• No results found

Protein production and purification in structural genomics

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Share "Protein production and purification in structural genomics"

Copied!
75
0
0

Loading.... (view fulltext now)

Full text

(1) 3URWHLQSURGXFWLRQDQGSXULILFDWLRQLQ VWUXFWXUDOJHQRPLFV   0DUWLQ+DPPDUVWU|P.      

(2)    

(3) .    

(4)  .   .

(5) LL. ,6%1  6WRFNKROP .

(6) LLL. 0DUWLQ. +DPPDUVWU|P. JHQRPLFV. 6FKRRO. 

(7) . RI. 3URWHLQ. SURGXFWLRQ. %LRWHFKQRORJ\. 5R\DO. DQG. ,QVWLWXWH. SXULILFDWLRQ RI. LQ. VWUXFWXUDO. 7HFKQRORJ\. .7+

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‹0DUWLQ +DPPDUVWU|P .

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

(11) Y 0DLQ 5HIHUHQFHV 7KLV WKHVLV LV EDVHG RQ WKH IROORZLQJ SDSHUV UHIHUUHG WR LQ WKH WH[W E\ WKHLU URPDQ QXPHUDOV ,. +DPPDUVWU|P 0 +HOOJUHQ 1 YDQ GHQ %HUJ 6 %HUJOXQG + DQG +lUG 7 

(12) 5DSLG VFUHHQLQJ IRU LPSURYHG VROXELOLW\ RI VPDOO KXPDQ SURWHLQV SURGXFHG DV IXVLRQ SURWHLQV LQ . ,,.   

(13)    . :RHVWHQHQN ($ +DPPDUVWU|P 0 YDQ GHQ %HUJ 6 +lUG 7 DQG %HUJOXQG + 

(14) +LV WDJ HIIHFW RQ VROXELOLW\ RI KXPDQ SURWHLQV.    D FRPSDULVRQ EHWZHHQ IRXU H[SUHVVLRQ YHFWRUV               SURGXFHG LQ. ,,,. +DPPDUVWU|P 0 :RHVWHQHQN ($ +HOOJUHQ 1 +lUG 7 DQG %HUJOXQG + 

(15) (IIHFW RI 1WHUPLQDO VROXELOLW\ HQKDQFLQJ IXVLRQ SURWHLQV RQ \LHOG RI SXULILHG WDUJHW SURWHLQ.             ,9. .         . :RHVWHQHQN ($ +DPPDUVWU|P 0 +lUG 7 DQG %HUJOXQG + 

(16) 6FUHHQLQJ PHWKRGV WR GHWHUPLQH ELRSK\VLFDO SURSHUWLHV RI SURWHLQV LQ VWUXFWXUDO JHQRPLFV        . $OO SDSHUV DUH UHSURGXFHG ZLWK SHUPLVVLRQ IURP WKH FRS\ULJKW KROGHUV ‹ &ROG 6SULQJ +DUERU /DERUDWRU\ 3UHVV  ‹ 6SULQJHU  ‹ (OVHYLHU VFLHQFH .

(17) YL. $FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV , ZRXOG OLNH WR DFNQRZOHGJH WKH IROORZLQJ SHUVRQV IRU WKHLU VXSSRUW GXULQJ WKH FRXUVH RI WKLV SURMHFW 0\ VXSHUYLVRUV 7RUOHLI IRU OHWWLQJ PH ZRUN RQ WKH ´KLJK WKURXJKSXWµ SURMHFWV DQG VKDULQJ \RXU H[SHUWLVH +HOHQD IRU \RXU IXOO VXSSRUW HVSHFLDOO\ GXULQJ WKH ODVW IHZ \HDUV ² , IXOO\ DSSUHFLDWH LW DQG 3HUcNH IRU PDNLQJ WKLV WKHVLV SRVVLEOH DIWHU WKH GHSDUWXUH RI WKH VWUXFWXUDO ELRFKHPLVWU\ JURXS 3DVW DQG QR ORQJHU SUHVHQW PHPEHUV RI WKH VWUXFWXUDO ELRFKHPLVWU\ JURXS 0DQJH IRU \RXU HQFRXUDJLQJ DQG LQVSLULQJ VXSHUYLVLRQ RI P\ GLSORPD ZRUN 3HUcNH IRU EHLQJ VXFK DQ H[FHOOHQW GLSORPD ZRUNHU DQG JUHDW URRPPDWH 1LNODV ´WKH PXVLFLDQµ IRU DOO WKH GLVFXVVLRQV ² IUXLWIXO RU QRW (VPH IRU IUXLWIXO FROODERUDWLRQV 6XVDQQH IRU WHDFKLQJ PH DOO JRRG ODE VWXII DQG +HQNH 0DJQXV $QMD 3HWHU &KULVWRIHU (OLVDEHW -DNRE $QGHUV + DQG g ,QJHU 9LOGDQ $OH[ DQG -RKQ IRU DOO EHLQJ DURXQG DQG PDNLQJ ZRUN IXQ 7KH OXQFKURRP WHDP DW &6% DQG DOO WKH QLFH SHRSOH DW WKH 6%1HW DQG 61$5 PHHWLQJV &ODHV *XVWDIVVRQ IRU DQ LQVSLULQJ FROODERUDWLRQ XQWLO WKH PHGLDWRU SURMHFW IHOO WKURXJK DQG DOVR DOO WKH QLFH SHRSOH LQ WKH JURXS RI 3lU 1RUGOXQG WKDW KDYH SDUWLFLSDWHG LQ WKH ´KLJK WKURXJKSXWµ SURMHFWV HVSHFLDOO\ 3lU 0DUWLQ $ 0DULH %HQLWD 8OULND DQG 7RELDV -DJ YLOO lYHQ SDVVD Sn DWW WDFND PLQD I|UlOGUDU I|U GHW VW|G GH KDU JHWW PLJ XQGHU KHOD PLQ XSSYl[W 1L KDU JHWW PLJ HQ WU\JJKHW L PLJ VMlOY VRP MDJ KRSSDV DWW MDJ NDQ |YHUI|UD WLOO (PLO 6OXWOLJHQ YLOO MDJ ULNWD DOO PLQ WDFNVDPKHW PRW $QQD YDUV WnODPRG KDU SU|YDWV nWVNLOOLJD JnQJHU DY PLWW DYKDQGOLQJVDUEHWH 8QGHU GHQ KlU NUlYDQGH SHULRGHQ KDU MDJ OlUW PLJ DWW YHUNOLJHQ XSSVNDWWD PLQ IDPLOM RFK MDJ KRSSDV DWW GHQ XSSVNDWWQLQJHQ EOLU PHU SnWDJOLJ IUDP|YHU (PLO ² YDUMH GDJ PHG GLJ lU XQLN.

