kyyRVX //BiBQM HHv- b KTHBM; Q7 }M2 `QQib Bb BM?2`2MiHv /2bi`m+iBp2- M/ 2t? mbiBp2 b KTHBM; BM }2H/ bim/v Bb BKT` +iB+ HX *QmMiBM; `QQi iBTb M/ bQ`iBM; i?2K BMiQ KQ`T?QivT2b Bb HbQ iBK2@BMi2MbBp2 T`Q+2bb r?B+? `2[mB`2b bB;MB}+ Mi 2tT2`iBb2X .2bTBi2 i?2 `2H iBp2Hv /B`2+i Q#b2`p iBQM Q7 ?Qbi@7mM;mb bbQ+B iBQM T`Q@ pB/2/ #v `QQi iBT b KTHBM;- Bi r b MQi +QM/m+i2/ BM Mv Q7 i?2 T T2`b T`2b2Mi2/ BM i?Bb i?2bBbX h?Bb Bb T`BK `BHv /m2 iQ i?2 ;`2 i2` iBK2 2{@ +B2M+v Q7 #mHF bQBH .L K2i # `+Q/BM; Ub22 #2HQrVX kR.
(25) "mHF bQBH K2i # `+Q/BM; 1+iQKv+Q``?Bx H +QKKmMBiB2b + M HbQ #2 +? ` +i2`Bx2/ mbBM; +?2KB+ H M HvbBb Q7 #mHF bQBHX lMHBF2 7`mBi#Q/v Q` `QQi iBT b KTHBM;- i?Bb TT`Q +? H2 /b iQ BM/BpB/m H b KTH2b r?B+? +QMi BM KBtim`2 Q7 K Mv 7mM; H M/ MQM@7mM; H bT2+B2bX GBF2 `QQi iBT b KTHBM;- bQBH b KTHBM; Bb /2bi`m+iBp2 M/ 2t? mbiBp2 b KTHBM; Bb MQi TQbbB#H2X >Qr2p2`- #mHF bQBH b KTHBM; Bb KQ`2 iBK2@2{+B2Mi i? M `QQi iBT b KTHBM;- #2+ mb2 i?2 iBK2@+QMbmKBM; bi2T Q7 b2T ` iBM; M/ BM/BpB/m HHv T`Q+2bbBM; `QQi iBTb Bb #vT bb2/X .L K2i # `+Q/BM; mb2b mMBp2`b H Q` i tQM@bT2+B}+ S*_ T`BK2`b- 7Q` 7mM;B mbm HHv /2bB;M2/ iQ KTHB7v QM2 Q7 i?2 `B#QbQK H BMi2`M H i` Mb+`B#2/ bT +2` UAhaV `2;BQMb U>B##2ii 2i HX kyRe- 6B;m`2 jV- iQ #mBH/ KTHB+QM HB@ #` `B2b r?B+? `2 i?2M b2[m2M+2/ mbBM; ?B;?@i?`Qm;?Tmi b2[m2M+BM; U"mû2 2i HX kyyNc GBM/ ?H 2i HX kyRjc a+?KB/i 2i HX kyRjV- Hi?Qm;? 2 `Hv bim/@ B2b BMbi2 / mb2/ +HQMBM; M/ a M;2` b2[m2M+BM; UPǶ"`B2M 2i HX kyy8VX bBM;H2 #BQHQ;B+ H bT2+B2b Bb ivTB+ HHv `2T`2b2Mi2/ #v K Mv /Bz2`2Mi mMB[m2 b2[m2M+2b BM K2i # `+Q/BM; / i b2i- /m2 iQ b2[m2M+BM; 2``Q`b b r2HH b #BQHQ;B+ H rBi?BM@bT2+B2b p `B iBQMX "2+ mb2 i?2 H2p2H Q7 rBi?BM@bT2+B2b p `B iBQM Bb /Bz2`2Mi 7Q` /Bz2`2Mi bT2+B2b- K2i # `+Q/BM; bim/B2b ;2M2` HHv pQB/ /2bB;M iBM; bT2+B2b- BMbi2 / +Hmbi2`BM; `2 /b #v b2[m2M+2 bBKBH `Biv BMiQ KQH2+mH ` QT2` iBQM H i tQMQKB+ mMBib UPhlbV- r?B+? `2 i`2 i2/ M HQ;QmbHv iQ bT2+B2b BM bm#b2[m2Mi 2+QHQ;B+ H M Hvb2bX *Hmbi2`BM; i NdW bBKBH `Biv- i?`2b?QH/ r?B+? Bb HbQ +QKKQMHv mb2/ 7Q` i tQMQKB+ bbB;MK2Mi Ub22 #2HQrV- Bb +QKKQM bi` i2;v 7Q` ;2M2` iBM; Phlb 7`QK K2i # `+Q/BM; `2 /b- #mi BM i?Bb + b2 Bi Bb MQi TQbbB#H2 iQ /BbiBM;mBb? i`m2- #BQHQ;B+ H p `B iBQM 7`QK KTHB}+ iBQM M/ b2[m2M+BM; 2``Q`bX L2r2` K2i?Q/b bm+? b J1. U1`2M 2i HX kyR8V- ..k U* HH ? M 2i HX kyReVlLPAa1k U1/; ` kyRe#V- M/ .2#Hm` UKB` 2i HX kyRdV BM+Q`TQ` i2 `2H@ iBp2 `2 / #mM/ M+2b M/- BM i?2 + b2 Q7 ..k- `2 / [m HBiv b+Q`2b 7`QK i?2 b2[m2M+BM; `2 /b BM Q`/2` iQ dz/2MQBb2Ǵ i?2 `2 /b M/ /2i2`KBM2 i?2 b2i Q7 i`m2 KTHB+QM b2[m2M+2b- FMQrM b KTHB+QM b2[m2M+2 p `B Mib UaobVX PM+2 ;2M2` i2/- aob K v i`2 i2/ b i?2 mMBib Q7 2+QHQ;B+ H M HvbBb UbQ@+ HH2/ dzRyyW PhlbǴV Q` 7m`i?2` +Hmbi2`2/- /2T2M/BM; QM i?2 `2[mB`2K2Mib Q7 i?2 M HvbBb U* HH ? M 2i HX kyRdVX h?2 7` +iBQM Q7 b2[m2M+2b #2HQM;BM; iQ 2 +? Phl Ur?2i?2` /2`Bp2/ 7`QK +Hmbi2`BM;- /2MQBbBM;- Q` #Qi?V Bb 7`2[m2MiHv i`2 i2/ b K2 bm`2K2Mi Q7 i?2 7` +iBQM H #mM/ M+2 BM i?2 bQBH BM +QKKmMBiv M HvbBb- #mi i?2`2 `2 b2p2` H bQm`+2b Q7 #B b r?B+? K v +QKTHB+ i2 i?Bb `2H iBQMb?BTX i bi`B+iHv #BQHQ;B+ H H2p2H- i?2 ` iBQ Q7 Mm+H2B iQ #BQK bb K v p `v #2@ ir22M bT2+B2b M/ HB72 bi ;2b- 2X;X- #2ir22M +iBp2Hv ;`QrBM; ?vT? 2 M/ bTQ`2b- b+H2`QiB - M/ /Q`K Mi Kv+2HBmK r?B+? `2 MQi +iBp2Hv ;`QrBM; Q` T `iB+BT iBM; BM Mmi`B2Mi +v+H2bX .L K v HbQ T2`bBbi BM M2+`QK bb U* `BMB 2i HX kyRdVX PM2 Q7 i?2 `2 bQMb Aha- b r2HH b i?2 H `;2 M/ kk.