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

(19)

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

(21) . 3URWHLQ SURGXFWLRQ DQG SXULILFDWLRQ LQ VWUXFWXUDO JHQRPLFV. SXULILFDWLRQ SURWRFROV ZHUH DGDSWHG WR DOORZ IRU YHU\ UDSLG SXULILFDWLRQ DQG WKRURXJK VWUXFWXUDO FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ E\ WKH FRPELQDWLRQ RI 105 DQG &' VSHFWURVFRS\.

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

(25).    'LIIHUHQW UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV RI WKH VWUXFWXUH IRU WKH KXPDQ 7&73. SURWHLQ 3'% HQWU\ <

(26)  7R WKH OHIW D FDUWRRQ UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ VKRZLQJ WKH FRQIRUPDWLRQ RI WKH SHSWLGH EDFNERQH ZLWK WKH GLIIHUHQW VHFRQGDU\ VWUXFWXUH HOHPHQWV $

(27) ,KHOLFHV DV WKLFN KHOLFHV %

(28) -VWUDQGV DV DUURZV DQG &

(29) H[WHQGHG UHJLRQV RI IOH[LEOH UDQGRP FRLOV ,Q WKH PLGGOH D EDOO DQG VWLFN UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ VKRZLQJ DOO DWRPV DQG FRYDOHQW ERQGV DQG WR WKH ULJKW D PROHFXODU VXUIDFH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ %DVHG RQ WKH JHQH VHTXHQFH LW LV SRVVLEOH WR SUHGLFW WKH SULPDU\ VWUXFWXUH RI WKH HQFRGHG SURWHLQ XVLQJ WKH JHQHWLF FRGH )LJ 

(30)  7KH SUHGLFWLRQ RI VHFRQGDU\ VWUXFWXUH LV QRW DV UHOLDEOH EXW FDQ EH PDGH EDVHG RQ WKH DPLQR DFLG VHTXHQFH DV WKH DPLQR DFLGV KDYH GLIIHUHQW SURSHQVLWLHV WR IRUP VHFRQGDU\ VWUXFWXUH HOHPHQWV 6SHFLILF FRPELQDWLRQV RI GLIIHUHQW DPLQR DFLGV IDYRU WKH IRUPDWLRQ RI. ,KHOLFHV -. VWUDQGV RU UDQGRP FRLOV DOWKRXJK RWKHU IDFWRUV DOVR FRQWULEXWH 7KXV LQ UDUH FDVHV DQ.

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² WR EXLOG.