(26) short amplicon 300bp ITS1. SSU. gITS7 ITS1. 5.8S. ITS4 ITS2 LSU1. D1. LSU LSU2. D2. LR5. D3 LSU3 LSU4. long amplicon 1550bp 6B;m`2 jX S `iB H K T Q7 `.L b?QrBM; i?2 8X3a `.L- T `iB H aal M/ Gal `.L- M/ BMi2`M HHv i` Mb+`B#2/ bT +2` UAhaV `2;BQMbX .RĜj `2T`2b2Mi i?2 }`bi i?`22 p `B #H2 `2;BQMb BM Gal- r?BH2 GalRĜ9 `2T`2b2Mi i?2 +QMb2`p2/ `2;BQMbX S`BK2` bBi2b mb2/ BM i?2 BM+Hm/2/ bim/B2b `2 BM/B+ i2/ BM `2/ U7Q`r `/ T`BK2`bV M/ #Hm2 U`2p2`b2 T`BK2`bV- M/ i?2 `2bmHiBM; KTHB+QMb `2 b?QrM rBi? ;`22M #` +2bX _2bmHib # b2/ QM HQM; M/ b?Q`i KTHB+QMb r2`2 +QKT `2/ BM S T2` Ac QMHv HQM; KTHB+QMb r2`2 b2[m2M+2/ BM S T2` AAX 6B;m`2 `2T`Q/m+2/ 7`QK S T2` AX. bK HH bm#mMBib UGal- aalV Q7 i?2 `B#QbQK H QT2`QM U6B;m`2 jV- Bb mb2/ 7Q` # `+Q/BM; Bb i? i i?2 `B#QbQK H QT2`QM Bb `2T2 i2/ K Mv iBK2b BM 2m@ F `vQiB+ ;2MQK2b Ua+?Q+? 2i HX kyRkVX h?Bb K2 Mb i? i Bi K F2b mT H `;2` 7` +iBQM Q7 i?2 .L i? M Mv BM/BpB/m H T`Qi2BM +Q/BM; ;2M2X h?2 2tBbi2M+2 Q7 KmHiBTH2 +QTB2b HbQ H2 /b iQ +QM+2`i2/ 2pQHmiBQM i?`Qm;? ;2M2 +QMp2`bBQM- r?B+? QT2` i2b iQ ?QKQ;2MBx2 Aha rBi?BM b2tm HHv `2T`Q/m+@ BM; TQTmH iBQMb- /2bTBi2 Bib ;2M2` HHv ?B;? ` i2 Q7 Kmi iBQM U"`QrM 2i HX RNdkVX >Qr2p2`- p `B iBQM BM +QTv MmK#2` #2ir22M bT2+B2b M/ 2p2M BM@ /BpB/m Hb BMi`Q/m+2b MQi?2` bQm`+2 Q7 2``Q` iQ i?2 `2H iBQMb?BT #2ir22M +iBp2 #BQK bb M/ b2[m2M+2 #mM/ M+2X " H/`B M 2i HX UkyRjV 7QmM/ i? i p `B iBQM BM Aha b2[m2M+2 #mM/ M+2 T2` #BQK bb- bb2bb2/ mbBM; [m MiBi iBp2 S*_ U[S*_V QM b KTH2b 7`QK 7`mBi#Q/B2b- r b ;`2 i2` i? M i?2 p `B iBQM BM 2`;Qbi2`QH- +QKTQM2Mi Q7 i?2 7mM; H +2HH r HH r?B+? Bb mb2/ b MQM@bT2+B2b@bT2+B}+ K `F2` 7Q` 7mM; H #BQK bb Ua2Bix RNdNVX AM //BiBQM iQ i?2b2 #BQHQ;B+ H bQm`+2b Q7 #B b- //BiBQM H i2+?MQHQ;B+ H #B b2b `2 BMi`Q/m+2/ /m`BM; S*_ M/ b2[m2M+BM;X P`; MBbKb rBi? H `;2 KBbK i+?2b iQ i?2 S*_ T`BK2`b miBHBx2/ K v #2 +QKTH2i2Hv #b2Mi 7`QK b2[m2M+BM; `2bmHib- #mi Q`; MBbKb rBi? bK HH KBbK i+?2b K v #2 BM2{@ +B2MiHv KTHB}2/ /m2 iQ +QKT2iBiBQM 7Q` T`BK2`b- H2 /BM; iQ mM/2``2T`2@ b2Mi iBQM UE M ; r kyyjc E HH2 2i HX kyR9VX q?2M KmHiBTH2 T`BK2`b `2 mb2/ BM +QK#BM iBQM- iQ pQB/ bm+? KBbK i+?2b- T`BK2`b r?B+? }i KQbi bT2+B2b BM i?2 b KTH2 K v #2+QK2 /2TH2i2/ 2 `Hv BM i?2 S*_- H2 /BM; bT2+B2b r?B+? K i+? H2bb +QKKQM T`BK2`b iQ BMbi2 / #2 Qp2``2T`2b2Mi2/ UGBM/ ?H 2i HX kyRjVX "Qi? S*_ M/ b2[m2M+BM; bi2Tb + M HbQ #2 #B b2/ BM 7 pQ` Q7 b?Q`i2` b2[m2M+2bX h?Bb + M #2 K2HBQ` i2/ BM S*_ #v mbBM; HQM; 2ti2MbBQM iBK2b- M/ r b 7QmM/ iQ #2 KBMQ` 2z2+i #2ir22M /Bz2`@ 2Mi b2[m2M+BM; i2+?MQHQ;B2b BM S T2` AX 6Q` bQ@+ HH2/ dzb?Q`i@`2 /Ǵ >ha b2[m2M+BM; i2+?MQHQ;B2b- KTHB+QMb HQM;2` i? M #Qmi 9yy #T `2 bi`QM;Hv kj.