(33) . 3URWHLQ SURGXFWLRQ DQG SXULILFDWLRQ LQ VWUXFWXUDO JHQRPLFV. D VWUXFWXUH PRGHO &ULWLFDO DVVHVVPHQW RI VXFK PRGHOV >.U\VKWDIRY\FK HW DO @ KDV VKRZQ WKDW WKH\ DUH IDLUO\ UHOLDEOH IRU SURWHLQV WKDW VKDUH DW OHDVW   VHTXHQFH LGHQWLW\ DQG WKDW WKH TXDOLW\ LQFUHDVHV ZLWK DQ LQFUHDVHG KRPRORJ\ >%DNHU DQG 6DOL @ DOWKRXJK WKH OHYHO RI GHWDLO FDQ QRW PDWFK WKDW RI H[SHULPHQWDOO\ GHWHUPLQHG VWUXFWXUHV.  *HQRPLFV 7UDGLWLRQDO ELRFKHPLFDO VWXGLHV RI SURWHLQV DUH XVXDOO\ KLJKO\ SURWHLQ VSHFLILF ZLWK D WULDO DQG HUURU DSSURDFK WR RSWLPL]DWLRQ RI SURGXFWLRQ SXULILFDWLRQ DQG IXQFWLRQDO FRQGLWLRQV IRU WKH SURWHLQ EHLQJ VWXGLHG 7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO ORJLFDO UHDVRQV IRU WKLV %LRFKHPLFDO SURSHUWLHV OLNH VWDELOLW\ VROXELOLW\ DQG VXUIDFH FKHPLVWU\ RI SURWHLQV DUH PXFK PRUH LQGLYLGXDO WKDQ IRU H[DPSOH IRU '1$ DQG WKXV LW LV QRW DV HDV\ WR ILQG FRQGLWLRQV WKDW DUH VXLWDEOH IRU DOO SURWHLQV 3URWHLQV FDQ EH KLJKO\ VHQVLWLYH WR YDULDWLRQV LQ WKHLU HQYLURQPHQW OLNH S+ WHPSHUDWXUH DQG EXIIHU FRPSRVLWLRQ HVSHFLDOO\ DW WKH KLJK FRQFHQWUDWLRQV XVXDOO\ UHTXLUHG IRU PDQ\ RI WKH IXQFWLRQDO DQG VWUXFWXUDO VWXGLHV +LVWRULFDOO\ WKH QXPEHU RI SURWHLQV DYDLODEOH IRU VWXG\ KDV WR VRPH H[WHQW EHHQ OLPLWHG DQG WKXV MXVWLILHG H[WHQVLYH LQSXW RI HIIRUW IRU LQGLYLGXDO SURWHLQV $V PXFK RI WKH ZRUN KDV EHHQ KLJKO\ SURWHLQ VSHFLILF LW KDV DOVR EHHQ GLIILFXOW WR PDNH FRPSDULVRQV DQG H[WUDSRODWH JHQHUDO VROXWLRQV ,Q WKH ILHOG RI '1$ VFLHQFH RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG LW KDV EHHQ HDVLHU WR ILQG JHQHUDO PHWKRGV IRU SURGXFWLRQ DQG SXULILFDWLRQ RI '1$ )RU H[DPSOH WKH SRO\PHUDVH FKDLQ UHDFWLRQ WKDW DOORZV IRU. LQ YLWUR. RYHUSURGXFWLRQ RI VSHFLILF '1$ IUDJPHQWV DQG WKH. UHVWULFWLRQ HQ]\PH EDVHG PHWKRGV IRU FORQLQJ DUH ERWK HVVHQWLDO FRQWULEXWLRQV WR DOO ILHOGV GHSHQGLQJ RQ JHQHWLF HQJLQHHULQJ 7KH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH VKRWJXQ VHTXHQFLQJ PHWKRG RSHQHG WKH GRRU IRU ODUJH VFDOH VHTXHQFLQJ RI HQWLUH JHQRPHV DQG HVWDEOLVKHG WKH ILHOG RI JHQRPLF VWXGLHV 7R GDWH WKH VHTXHQFHV RI  

(34) SURNDU\RWLF  

(35) DUFKDHDO DQG  

(36) HXNDU\RWLF JHQRPHV KDYH EHHQ FRPSOHWHG DQG VRPH DGGLWLRQDO  RUJDQLVPV DUH RQJRLQJ RU SODQQHG IRU WKH QHDU IXWXUH 7KH ODUJH QXPEHU RI SURWHLQV WKDW KDV EHFRPH DYDLODEOH IRU VWXG\ WKURXJK WKHVH JHQRPLF VHTXHQFLQJ SURMHFWV DQG WKHLU VXFFHVV KDYH FUHDWHG D VXUJH RI UHODWHG VWXGLHV RI SURWHLQV RQ WKH VFDOH RI HQWLUH RUJDQLVPV WHUPHG IXQFWLRQDO JHQRPLFV RU IXQFWLRQDO SURWHRPLFV. $ ZZZJHQRPHVRQOLQHRUJ DV RI 2FWREHU WK  1RYHPEHU WK  LQ EUDFNHWV

(37).

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·V \HDVW

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|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

(42)  7KH PHWKRG GHYHORSPHQW DOVR FRQFHUQV PDNLQJ DV PXFK DV SRVVLEOH RI WKH SURWHLQ SURGXFWLRQ DQG VWUXFWXUH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ SURFHVVHV DXWRPDWHG DQG UDWLRQDOL]HG WR DOORZ D KLJK GHJUHH RI SDUDOOHO KDQGOLQJ 7KLV XVXDOO\ PHDQV GHFUHDVLQJ WKH QXPEHU RI SURWRFROV DQG PDNLQJ WKHP DV JHQHUDO DQG LQGHSHQGHQW RI LQWULQVLF SURWHLQ SURSHUWLHV DV SRVVLEOH $XWRPDWLRQ KDV EHHQ LPSOHPHQWHG WR D KLJK GHJUHH ZLWK WKH XVH RI VWDQGDUG SLSHWWLQJ URERWV PDLQO\ IRU FORQLQJ VPDOO VFDOH H[SUHVVLRQ VFUHHQLQJ DQG FU\VWDOOL]DWLRQ VHWXS DQG LQ VRPH FDVHV FXVWRP EXLOW LQGXVWULDO URERWV >/HVOH\ @ 7KH WZR PDMRU GULYLQJ IRUFHV IRU PHWKRG GHYHORSPHQW FDQ EH LQ FRQIOLFW WR HDFK RWKHU RQ RQH KDQG WKHUH LV D QHHG WR H[SDQG WKH UHSHUWRLUH RI PHWKRGV WR EH DEOH WR SURGXFH DV PDQ\ SURWHLQV DV SRVVLEOH.

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

(44). &ORQHG ([SUHVVHG 6ROXEOH 3XULILHG.     . . ,.    . &U\VWDOOL]HG 'LIIUDFWLRQ &U\VWDO 6WUXFWXUH.   .   . +64& 105 6WUXFWXUH.  .  . ,Q 3'%. . . :RUN 6WRSSHG  , 3HUFHQW UHODWLYH WR QXPEHU RI FORQHG JHQHV. $ KWWSWDUJHWGESGERUJVWDWLVWLFV $V RI 1RYHPEHU WK .

(45) 3URWHLQ SURGXFWLRQ DQG SXULILFDWLRQ LQ VWUXFWXUDO JHQRPLFV .  . 6KRUW GHVFULSWLRQ DQG QXPEHU RI VROYHG VWUXFWXUHV IRU PRVW DFWLYH 6* SURMHFWV 1XPEHUV DUH IURP $ RU. UHVSHFWLYH ZHE SDJH. 1257+ $0(5,&$ 6758&785(6 /,1. 7KH %HUNHOH\ 6WUXFWXUDO *HQRPLFV &HQWHU %6*&

(46)  ZZZVWUJHQRUJ 7KH &HQWHU IRU (XNDU\RWLF 6WUXFWXUDO *HQRPLFV &(6*

(47)  ZZZXZVWUXFWXUDOJHQRPLFVRUJ 7KH -RLQW &HQWHU IRU 6WUXFWXUDO *HQRPLFV -&6*

(48)  ZZZMFVJRUJ 7KH 0LGZHVW &HQWHU IRU 6WUXFWXUDO *HQRPLFV 0&6*

(49)  ZZZPFVJDQOJRY 7KH 1RUWK(DVW 6WUXFWXUDO *HQRPLFV &RQVRUWLXP 1(6*

(50)  ZZZQHVJRUJ 7KH 1HZ <RUN 6WUXFWXUDO *HQRPLFV 5HVHDUFK &RQVRUWLXP 1<6*5&

(51)  ZZZQ\VJUFRUJ 7KH 6RXWKHDVW &ROODERUDWRU\ IRU 6WUXFWXUDO *HQRPLFV 6(&6*

(52)  ZZZVHFVJRUJ 6WUXFWXUDO *HQRPLFV RI 3DWKRJHQLF 3URWR]RD &RQVRUWLXP 6*33

(53)  ZZZVJSSRUJ 0\FREDFWHULXP WXEHUFXORVLV 6WUXFWXUDO *HQRPLFV &RQVRUWLXP 7%

(54)  ZZZGRHPELXFODHGX7% (8523( %DFWHULDO 7DUJHWV DW ,*6&156 )UDQFH %,*6

(55)  KWWSLJVVHUYHUFQUVPUVIU6WUBJHQ 7KH ,VUDHO 6WUXFWXUDO 3URWHRPLFV &HQWHU ,63&

(56)  ZZZZHL]PDQQDFLO,63& 0DUVHLOOHV 6WUXFWXUDO *HQRPLFV 3URJUDP )UDQFH 06*3

(57)  KWWSDIPEFQUVPUVIUUXEULTXHKWPO 2[IRUG 3URWHLQ 3URGXFWLRQ )DFLOLW\ (QJODQG 233)

(58)  ZZZRSSIR[DFXN 3URWHLQ 6WUXFWXUH )DFWRU\ *HUPDQ\ 36)

(59)  ZZZSURWHLQVWUXNWXUIDEULNGH 6WUXFWXUDO 3URWHRPLFV LQ (XURSH 63,1(

(60)  ZZZVSLQHXURSHRUJ 0\FREDFWHULXP 7XEHUFXORVLV 6WUXFWXUDO 3URWHRPLFV 3URMHFW *HUPDQ\ ;07%

(61)  KWWS[PWERUJ 3DULV6XG <HDVW 6WUXFWXUDO *HQRPLFV )UDQFH <6*

(62)  KWWSJHQRPLFVHXRUJVSLS -$3$1 5,.(1 6WUXFWXUDO *HQRPLFV ,QLWLDWLYH -DSDQ 56*,

(63)  ZZZULNHQJRMSHQJQ 27+(5 6WUXFWXUDO *HQRPLFV &RQVRUWLX  KWWSVJFXWRURQWRFD $ KWWSWDUJHWGESGERUJVWDWLVWLFV $V RI 1RYHPEHU WK .