(27) bmT`2bb2/ U* bi ƢQ 2i HX kykyVX Hi?Qm;? i?Bb +QmH/ H2 / iQ bm#bi MiB H #B b- bQ`; MBbKb rBi? BMb2`iBQMb BM i?2 `2;BQM Q7 BMi2`2bi #2BM; +QKTH2i2Hv #b2Mi 7`QK b2[m2M+BM; `2bmHib- i?Bb K v #2 Q7 KBMQ` BKTQ`i M+2 BM T` +@ iB+2X LQ bm+? Q`; MBbKb r2`2 /2i2+i2/ BM M im` H bvbi2K BM S T2` A/2bTBi2 T ` HH2H b2[m2M+BM; rBi? dzHQM;@`2 /Ǵ i2+?MQHQ;vX L2r2` b2[m2M+BM; i2+?MQHQ;B2b 7`QK S +B}+ "BQb+B2M+2b US +"BQV M/ Pt@ 7Q`/ L MQTQ`2 + M T`Q/m+2 Km+? HQM;2` b2[m2M+2b- rBi? H2bb H2M;i? #B b i? M 2 `HB2` ?B;? i?`Qm;?Tmi b2[m2M+BM; i2+?MQHQ;B2bX h?2b2 ? p2 #22M TTHB2/ BM K2i # `+Q/BM; iQ b2[m2M+2 HQM;2` `2;BQMb- BM+Hm/BM; TQ`iBQMb Q7 aal M/fQ` Gal BM //BiBQM iQ i?2 7mHH Aha Uh2/2`bQQ 2i HX kyR3V Q` 2p2M 7mHH `2T2 ib Q7 i?2 `B#QbQK H QT2`QM Uqm`x# +?2` 2i HX kyRNV HHQrBM; i?2 mb2 Q7 T`BK2`b rBi? KQ`2 +QKTH2i2 T?vHQ;2M2iB+ +Qp2` ;2 b r2HH b BKT`Qp2/ TH +2K2Mi Q7 MQp2H i t rBi?Qmi +HQb2 `2H iBp2b BM b2[m2M+2 / i # b2bX >Qr2p2`- i?2b2 K2i?Q/b `2 +m``2MiHv Km+? KQ`2 2tT2MbBp2 T2` b2[m2M+2/ # b2 i? M AQM hQ``2Mi M/ 2bT2+B HHv AHHmKBM bQ i?2B` #2M2}ib Kmbi #2 # H M+2/ ; BMbi `2/m+2/ b2[m2M+BM; /2Ti? M/ 72r2` b KTH2b T2` bim/v UE2MM2/v 2i HX kyR3VX KTHB}+ iBQM Q7 i?2b2 HQM; `2;BQMb r?B+? BM+Hm/2 Hi2`M iBM; +QMb2`p2/ M/ p `B #H2 `2;BQMb HbQ BM+`2 b2b i?2 `BbF Q7 +?BK2` 7Q`K iBQM /m`BM; S*_- Hi?Qm;? i?Bb + M #2 +QMi`QHH2/ iQ bQK2 2ti2Mi #v mbBM; HQM; 2ti2MbBQM iBK2b M/ HQr +v+H2 MmK#2`b UE HH2 2i HX kyR9VX aQBH .L K2i # `+Q/BM; rBi? S +"BQ Bb mb2/ BM S T2` A M/ S T2` AA iQ K2 bm`2 i?2 /Bp2`bBiv M/ bT iB H p `B iBQM BM i?2 #2HQr;QmM/ 7mM; H +QK@ KmMBivX //BiBQM HHv- S T2` A i2bib /Bz2`2Mi b2[m2M+BM; bi` i2;B2b 7Q` # `+Q/BM;- BM+Hm/BM; Hi2`M iBp2 >ha i2+?MQHQ;B2b M/ /Bz2`2Mi +?QB+2b Q7 KTHB+QM H2M;i? U6B;m`2 jV- M/ }M/b i? i i?2v T`Q/m+2 2[mBp H2Mi 2+QHQ;B+ H `2bmHibX S T2` A HbQ T`2b2Mib M2r H;Q`Bi?Kb BM i?2 T +F@ ;2b Galt M/ ix ` r?B+? //`2bb i?2 /2MQBbBM; Q7 HQM; KTHB+QMb- b /2b+`B#2/ BM i?2 bmTTH2K2Mi `v K2i?Q/b Q7 i? i T T2`X. h tQMQKB+ B/2MiB}+ iBQM MQi?2` i?`2 / r?B+? `mMb i?`Qm;? Kv rQ`F BM i?Bb i?2bBb Bb i tQMQKB+ B/2MiB}+ iBQMX ++m` i2 i tQMQKB+ B/2MiB}+ iBQM Bb +H2 `Hv Q7 T`BK `v BKTQ`i M+2 BM bim/B2b 7Q+mbBM; QM /Bp2`bBiv- #mi Bi HbQ ;Bp2b BKTQ`i Mi +Hm2b iQ //`2bb 2+QHQ;B+ H 7mM+iBQMX J Mv 7mM+iBQM H i` Bib `2 b? `2/ #2ir22M +HQb2Hv `2H i2/ bT2+B2b- M/ / i # b2b bm+? b 6lL:mBH/ UL;mv2M 2i HX kyReV M/ 6mM6mM Uw MM2 2i HX kykyV +QKTBH2 FMQrM 7mM+iBQM H i` Bi / i 7Q` i tQMQKB+ ;`QmTb- ;2M2` HHv 7`QK i?2 bT2+B2b iQ i?2 7 KBHv H2p2HX P7 T `iB+mH ` `2H2p M+2 iQ Kv `2b2 `+?- i?2 KQ`2 i? M 3y 7mM; H HBM2 ;2b r?B+? ? p2 /2p2HQT2/ i?2 + T +Biv iQ 7Q`K 1*J ivTB+ HHv +Q``2bTQM/ k9.
(28) iQ i tQMQKB+ ;`QmTb i i?2 Ubm#V;2Mmb Q` 7 KBHv H2p2H Uh2/2`bQQ 2i HX kyRyc h2/2`bQQ M/ aKBi? kyRj- kyRdVX h tQMQKB+ bbB;MK2Mi iQ i H2 bi i?2 7 KBHv H2p2H- M/ B/2 HHv iQ ;2Mmb- Bb i?mb M BKTQ`i Mi bi2T 7Q` /2i2`KBMBM; i?2 1*J bi imb Q7 7mM;B r?B+? `2 MQi /B`2+iHv b KTH2/ 7`QK 1*J `QQi iBTbX A/2MiB}+ iBQM iQ TT`QtBK i2Hv i?2 bT2+B2b H2p2H- 2Bi?2` mbBM; p2`M +mH ` +QKKQM M K2b Q` b+B2MiB}+ #BMQKB Hb- Bb HbQ BKTQ`i Mi 7`QK i?2 T2`bT2+iBp2 Q7 ? `p2biBM; Kmb?`QQKb 7Q` +QMbmKTiBQM Q` b H2X A/2MiB}+ iBQM TQb2b //BiBQM H +? HH2M;2b BM mM/2`bim/B2/ `2;BQMb bm+? b q2bi 7`B+ - /m2 iQ i?2 H `;2 7` +iBQM Q7 mM/2b+`B#2/ bT2+B2b M/ i?2 +QMb2[m2Mi H +F Q7 +QKT`2?2MbBp2 `272`2M+2 i2tib USB2T2M#`BM; 2i HX kykyV b r2HH b mM/2`@`2T`2b2Mi iBQM BM .L b2[m2M+2 / i # b2b UE?QKB+? 2i HX kyR3VX 6Q` 7`mBi#Q/B2b- i tQMQKB+ B/2MiB}+ iBQM ? b i` /BiBQM HHv #22M # b2/ QM K +`Qb+QTB+ M/ KB+`Qb+QTB+ KQ`T?QHQ;v- b r2HH b +? ` +i2`BbiB+b bm+? b i bi2- bK2HH- M/ +?2KB+ H `2 +iBQMbX JQ`T?QHQ;B+ H /2b+`BTiBQM- HQM; rBi? i?2 T`2b2`p iBQM Q7 pQm+?2` bT2+BK2Mb Q` +mHim`2b- Bb biBHH i?2 bi M@ / `/ 7Q` /2b+`B#BM; M2r 7mM; H bT2+B2b Uhm`H M/ 2i HX kyR3VX >Qr2p2`+QM}/2MiHv B/2MiB7vBM; bT2+BK2Mb iQ bT2+B2b- Q` Hi2`M iBp2Hv /2i2`KBM@ BM; i? i i?2v /Q MQi +QM7Q`K iQ Mv 2tBbiBM; bT2+B2b /2b+`BTiBQM- Q7i2M `2[mB`2b ++2bb iQ KB+`Qb+QT2 M/ 2Bi?2` i tQM@bT2+B}+ 2tT2`iBb2 Q` ;`2 i /2 H Q7 iBK2 M/ ++2bb iQ `272`2M+2 K i2`B HbX h?Bb +QK#BM iBQM Q7 2tT2`iBb2 M/ 2[mBTK2Mi Bb Q7i2M MQi p BH #H2 BM }2H/ bim/B2b bm+? b i?Qb2 T`2b2Mi2/ BM i?Bb i?2bBb- r?B+? `2 MQi /2pQi2/ iQ i?2 i tQMQKv Q7 M ``QrHv /2}M2/ ;`QmTX .L # `+Q/BM; `2T`2b2Mib M Hi2`M iBp2 K2i?Q/ 7Q` i tQMQKB+ B/2MiB}@ + iBQM- #mi QM2 r?B+? Bb MQi rBi?Qmi Bib QrM +QKTHB+ iBQMb U>B##2ii 2i HX kyRec >Q7bi2ii2` 2i HX kyRNVX A/2 HHv- Bi rQmH/ #2 TQbbB#H2 iQ B/2MiB7v Mv bT2+B2b #v b2[m2M+BM; QM2 .L HQ+mb mbBM; mMBp2`b H T`BK2`b 7Q` S*_ K@ THB}+ iBQM- M/ +QMbmHi +QKT`2?2MbBp2 M/ `2HB #H2 / i # b2- r?2`2BM i?2`2 Bb +H2 ` /2HBM2 iBQM #2ir22M b2[m2M+2 bBKBH `BiB2b r?B+? BM/B+ i2 +QMbT2+B}iv M/ i?Qb2 r?B+? /Q MQiX a /Hv- MQ T `i Q7 i?Bb B/2 H Bb v2i `2 HBivX Hi?Qm;? i?2 Aha `2;BQM- r?B+? Bb i?2 Q{+B H # `+Q/2 7Q` 7mM;B Ua+?Q+? 