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y  )DKQHUW  9LOODYHUGH @.  &ORQLQJVWUDWHJLHV 7KH ILUVW VWHS LQ WKH SURWHLQ SURGXFWLRQ FKDLQ LV WR FORQH WKH JHQH RI LQWHUHVW LQWR DQ H[SUHVVLRQ YHFWRU 7KLV XVXDOO\ LQYROYHV 3&5 DPSOLILFDWLRQ RI WKH FRGLQJ VHTXHQFH ZLWK SULPHUV WKDW LQFOXGH HOHPHQWV WKDW DOORZ IRU D JHQHUDO FORQLQJ DSSURDFK 7UDGLWLRQDOO\ WKLV LV GRQH E\ LQFOXGLQJ FOHDYDJH VLWHV IRU VSHFLILF UHVWULFWLRQ HQ]\PHV.

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

(66)  D IDFW WKDW LV VHOGRP UHSRUWHG LQ OLWHUDWXUH DV ZDV VWDWHG E\ $VODQLGLV DQG GH -RQJ ´2XU RZQ UHVXOWV DV ZHOO DV DQHFGRWDO UHSRUWV IURP RWKHU VFLHQWLVWV LQGLFDWH WKDW WKLV SURFHGXUH LV RIWHQ LQHIILFLHQWµ >$VODQLGLV DQG GH -RQJ @ $GGLWLRQDOO\ WKHUH LV D ULVN WKDW WKH JHQH WR EH FORQHG FRQWDLQV WKH FOHDYDJH VLWHV LQWHQGHG WR EH XVHG IRU FORQLQJ ZKLFK UHTXLUH DOWHUQDWLYH HQ]\PHV WR EH XVHG ,W ZDV FDOFXODWHG WKDW   RI WKH.    SODJXH

(67) JHQHV. ZRXOG EH XQDYDLODEOH IRU FORQLQJ GXH WR VXFK LQWHUIHUHQFHV >6HJHONH HW DO @ 'HVSLWH WKHVH SRWHQWLDO GLVDGYDQWDJHV VRPH RI WKH RQJRLQJ DQG VXFFHVVIXO 6* SURMHFWV UHO\ RQ WKH WUDGLWLRQDO OLJDWLRQ GHSHQGLQJ FORQLQJ VWUDWHJ\ >%VVRZ HW DO  &KULVWHQGDW HW DO  /HVOH\ HW DO E@ +RZHYHU D QXPEHU RI DOWHUQDWLYH FORQLQJ VWUDWHJLHV KDYH EHHQ GHYHORSHG WKDW GR QRW GHSHQG RQ OLJDWLRQ IRU FORQLQJ FROOHFWLYHO\ UHIHUUHG WR DV OLJDWLRQ LQGHSHQGHQW FORQLQJ /,&

(68) >$VODQLGLV DQG GH -RQJ  +H\PDQ HW DO  /LX HW DO  :DOKRXW HW DO  +DUWOH\ HW DO @ )RU WKH FORQLQJ VWHS DOO WKH VWXGLHV LQ WKLV WKHVLV KDYH XVHG WKH *DWHZD\ V\VWHP >:DOKRXW HW DO  +DUWOH\ HW DO @ WKDW LV FRPPHUFLDOL]HG E\ ,QYLWURJHQ 7KH SULQFLSOH LV EDVHG RQ WKH VLWHVSHFLILF UHFRPELQDWLRQ V\VWHP XVHG E\ SKDJH O WR LQWHJUDWH LQWR DQG H[FLVH RXW RI WKH JHQRPH RI.

(69) . ,W KDV EHHQ PRGLILHG WR. . VLWHV ZKLFK EHWZHHQ WKH . VLWHV. DFFRPPRGDWH WZR VOLJKWO\ GLIIHUHQW UHFRJQLWLRQ VHTXHQFHV WHUPHG DOORZV IRU GLUHFWLRQDO WUDQVIHU RI WKH '1$ VHTXHQFH ORFDWHG. 7KH H[SUHVVLRQ FORQHV DUH FUHDWHG LQ WZR VHSDUDWH UHDFWLRQV WHUPHG %3 DQG /5. UHDFWLRQV EDVHG RQ WKH . VLWHV FRQVWLWXWLQJ VXEVWUDWHV RI FRUUHVSRQGLQJ UHDFWLRQ )LJ 

(70)  $GYDQWDJHV RI WKLV V\VWHP LQFOXGH WKH VLPSOH UHDFWLRQV DQG WKH YHU\ ORZ UDWLR RI IDOVH SRVLWLYHV $Q DGGLWLRQDO DGYDQWDJH LV WKDW RQFH DQ HQWU\ FORQH KDV EHHQ YHULILHG DV FRUUHFW QR DGGLWLRQDO 3&5 DPSOLILFDWLRQ LV UHTXLUHG DQG LW FDQ EH VXEFORQHG LQWR D ODUJH QXPEHU RI GLIIHUHQW GHVWLQDWLRQ YHFWRUV ZLWKRXW WKH QHHG IRU IXUWKHU VHTXHQFH YHULILFDWLRQ 7KLV LV HVSHFLDOO\ EHQHILFLDO IRU DSSOLFDWLRQV LQYROYLQJ VFUHHQLQJ RI ODUJH QXPEHU RI GLIIHUHQW H[SUHVVLRQ YHFWRUV $ SRWHQWLDO GLVDGYDQWDJH OLHV LQ WKH LQFOXVLRQ RI WKH. . %VLWHV. LQ WKH FRGLQJ VHTXHQFHV DQG WUDQVODWHG DV SDUW RI DQ\ 1 RU &.

(71) 0HWKRGV LQ SURWHLQ SURGXFWLRQ. . WHUPLQDO IXVLRQ SURWHLQ ,QFOXGLQJ D SURWHDVH FOHDYDJH VLWH LQ WKH FRQVWUXFW FDQ LQ SDUW FLUFXPYHQW WKLV 7KH FRVW RI WKH HQ]\PHV FDQ DOVR EH FRQVLGHUHG DV D GLVDGYDQWDJH.   3ULQFLSOHV RI WKH *DWHZD\ V\VWHP $

(72) $Q HQWU\ FORQH LV FUHDWHG. LQ WKH ILUVW UHDFWLRQ E\ WKH UHFRPELQDWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH % VLWHV RI WKH 3&5 IUDJPHQW DQG WKH 3 VLWHV RI WKH GRQRU YHFWRU %

(73) 7KH H[SUHVVLRQ FORQH LV VLPLODUO\ FUHDWHG LQ WKH /5 UHDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ HQWU\ FORQH DQG GHVWLQDWLRQ YHFWRU 7KH OHQJWKV RI WKH VLWHV DUH GUDZQ VFKHPDWLFDOO\ WKH % VLWHV DUH DFWXDOO\  ES ORQJ WKH / DQG 5 VLWHV DUH DSSUR[LPDWHO\  ES ORQJ DQG WKH 3 VLWHV DUH DSSUR[LPDWHO\  ES ORQJ 7KH GRQRU DQG GHVWLQDWLRQ YHFWRUV FRQWDLQ DQ HOHPHQW IRU QHJDWLYH VHOHFWLRQ WKDW LV OHWKDO IRU QRUPDO   VWUDLQV DQG WKXV E\SURGXFWV QRW VKRZQ LQ ILJXUH

(74) RU XQUHDFWHG YHFWRU ZLOO QRW JLYH ULVH WR FRORQLHV DIWHU WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI WKH UHDFWLRQ LQWR   .  7UDQVFULSWLRQ 3URPRWHUV DUH WKH '1$ HOHPHQW IURP ZKLFK 51$ SRO\PHUDVH LQLWLDWHV WUDQVFULSWLRQ ,Q RUGHU WR RYHUSURGXFH WKH UHFRPELQDQW SURWHLQ D VWURQJ SURPRWHU WKDW ZLOO VXSSRUW V\QWKHVLV RI KLJK OHYHOV RI P51$ LV IUHTXHQWO\ UHTXLUHG ,Q H[WUHPH FDVHV WKLV FDQ UHVXOW LQ WKH UHFRPELQDQW SURWHLQ FRQVWLWXWLQJ XS WR   RI WRWDO FHOOXODU SURWHLQ %HVLGHV VXSSRUWLQJ KLJK H[SUHVVLRQ OHYHOV LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR EH DEOH WR LQGXFH WUDQVFULSWLRQ RI WKH JHQH LQ DQ HDV\ DQG UHSURGXFLEOH ZD\ 6SHFLILFDOO\ LW LV LPSRUWDQW WKDW WKH OHYHO RI WUDQVFULSWLRQ LV DV FORVH WR ]HUR DV SRVVLEOH EHIRUH LQGXFWLRQ 7KLV LV EHFDXVH RYHUSURGXFWLRQ RI UHFRPELQDQW SURWHLQ UHSUHVHQWV D PHWDEROLF EXUGHQ WR WKH.