2i HX kyRkV ? b #`Q / T`BK2` bmTTQ`i- +2`i BM 7mM; H ;`QmTbBM+Hm/BM; b2p2` H HBM2 ;2b Q7 1*J 7mM;B BM * Mi? `2HH H2b- TQb2bb T `iB H Q` +QKTH2i2 KBbK i+?2b i i?2 KQbi +QKKQM T`BK2` #BM/BM; bBi2b Uh2/@ 2`bQQ 2i HX kyR8VX Aha HbQ TQb2bb2b MQ +H2 ` dz# `+Q/BM; ; TǴ #2ir22M rBi?BM@bT2+B2b M/ #2ir22M@bT2+B2b p `B iBQMc Hi?Qm;? i?`2b?QH/ Q7 jW b2[m2M+2 /BbbBKBH `Biv Bb Q7i2M mb2/ 7Q` #Qi? i tQMQKB+ B/2MiB}+ iBQM M/ Phl +Hmbi2`BM;- BMi` @bT2+B2b p `B iBQM b ?B;? b R8Ĝk8W ? b #22M `2@ TQ`i2/ 7Q` bT2+B2b 7`QK b2p2` H 7mM; H T?vH ULBHbbQM 2i HX kyy3V- r?BH2 Uom 2i HX kyRNV `2TQ`i2/ i? i RyW Q7 bT2+B2b +QmH/ MQi #2 /BbiBM;mBb?2/ i HH # b2/ QM Aha- 2p2M BM ?B;?Hv +m` i2/ b2i Q7 2t@ivT2 +mHim`2bX 6BM HHvi?2 +QKKQMHv mb2/ ALa.* / i # b2b UE `b+?@JBx` +?B 2i HX kyR3V mM7Q`@ k8.
(29) imM i2Hv +QMi BM K Mv b2[m2M+2b r?B+? `2 i tQMQKB+ HHv KBb MMQi i2/ ULBHbbQM 2i HX kyyec ai2BM2;;2` M/ a Hx#2`; kykyV Q` Q7 TQQ` i2+?MB+ H [m HBiv ULBHbbQM 2i HX kyRkVX 1p2M bT2+B HBx2/ / i # b2b- bm+? b i?2 lMBi2 / i # b2 ULBHbbQM 2i HX kyRNV +QMi BM K Mv b2[m2M+2b r?B+? `2 MQi MMQi i2/ iQ bT2+B2b H2p2H- U99 yyy Q7 39 yyy 7mM; H bT2+B2b ?vTQi?2b2b BM i?2 KQbi `2+2Mi p2`bBQMc # `2MFQp 2i HX kykyVX bB/2 7`QK i?2 7 +i i? i i?2b2 b2[m2M+2b `2 MQi mb27mH 7Q` bT2+B2b@H2p2H B/2MiB}+ iBQM- miQ@ K iB+ HHv mT/ iBM; i?2B` MMQi iBQMb iQ +QM7Q`K iQ +? M;2b BM i tQMQKv Bb Km+? KQ`2 /B{+mHi i? M 7Q` bT2+B2b@H2p2H MMQi iBQMbX 6m`i?2`KQ`2i?2 K DQ`Biv Q7 /2b+`B#2/ 7mM; H bT2+B2b /Q MQi +m``2MiHv ? p2 Mv Tm#@ HB+Hv p BH #H2 Aha b2[m2M+2X > rFbrQ`i? M/ GɃ+FBM; UkyRdV 2biBK i2/ Rky yyy p HB/ M K2/ bT2+B2b Q7 6mM;B- M/ 72r i?Qmb M/ KQ`2 ? p2 #22M /2b+`B#2/ bBM+2 i? i 2biBK i2- #mi i?2 H i2bi `2H2 b2 Q7 i?2 lMBi2 / i # b2 +QMi BMb QMHv kj 8yy mMB[m2 bT2+B2b M K2b U# `2MFQp 2i HX kykyVX /@ /BiBQM HHv- K Mv bT2+B2b Q7 7mM;B- 2M+Hm/BM; 2MiB`2 +H /2b i i?2 +H bb Q` T?vHmK H2p2H r?B+? `2 FMQrM QMHv 7`QK 2MpB`QMK2Mi H b2[m2M+2b Uh2/@ 2`bQQ 2i HX kyRdV- `2K BM mM/2b+`B#2/- rBi? 2biBK i2b Q7 i?2 iQi H MmK#2` Q7 7mM; H bT2+B2b ` M;BM; BMiQ i?2 KBHHBQMb U"H +Fr2HH kyRRc > rFbrQ`i? M/ GɃ+FBM; kyRdVX P#i BMBM; TQbBiBp2 bT2+B2b@H2p2H B/2MiB}+ iBQM i?`Qm;? .L # `+Q/BM; Bb iBK2@+QMbmKBM; i bF r?B+? BMpQHp2b 2t KBM iBQM Q7 `2bmHib QM + b2@#v + b2 # bBb U>Q7bi2ii2` 2i HX kyRNV- bQ Bi Bb MQi T` +iB+ H 7Q` >ha K2i # `@ +Q/BM; bim/B2b- r?2`2 i H2 bi T`2HBKBM `v i tQMQKB+ B/2MiB}+ iBQM Kmbi #2 T2`7Q`K2/ miQK iB+ HHvX h?2 KQbi bi` B;?i7Q`r `/ K2i?Q/ Bb b@ bB;MBM; 2 +? Phl iQ i?2 B/2MiBiv Q7 Bib #2bi "Gah ?Bi UHib+?mH 2i HX RNNyV- TQbbB#Hv i`mM+ iBM; i?2 bbB;MK2Mi i i tQMQKB+ ` MF /2i2`@ KBM2/ #v b2[m2M+2 B/2MiBiv i?`2b?QH/b U b ;Bp2M BM- 2X;X- om 2i HX kyRNVX Hi2`M iBp2Hv- p `B2iv Q7 i tQMQKB+ bbB;MK2Mi H;Q`Bi?Kb ? p2 #22M Tm#HBb?2/ r?B+? miQK iB+ HHv /2i2`KBM2 i?2 HQr2bi ` MF i r?B+? i?2 b2[m2M+2 + M #2 +QM}/2MiHv B/2MiB}2/ mbBM; i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 /BbbBKB@ H `BiB2b rBi?BM 2 +? i tQM BM i?2 / i # b2X h?2b2 H;Q`Bi?Kb `2 ;2M2`@ HHv # b2/ QM "Gah HB;MK2Mi b+Q`2b Q` FK2` /Bbi M+2b- M/ BM+Hm/2 i?2 _.S M śp2 " v2bB M +H bbB}2` U_.S*c q M; 2i HX kyydV- KQi?m`Ƕb F@M2 `2bi@M2B;?#Q` K2i?Q/ Ua+?HQbb 2i HX kyyNV- la1_*>Ƕb Q`B;BM H lhs U1/; ` kyRyV M/ mT/ i2/ aALhs U1/; ` kyRe V- G**H bbB}2` UG MxûM 2i HX kyRkV- M/ A.hs UJm` HB 2i HX kyR3VX a2p2` H Q7 i?2b2BM+Hm/BM; _.S*- lhs- aALhs- M/ A.hs- T`QpB/2 K2 bm`2 Q7 +QM}/2M+2 7Q` 2 +? ` MF i? i Bb bbB;M2/ iQ [m2`v b2[m2M+2- rBi? mb2`@ +QM};m` #H2 +miQzb- Hi?Qm;? i?2 + HB#` iBQM Q7 i?2b2 +QM}/2M+2 b+Q`2b p `B2b UJm` HB 2i HX kyR3VX q?BH2 HH Q7 i?2b2 T`BK `v H;Q`Bi?Kb T2`@ 7Q`K / i # b2 b2 `+? M/ bbB;M i tQMQKv i?2Kb2Hp2b- i?2`2 HbQ 2tBbi +QMb2Mbmb H;Q`Bi?Kb r?B+? +QK#BM2 i?2 QmiTmib Q7 Qi?2` b2 `+?2b- BM@ +Hm/BM; *PLahs U:/ M2ix 2i HX kyRdV- i?2 i tQMQKv KQ/mH2 Q7 i?2 ke.