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

(78) 7KH. ODF. RSHUDWRUUHSUHVVRU V\VWHP GHVFULEHG. DERYH LQ WKLV FDVH WKH SURPRWHU LV FDOOHG 7ODF SURPRWHU DQG 

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

(80) . 3URWHLQ SURGXFWLRQ DQG SXULILFDWLRQ LQ VWUXFWXUDO JHQRPLFV. RWKHU SURPRWHUV RQ WKH SODVPLG WKDW DUH RQ WKH VDPH VWUDQG DV WKH SURPRWHU XVHG IRU H[SUHVVLRQ WHUPLQDWRUV FRXOG DOVR EH LQFOXGHG LQ IURQW RI WKH SURPRWHU XVHG IRU H[SUHVVLRQ WR DYRLG EDFNJURXQG H[SUHVVLRQ IURP UHDGWKURXJK WUDQVFULSWV 7KH WXUQRYHU RI P51$ LV UDSLG LQ. ( FROL ZLWK KDOIWLPHV DURXQG  PLQXWHV ,W KDV EHHQ. VKRZQ WKDW · DQG ·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·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|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

(81) 0HWKRGV LQ SURWHLQ SURGXFWLRQ. . WUDQVODWLRQDO SURFHVV RU HYHQ OHDG WR ULERVRPH KDOWLQJ SUHPDWXUH WHUPLQDWLRQ DQG SURWHLQ GHJUDGDWLRQ >.DSXVW HW DO @ 7KH VROXWLRQ WR WKLV SUREOHP LV WR FR H[SUHVV WKH JHQHV FRGLQJ IRU W51$V FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR UDUH FRGRQV 6HYHUDO DX[LOLDU\ SODVPLGV RU VSHFLDO. ( FROL. VWUDLQV DUH DYDLODEOH IRU WKLV SXUSRVH LQFOXGLQJ WKH. &RGRQ3OXVΠDQG 5RVHWWDΠ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

(82) 3XULILFDWLRQ EDVHG RQ WKH DIILQLW\ RI WKH IXVLRQ SDUWQHU IRU D VSHFLILF OLJDQG RU XVLQJ WKH IXVLRQ DV D VSHFLILF OLJDQG >7HUSH @ 

(83) 'HWHFWLRQ EDVHG HLWKHU GLUHFWO\ RQ WKH HQ]\PDWLF RU LPPXQRJHQLF DFWLYLW\ RI WKH IXVLRQ SDUWQHU RU FRXSOHG YLD DQ DIILQLW\ LQWHUDFWLRQ RI WKH IXVLRQ 

(84) 6HOHFWLRQ RU VFUHHQLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV 

(85) 7KH LQIOXHQFH RQ VHYHUDO GLIIHUHQW DVSHFWV RI UHFRPELQDQW SURWHLQ SURGXFWLRQ OLNH FHOOXODU ORFDOL]DWLRQ LPSURYHG H[SUHVVLRQ OHYHOV UHJXODWLRQ RI VROXELOLW\ SURWHFWLRQ IURP GHJUDGDWLRQ DQG DYRLGLQJ WR[LFLW\ HIIHFWV >:DXJK @ 

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VVRZ HW DO @ RU E\ GLUHFW ILOWHULQJ RI FRORQLHV IURP DJDU SODWHV >&RUQYLN HW DO @ 2WKHU PHWKRGV IRU LQ YLYR VFUHHQLQJ RI ODUJH OLEUDULHV IRU VROXEOH H[SUHVVLRQ IRU LQVWDQFH DV SDUW RI D GLUHFWHG HYROXWLRQ SURMHFW XVHV & WHUPLQDO IXVLRQV RI *)3 >3pGHODFT HW DO  .DZDVDNL DQG ,QDJDNL  :DOGR HW DO @ VSOLW *)3 >&DEDQWRXV HW DO E &DEDQWRXV HW DO D@ RU ,IUDJPHQW RI. -JDODFWRVLGDVH. >:LJOH\ HW DO @ XVHG IRU VWUXFWXUDO FRPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RU. FKORUDPSKHQLFRO DFHW\O WUDQVIHUDVH JLYLQJ FKORUDPSKHQLFRO UHVLVWDQFH >0D[ZHOO HW DO @ )XVLRQ WDJV DUH DOVR XVHG H[WHQVLYHO\ IRU ODUJH VFDOH PDSSLQJ RI SURWHLQSURWHLQ LQWHUDFWLRQV DV LQ WKH \HDVWWZRK\EULG V\VWHP DQG VLPLODU V\VWHPV EDVHG RQ E\ VWUXFWXUDO FRPSOHPHQWDWLRQ >0LFKQLFN  ,WR HW DO  )LHOGV DQG 6RQJ @ &KRQJ DQG FRZRUNHUV KDYH XVHG D PRGLILHG LQWHLQ SURWHLQ DV &WHUPLQDO IXVLRQ IRU DXWRFDWDO\WLF UHPRYDO RI LWVHOI DQG DQ 1WHUPLQDO IXVLRQ WDJ XVHG IRU DIILQLW\ SXULILFDWLRQ WKXV DOORZLQJ SXULILFDWLRQ DQG IXVLRQ SURWHLQ UHPRYDO LQ D VLQJOH VWHS >&KRQJ HW DO @.  3URWHLQIROGLQJ  ,QYLYRIROGLQJ 7KH IROGLQJ SURFHVV IRU D SURWHLQ LV RIWHQ D FRPSOH[ SURFHVV GHSHQGLQJ ERWK RQ WKH LQWULQVLF SURSHUWLHV RI WKH DPLQR DFLG VHTXHQFH DV ZHOO DV HQYLURQPHQWDO IDFWRUV $GGLWLRQDOO\ WKH HQHUJ\ GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH IROGHG DQG WKH XQIROGHG VWDWHV LV LQ JHQHUDO VPDOO VR SURWHLQV DUH FRPSDUDEO\ XQVWDEOH DQG RQFH LQ WKHLU QDWLYH VWDWH WKH\ FDQ HDVLO\ EH XQIROGHG DJDLQ 'XH WR GLIIHUHQFHV LQ VL]H DQG IROGLQJ PHFKDQLVPV VRPH SURWHLQV HDVLO\ DQG UDSLGO\ IROG LQWR WKHLU QDWLYH VWUXFWXUH ZKHUHDV RWKHUV VWLOO DUH VORZ IROGLQJ SURWHLQV RU LQKHUHQWO\ GLIILFXOW WR PDLQWDLQ LQ WKHLU QDWLYH VWDWH 7KH DOWHUQDWLYH SDWK WR SURSHU IROGLQJ LV RIWHQ XQVSHFLILF DJJUHJDWLRQ $V QHZO\ V\QWKHVL]HG SURWHLQV SURWUXGH IURP WKH ULERVRPH WKH\ UDSLGO\ FROODSVH LQWR DQ LQWHUPHGLDWH VWDWH DV WKH K\GURSKRELF VLGHFKDLQV FRQGHQVH WR UHGXFH WKHLU VROYHQW.