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(36) amKK `v Q7 aim/v AAA aT iB H /`Bp2`b Q7 1*J +QKKmMBiv +QKTQbBiBQM M/ 7`mBi#Q/v T`Q/m+iBQM BM q2bi 7`B+ M rQQ/H M/b 6m`M2 mt- "X- >Qm/ MQM- _X- ś;MQM- >X- "QMB- aX- *Q/DB - CX 1XG Qm`Qm- :X- " ?` K- JX- ap M?QHK- X- _QbHBM;- X- uQ`Qm- LXaX- _v@ #2`;- JX h?Bb bim/v BMp2biB; i2b i?2 1*J +QKKmMBiB2b Q7 PmûKû amTû`B2m` 7`QK i?2 T2`bT2+iBp2 Q7 7`mBi#Q/v +QKKmMBiv +QKTQbBiBQM M/ T`Q/m+iBQM Qp2` i?`22 v2 `b Q7 BMi2MbBp2 b KTHBM;- M/ `2H i2b i?Bb iQ rB/2 ` M;2 Q7 2MpB`QMK2Mi H p `B #H2bX 6`mBi#Q/B2b r2`2 2t? mbiBp2Hv +QHH2+i2/ #Br22FHv Qp2` i?`22 bm++2bbBp2 Kmb?`QQK b2 bQMb UCmM2@P+iQ#2`V 7`QK MBM2 8y Ɠ 8y K THQib /BpB/2/ BM iQ Ry Ɠ Ry K bm#THQibX aT2+BK2Mb r2`2 ;`QmT2/ BMiQ KQ`T?QbT2+B2b M/ r2B;?2/ #v bm#THQi M/ KQ`T?QbT2+B2b- rBi? QM2 pQm+?2` T2` KQ`@ T?QbT2+B2b T`2b2`p2/ QM 2 +? b KTHBM; / vX //BiBQM HHv rB/2 ` M;2 Q7 2MpB`QMK2Mi H / i r2`2 +QHH2+i2/ 7`QK i?2 MBM2 THQib- BM+Hm/BM; KB@ +`Q+HBK i2 U;`QmM/ +Qp2`- + MQTv +Qp2`- bQBH KQBbim`2- bQBH i2KT2` im`2VbQBH +?2KBbi`v UMBi`Q;2M- T?QbT?Q`mb- Q`; MB+ + `#QM- + H+BmK- T>- ;` M@ mHQK2i`vV M/ ?Qbi p BH #BHBiv UT`2b2M+2 M/ bBx2b Q7 /Bz2`2Mi 1*J i`22 bT2+B2bVX "2+ mb2 Q7 BM+QMbBbi2Mi bT2+B2b@H2p2H BM/2MiB}+ iBQM Q7 bT2+BK2Mb- A M @ Hvx2/ 7mM; H +QKKmMBiv +QKTQbBiBQM i i?2 7 KBHv H2p2H- `Qm;?Hv +Q``2@ bTQM/BM; iQ 1*J HBM2 ;2b b2Mbm h2/2`bQQ 2i HX UkyRyVX h?2 ?B;?2bi T`Q@ /m+BM; ;`QmTb r2`2 a+H2`Q/2`K i +2 2- _mbbmH +2 2- M/ K MBi +2 2 HH rBi? KQ`2 i? M k F; /`v K bb T2` ?2+i `2 T2` v2 `- M/ "QH2i +2 2rBi? yX9 F; /`v K bb T2` ?2+i `2 T2` v2 `X Hi?Qm;? HH Q7 i?2b2 ;`QmTb r2`2 HbQ /2i2+i2/ BM bQBH 7`QK PmûKû amTû`B2m` S T2` A M/ Qi?2` rQQ/@ H M/ bBi2b S T2` AA- QMHv _mbbmH +2 2 r b bBKBH `Hv /QKBM Mi BM `2 / #mM/ M+2X K MBi +2 2 M/ a+H2`Q/2`K i +2 2 iQ;2i?2` `2T`2b2Mi2/ H2bb i? M R8W Q7 `2 /b 7`QK rQQ/H M/ bBi2b BM S T2` AA- M/ "QH2i +2 2 H2bb i? M RWX JB+`Q+HBK i2 r b i?2 bi`QM;2bi +Q``2H i2 Q7 p `B iBQM BM +QKKmMBiv +QK@ TQbBiBQM Qmi Q7 i?2 K2 bm`2/ 2MpB`QMK2Mi H T ` K2i2`b- 2tTH BMBM; RRW Q7 bT iB H p `B iBQMX aQBH i2KT2` im`2- bQBH KQBbim`2- M/ H2 7 +Qp2` r2`2 i?2 KQbi BKTQ`i Mi +QKTQM2Mib Q7 KB+`Q+HBK i2 BM 2tTH BMBM; +QKKmMBiv +QKTQbBiBQMX * MQTv +Qp2` M/ bQBH KQBbim`2- b r2HH b bQK2 H2 7 +Qp2`r2`2 TQbBiBp2Hv +Q``2H i2/ rBi? 7mM; H /Bp2`bBiv M/ `B+?M2bbX >Qr2p2`+ MQTv +Qp2` r b MQi bbQ+B i2/ rBi? ;`2 i2` iQi H 7`mBi#Q/v T`Q/m+iBQM M/ r b M2; iBp2Hv +Q``2H i2/ rBi? T`Q/m+iBQM Q7 2/B#H2 bT2+B2bX "Qi? iQi H T`Q/m+iBQM M/ T`Q/m+iBQM Q7 2/B#H2 bT2+B2b r2`2 TQbBiBp2Hv +Q``2@ jj.
(37) H i2/ rBi? # `2 bQBH- TQbbB#Hv `2~2+iBM; T`272`2M+2 7Q` 7`mBiBM; r v 7`QK ;`QmM/ +Qp2` r?B+? KB;?i BMi2``mTi i?2 /BbT2`b H Q7 bTQ`2bX _B+?M2bb- /Bp2`bBiv M/ T`Q/m+iBpBiv Q7 7`mBi#Q/B2b r2`2 TQbBiBp2Hv +Q``2@ H i2/ rBi? `B+?M2bb Q7 1*J i`22 7 KBHB2b- #mi QMHv bK HH 7` +iBQM URXeWV Q7 p `B iBQM BM 7`mBi#Q/v +QKKmMBiv +QKTQbBiBQM r b 2tTH BM2/ #v i?2 p BH #BHBiv Q7 T `iB+mH ` 1*J i`22 bT2+B2b rBi?BM 8 K Q7 T `iB+mH ` bm#THQiX h?2b2 TT `2MiHv +QMi` /B+iQ`v `2bmHib- HQM; rBi? i?2 H +F Q7 bB;MB}+ Mi ?Qbi i`22 2z2+i rBi?BM THQib BM S T2` AA- bm;;2bi i? i i?2 i`22 T `iM2` +QKKmMBiv 2z2+ib 1*J 7mM;B BM i?2b2 bvbi2Kb i H `;2` bT iB H b+ H2 i? M i?2 BMi2` +iBQMb Q7 bBM;H2 Kv+2HBmK rBi? bBM;H2 i`22X aQBH MBi`Q;2M H2p2Hb r2`2 M2; iBp2Hv +Q``2H i2/ rBi? `B+?M2bb- /Bp2`bBiv M/ T`Q/m+iBpBiv Q7 1*J 7`mBi#Q/B2b- BM ++Q`/ M+2 rBi? 72`iBHBx iBQM 2tT2`BK2Mib BM i2KT2` i2 M/ #Q`2 H 7Q`2bib US2i2` 2i HX kyyRc pBb 2i HX kyyjc :BHH2i 2i HX kyRyc >ƺ;#2`; 2i HX kyRyV- #mi /B/ MQi bB;MB}+ MiHv 2z2+i +QKKmMBiv +QKTQbBiBQMX. j9.
(38) amKK `v Q7 aim/v Ao *QKT `BbQM Q7 rBH/ Kmb?`QQK mb2 #v 2i?MB+ ;`QmTb bm``QmM/BM; i?2 lTT2` PmûKû 6Q`2bi _2b2`p2 BM "2MBM- q2bi 7`B+ 6m`M2 mt- "X - o2H/K M- aX - _B;;B- GX- "QMB- aX- ap M?QHK- X- _v#2`;JX- uQ`Qm- LX aX b? `2/ }`bi mi?Q`b?BT. h?Bb bim/v +QK#BM2/ +QHH2+iBQM M/ B/2MiB}+ iBQM Q7 7mM; H bT2+BK2Mb rBi? BMi2`pB2rb Q7 i?2 BM? #Bi Mib Q7 pBHH ;2b /D +2Mi iQ PmûKû amTû`B2m` #Qmi i?2 Kmb?`QQKb i?2v FMQr- i?2 M K2b i?2v mb2 7Q` i?2K- M/ r?B+? QM2b i?2v +QMbB/2` iQ #2 /2bB` #H2 2/B#H2bX q2 mb2/ bi iBbiB+ H K2i?Q/b 7`QK +QKKmMBiv 2+QHQ;v iQ BMp2biB; i2 ?Qr T2QTH2Ƕb FMQrH2/;2 Q7 M/ T`272`2M+2b 7Q` /Bz2`2Mi bT2+B2b Q7 Kmb?`QQKb p `B2/ #v ;2- ;2M/2`- 2i?@ MB+ ;`QmT- M/ pBHH ;2X h?2 T`BK `v / i 7Q` i?Bb bim/v + K2 7`QK bBt 7Q+mb ;`QmTb M/ dy BM/B@ pB/m H BMi2`pB2rb +QM/m+i2/ rBi? i?2 BM? #Bi Mib Q7 }p2 pBHH ;2b /D +2Mi iQ PmûKû amTû`B2m`X h?2 BMi2`pB2r22b ` M;2/ BM ;2 7`QK Rd iQ Qp2` dy- M/ BM+Hm/2/ K2M M/ rQK2M KQbiHv #2HQM;BM; iQ 7Qm` HQ+ H 2i?MB+ ;`QmTb, i?2 " `B# - : M/Q- GQFT - M/ uQK R - 2 +? Q7 r?B+? bTQF2 i?2B` QrM H M;m ;2X i #Qi? 7Q+mb ;`QmTb M/ BMi2`pB2rb- T `iB+BT Mib r2`2 b?QrM T?QiQb Q7 HQ+ H Kmb?`QQK bT2+B2b- b r2HH b 7`2b? bT2+BK2Mb r?2M p BH #H2- M/ bF2/ iQ b v r?2i?2` i?2v `2+Q;MBx2/ BiX A7 i?2v /B/- i?2v r2`2 7m`i?2` bF2/ i?2 M K2 Q7 i?2 Kmb?`QQK BM i?2B` H M;m ;2- r?2i?2` i?2v +QMbB/2`2/ Bi 2/B#H2- M/ B7 bQ iQ ` i2 ?Qr r2HH i?2v HBF2/ Bi QM b+ H2 Q7 yĜ9X AM ++Q`/ M+2 rBi? T`2pBQmb 2i?MQKv+QHQ;B+ H bim/B2b BM q2bi 7`B+ U2X;XuQ`Qm M/ .2 E2b2H kyyRc 6 /2vB 2i HX kyRdV- r2 7QmM/ i? i T2QTH2 Qp2` j8 M/ rQK2M `2+Q;MBx2/ KQ`2 /Bz2`2Mi bT2+B2b i? M vQmM;2` T2QTH2 M/ K2MX >Qr2p2`- r2 7QmM/ i? i i?2 2z2+i Q7 ;2M/2` p `B2/ #2ir22M 2i?MB+ ;`QmTb- rBi? K2M M/ rQK2M M2 `Hv 2[m H BM i?2B` Kv+QHQ;B+ H FMQr@ ?Qr KQM; i?2 uQKX h?2`2 r b HbQ bB;MB}+ Mi p `B iBQM BM i?2 iQi H MmK#2` Q7 bT2+B2b `2+Q;MBx2/ #v K2K#2`b Q7 i?2 /Bz2`2Mi 2i?MB+ ;`QmTb#mi +QMi` `v iQ Qm` 2tT2+i iBQMb i?Bb /B/ MQi b22K iQ #2 `2H i2/ iQ i?2 H2M;i? Q7 iBK2 2 +? ;`QmT ? / #22M T`2b2Mi BM i?2 `2 X AM //BiBQM iQ /Bz2`2M+2b BM i?2 MmK#2` Q7 bT2+B2b `2+Q;MBx2/- r2 HbQ 7QmM/ p `B iBQM #2ir22M 2i?MB+ ;`QmTb BM r?B+? bT2+B2b r2`2 FMQrM M/ R. AMi2`pB2rb r2`2 HbQ +QM/m+i2/ rBi? 72r T2QTH2 #2HQM;BM; iQ i?2 L ;Qi M/ S2mH? 2i?MB+ ;`QmTb- #mi i?2`2 r2`2 MQi 2MQm;? Q7 i?2b2 BMi2`pB2rb iQ BM+Hm/2 i?2K BM KQbi Q7 i?2 M HvbBbX. j8.
(39) T`272``2/X KQM; i?2 : M/Q BM T `iB+mH `- r2 HbQ 7QmM/ /Bz2`2M+2b BM i?2 b2i Q7 Kmb?`QQKb FMQrM #v K2M M/ rQK2MX q2 `2+Q`/2/ iQi H Q7 dy 2/B#H2 bT2+B2b- M BM+`2 b2 Qp2` i?2 8R bT2+B2b T`2pBQmbHv FMQrM 7`QK "2MBM U.2 E2b2H 2i HX kyykVX h?2 KQbi ?B;?Hv T`272``2/ Kmb?`QQKb +`Qbb 2i?MB+ ;`QmTb r2`2 Sb i?v`2HH im#2`+mH i irQ bT2+B2b Q7 h2`KBiQKv+2b- *?HQ`QT?vHHmK T H 2Qi`QTB+mK- J +`Q+v#2 HQ# v2MbBb- M/ G +iB~mmb 2/mHBbX. je.
(40) *QM+Hm/BM; `2K `Fb M/ 7mim`2 T2`bT2+iBp2b. h?2 T T2`b T`2b2Mi2/ BM i?Bb i?2bBb 2tTHQ`2 i?2 /Bp2`Biv Q7 7mM;B BM q2bi 7`B+ M rQQ/H M/b i b+ H2b ` M;BM; 7`QK K2i2`b iQ i?Qmb M/b Q7 FBHQK2@ i2`bX h?2v 2t KBM2/ i?2b2 bvbi2Kb #BQHQ;B+ HHv 7`QK #Qi? #2HQr;`QmM/ M/ #Qp2;`QmM/ T2`bT2+iBp2b- b r2HH b 7`QK i?2 pB2rTQBMi Q7 i?2 ?m@ K M BM? #Bi Mib Q7 i?2 `2;BQMX //BiBQM HHv i?2 / i +QHH2+i2/ 7`QK i?2b2 bvbi2Kb r2`2 mb2/ iQ /p M+2 K2i?Q/QHQ;v 7Q` .L K2i # `+Q/BM; mbBM; HQM; KTHB+QMb +Qp2`BM; KmHiBTH2 `2;BQMb Q7 i?2 `.LX S T2` AA M/ S T2` AAA +QM}`K2/ `2bmHib 7`QK Qi?2` bm#b ? ` M 7`B+ M 1*J bvbi2Kb- r?B+? }M/ HBiiH2 +QMbBbi2Mi p `B iBQM BM 1*J 7mM; H +QK@ KmMBiv +QKTQbBiBQM bbQ+B i2/ rBi? /Bz2`2Mi +Q@Q+m``BM; T `iM2` i`22 bT2+B2b- r?BH2 biBHH }M/BM; bB;MB}+ Mi +? M;2b #2ir22M /Bz2`2Mi p2;2i iBQM ivT2b BM S T2` AAX S T2` AA HbQ 7QmM/ i? i /Bp2`bBiv Q7 i`22 T `iM2`b r b TQbBiBp2Hv +Q``2H i2/ rBi? /Bp2`bBiv Q7 1*J 7mM;B- BKTHvBM; i H2 bi r2 F T `iM2` T`272`2M+2X S T2` A 7QmM/ 2pB/2M+2 7Q` bT iB H +Q``2H iBQMb i b+ H2b i H2 bi +HQb2 iQ i?2 bBx2 Q7 i?2 8y Ɠ 8y K THQib mb2/ BM S T2` AA M/ S T2` AAA- M/ +2`i BMHv H `;2` i? M i?2 Ry Ɠ Ry K bm#THQib BM S T2` AAAX aBKBH `Hv- #Qi? S T2` AA M/ S T2` AAA 7QmM/ i? i THQi@H2p2H 2z2+ib r2`2 Km+? bi`QM;2` i? M Mv i2bi2/ rBi?BM@THQi 2z2+ibX h?Bb bm;;2bib i? i- Hi?Qm;? i?2b2 THQib `2 bmBi #H2 7Q` M HvbBb b BM/BpB/m H b KTHBM; mMBib- b BM S T2` AA7mim`2 bim/B2b Q7 HQ+ H@b+ H2 bT iB H T`Q+2bb2b BM i?2b2 2+Qbvbi2Kb b?QmH/ B/2 HHv +Qp2` H `;2` bT iB H /Bbi M+2b- 7Q` BMbi M+2 #v `2 `` M;BM; i?2 Ry Ɠ Ry K bm#THQib BMiQ k8y Ɠ Ry K i` Mb2+iX am+? /2bB;Mb rQmH/ HbQ #2 HBF2Hv iQ mM+Qp2` ;`2 i2` bT2+B2b `B+?M2bb 7Q` bBKBH ` KQmMi Q7 b KTHBM; 2zQ`iX h?2`2 `2 KmHiBTH2 p2Mm2b p BH #H2 iQ 2tT M/ mTQM i?Bb rQ`F- BM `2; `/b iQ i?2 bim/v Q7 i?2 T `iB+mH ` bvbi2Kb A BMp2biB; i2/- iQ i?2 bim/v Q7 q2bi 7`B+ M 7mM;B KQ`2 #`Q /Hv- M/ iQ i?2 K2i?Q/QHQ;v Q7 KQH2+mH ` 7mM; H 2+QHQ;v BM ;2M2` HX. //BiBQM H / i 7`QK PmûKû amTû`B2m` aQBH b KTH2b 7Q` K2i # `+Q/BM; 7Q` i?2 MBM2 THQib i PmûKû amTû`B2m` /2b+`B#2/ BM S T2` AAA r2`2 +QHH2+i2/ 7`QK i?2 b K2 HQ+ iBQMb b i?2 jd.
(41) bQBH +?2KBbi`v b KTH2bX a KTHBM; M/ b2[m2M+BM; Q7 #Qi? HQM; M/ b?Q`i KTHB+QMb U b BM S T2` AV rBi? S +"BQ a2[m2H M/ AHHmKBM JBa2[- `2@ bT2+iBp2Hv- `2 H`2 /v +QKTH2i2- #mi M HvbBb r b MQi `2 /v BM iBK2 7Q` BM+HmbBQM BM i?Bb i?2bBbX M HvbBb Q7 i?Bb / i - 2Bi?2` T ` HH2H iQ Q` BM +QK@ #BM iBQM rBi? i?2 7`mBi#Q/v / i - rQmH/ T`QpB/2 KQ`2 +QKT`2?2MbBp2 TB+im`2 Q7 i?2 1*J +QKKmMBiv BM PmûKû amTû`B2m`X h?`22 v2 `b Q7 / i `2 M Hvx2/ BM S T2` AAA- #mi 7`mBi#Q/v bm`p2vb +QMiBMm2/ i i?2 THQib BM PmûKû amTû`B2m` 7Q` M //BiBQM H irQ v2 `bX //BiBQM HHv- i?2 M HvbBb BM S T2` AAA /Q2b MQi +QMbB/2` i2KTQ` H /v@ M KB+b- BMbi2 / TQQHBM; Q#b2`p iBQMb +`Qbb iBK2 iQ 7Q+mb QM bT iB H T`Q@ +2bb2bX AM+Q`TQ` iBQM Q7 i?2b2 / i iQ 2t KBM2 b2 bQM H M/ BMi2` MMm H /vM KB+b Q7 7`mBi#Q/v T`Q/m+iBQM rQmH/ BM+`2 b2 Qm` mM/2`bi M/BM; Q7 i?2 BKT +ib Q7 +HBK i2 2p2Mib- M/ mHiBK i2Hv +HBK i2 +? M;2- QM i?2 TQ@ i2MiB H 7Q` 7mim`2 Kmb?`QQK ? `p2bib- b r2HH b QM q2bi 7`B+ M 1*J rQQ/H M/ 2+Qbvbi2Kb KQ`2 ;2M2` HHvX. S?vHQ;2M2iB+b BM K2i # `+Q/BM; "Qi? S T2` A M/ S T2` AA miBHBx2/ i?2 HQM;@`2 / + T #BHBiB2b Q7 S +"BQ iQ ;2M2` i2 T?vHQ;2M2iB+ i`22b 7`QK K2i # `+Q/BM; / i - M/ mb2/ i?2b2 7Q` T?vHQ;2M2iB+ HHv BM7Q`K2/ i tQMQKB+ bbB;MK2Mib US T2` A M/ S @ T2` AAV- bT2+B2b ?vTQi?2b2b US T2` AAV- M/ 2+QHQ;B+ H /Bbi M+2 K2 bm`2b US T2` AVX h?2 mb2 Q7 ;mBH/@ Q` i` Bi@ MMQi i2/ `272`2M+2 b2[m2M+2b BM K2i # `+Q/BM;@# b2/ T?vHQ;2Mv +QmH/ HbQ HHQr bbB;MK2Mi Q7 7mM+@ iBQM iQ b2[m2M+2b mbBM; KQ/B}+ iBQM Q7 S>uGPhs rBi?Qmi T bbBM; i?`Qm;? i tQMQKB+ MMQi iBQM bi2TX h?Bb rQmH/ #2 2bT2+B HHv mb27mH BM + b2b r?2`2 i?2 T`2b2M+2 Q7 T?vHQ;2M2iB+ HHv +Hmbi2`2/ i` Bi bm+? b 1*J@7Q`K iBQM /Q2b MQi +Q``2bTQM/ 2t +iHv iQ ;`QmT Q++mTvBM; QM2 Q7 i?2 K BM GBMM2 M ` MFb- `2bmHiBM; BM 2``Q`b mbBM; i?2 i tQMQKB+ T@ T`Q +? Q7 MMQi iBQM mb2/ #v 6lL:mBH/ M/ 6mM6mM UL;mv2M 2i HX kyRec w MM2 2i HX kykyVX 6Q` 2t KTH2- i?2 ;2Mmb K MBi - r?B+? Bb M+2bi` HHv b T`Qi`QT?B+ #mi +QMi BMb H `;2 1*J +H /2 UqQH72 2i HX kyRkV- Bb MMQ@ i i2/ b 1*J rBi? i?2 ?B;?2bi +QM}/2M+2 ` MFBM; BM 6lL:mBH/X h?2`2 `2 HbQ b2p2` H 1*J HBM2 ;2b r?B+? `2 FMQrM QMHv 7`QK b2[m2M+BM; Q7 1*J `QQi iBTb M/ ? p2 MQ i tQMQKB+ HHv /2b+`B#2/ K2K#2`b- M/ bQ + MMQi #2 `2+Q;MBx2/ i tQMQKB+ HHv Uh2/2`bQQ 2i HX kyRyc h2/2`bQQ M/ aKBi? kyRdVX Hi?Qm;? MMQi iBQMb BM lMBi2 K F2 Bi TQbbB#H2 iQ B/2MiB7v i?2b2 HBM2 ;2b i?`Qm;? b2[m2M+2 bBKBH `Biv Uh2/2`bQQ M/ aKBi? kyRdV- T?vHQ;2M2iB+ TT`Q +? rQmH/ #2 KQ`2 `B;Q`QmbX j3.
(42) >B;? i?`Qm;?Tmi .L # `+Q/BM; Q7 bT2+BK2Mb UBM 7`B+ 5V AMBiB H bT2+BK2M # `+Q/BM; mbBM; a M;2` b2[m2M+BM; `2p2 H2/ i? i i?2 bT2+B2b M K2b bbB;M2/ BM i?2 }2H/ iQ i?2 9yyyY +QHH2+iBQMb BM S T2` AAA r2`2 MQi +QMbBbi2Mi #2ir22M BM/BpB/m H +QHH2+iQ`b M/ b KTHBM; 2p2MibX h?Bb Bb MQi bm`T`BbBM; ;Bp2M i?2 ?B;? /2;`22 Q7 2tT2`iBb2 `2[mB`2/ iQ ++m@ ` i2Hv B/2MiB7v Kmb?`QQKb iQ bT2+B2b- 2bT2+B HHv BM `2;BQM r?2`2- /2bTBi2 QM;QBM; 2zQ`ib- i?2`2 Bb biBHH Km+? rQ`F iQ #2 /QM2 + i HQ;mBM; i?2 2t@ BbiBM; /Bp2`bBiv UuQ`Qm 2i HX kyR9c SB2T2M#`BM; 2i HX kykyV M/ i`mHv +QKT`2?2MbBp2 `272`2M+2 rQ`Fb `2 H +FBM;X >Qr2p2`- i?Bb T`Qp2/ T`Q#@ H2K iB+ 7Q` 2+QHQ;B+ H M HvbBb Q7 i?2 / i b2iX AM i?2 +m``2Mi K Mmb+`BTiQ#b2`p iBQMb `2 +Hmbi2`2/ i i?2 7 KBHv H2p2H- r?B+? Bb `2H iBp2Hv `2HB #H2 #mi H2 p2b Km+? iQ #2 /2bB`2/ BM i2`Kb Q7 `2bQHmiBQMX .L # `+Q/BM; Q7 HH i?2 `2K BMBM; pQm+?2` bT2+BK2Mb rQmH/ HHQr i?2K iQ #2 B/2MiB}2/ iQ bT2+B2b r?2`2 TTHB+ #H2 `272`2M+2 b2[m2M+2b 2tBbi- Q` i H2 bi /BpB/2/ BMiQ +QMbBbi2Mi- bT2+B2b@H2p2H PhlbX h?Bb rQmH/ HbQ 7 +BHBi i2 B/2MiB}+ iBQM Q7 TQi2MiB H M2r bT2+B2bX a2p2` H ;`QmTb ? p2 T@ THB2/ >ha iQ # `+Q/BM; H `;2 bT2+BK2M +QHH2+iBQMb Ua?QF` HH 2i HX kyR9c qm`x# +?2` 2i HX kyRNc GQBi 2i HX kyRNVX h?Bb T`QKBb2b iQ #2 2bT2+B HHv +Qbi@2z2+iBp2 mbBM; i?2 dz6HQM;H2Ǵ / Ti2` 7Q` Pt7Q`/ L MQTQ`2 /2pB+2b U2X;X- 1 iQM 2i HX kykyV- r?B+? `2/m+2b i?2 T`B+2 TQBMi 7Q` bBM;H2 b2@ [m2M+BM; `mM iQ QMHv ī3y THmb HB#` `v T`2TX h?2 bK HH bBx2 Q7 i?2 Pt7Q`/ L MQTQ`2 /2pB+2b M/ p BH #BHBiv Q7 `27`B;2` iBQM@7`22 HB#` `v T`2T FBib HbQ K F2 i?2K TQi2MiB HHv bmBi #H2 7Q` mb2 /m`BM; }2H/ 2tT2/BiBQMbX q2 bm++2bb7mHHv i2bi2/ T`QiQ+QHb mbBM; i?2 KBMBS*_ bvbi2K UKBMBS*_ #BQ- * K#`B/;2- J bb +?mb2iibV 7Q` .L 2ti` +iBQM M/ S*_ 7`QK 7`2b? 7`mBi#Q/B2b QM i?2 L iBQM H :2Q;` T?B+ 2tT2/BiBQM r?2`2 bQBH b KTH2b 7Q` S T2` AA r2`2 +QHH2+i2/X >Qr2p2`QM i? i 2tT2/BiBQM r2 b2Mi Qm` S*_ T`Q/m+ib iQ M +QKK2`+B H H # BM 1m`QT2 7Q` a M;2` b2[m2M+BM;X .2p2HQTBM; zQ`/ #H2 M/ `2HB #H2 T`QiQ+QHb 7Q` # `+Q/BM; rBi? i?2 KBMBS*_ THmb 6HQM;H2- M/ i` BMBM; Qm` +QHH2 ;m2b BM 7`B+ iQ mb2 i?2K- rQmH/ BKT`Qp2 i?2 /2p2HQTK2Mi Q7 HQ+ H b2[m2M+BM; + T +Biv M/ `2b2 `+? BM/2T2M/2M+2- b r2HH b 2Mbm`BM; ?B;? [m HBiv / i 7Q` 7mim`2 +QHH #Q` iBQMbX. jN.
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