(88) 0HWKRGV LQ SURWHLQ SURGXFWLRQ. . H[SRVHG VXUIDFH DUHD DQG DV UDSLGO\ IROGLQJ VHFRQGDU\ VWUXFWXUH HOHPHQWV DUH IRUPHG 7KH QHZO\ V\QWKHVL]HG SURWHLQ FDQ HLWKHU IROG IURP WKLV LQWHUPHGLDWH VWDWH LQWR LWV QDWLYH VWUXFWXUH E\ SURWHLQ VSHFLILF SDWKZD\V RU DJJUHJDWH ZLWK RWKHU SURWHLQV LQWR ODUJH DQG LQVROXEOH DVVHPEOLHV >)DKQHUW HW DO  &DUULy DQG 9LOODYHUGH  9LOODYHUGH DQG &DUULy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

(89) >6RUHQVHQ DQG 0RUWHQVHQ @ 7KH UDWH RI SURWHLQ V\QWKHVLV FDQ EH ORZHUHG HLWKHU DW WKH WUDQVFULSWLRQDO OHYHO E\ ORZHULQJ WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI WUDQVFULSWLRQDO LQGXFLQJ DJHQW XVLQJ D ZHDNHU SURPRWHU >0D\HU HW DO @ RU D SODVPLG ZLWK ORZ FRS\ QXPEHU >/XW] DQG %XMDUG  .HDVOLQJ.

(90) . 3URWHLQ SURGXFWLRQ DQG SXULILFDWLRQ LQ VWUXFWXUDO JHQRPLFV. @ DQG KHQFH ORZHULQJ WKH DPRXQWV RI DYDLODEOH P51$V RU DW WKH WUDQVODWLRQDO OHYHO E\ XVLQJ D VXERSWLPDO ULERVRPHELQGLQJ VLWH ,W KDV DOVR EHHQ VKRZQ WKDW VLOHQW PXWDWLRQV WKRXJKW WR LQIOXHQFH WKH WUDQVODWLRQ UDWH RI WKH SURWHLQ FDQ DIIHFW WKH VROXELOLW\ RI WKH SURGXFHG SURWHLQ >&RUWD]]R HW DO @ &XOWLYDWLRQ DW D ORZHU WHPSHUDWXUH ZLOO ORZHU ERWK WUDQVFULSWLRQ DQG WUDQVODWLRQ OHYHO DQG ZLOO DOVR UHGXFH WKH VWUHQJWK RI K\GURSKRELF LQWHUDFWLRQV LQYROYHG LQ DJJUHJDWLRQ /RZHULQJ WKH V\QWKHVLV UDWH )LJ 

(91) UHGXFHV WKH ULVN RI RYHUORDGLQJ WKH IROGLQJ DVVLVWLQJ V\VWHPV RI WKH FHOO DQG DOVR ORZHUV WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI IROGLQJ LQWHUPHGLDWHV DQG KHQFH WKH UDWH RI DJJUHJDWLRQ ZKLFK LV FRQFHQWUDWLRQ GHSHQGDQW 7KH GUDZEDFN RI PRVW RI WKHVH VWUDWHJLHV LV RI FRXUVH WKH ULVN RI ORZHULQJ WKH RYHUDOO SURWHLQ \LHOG.  &KDSHURQHV 7KH IROGLQJ UDWH )LJ 

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Π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

(94) . 3URWHLQ SURGXFWLRQ DQG SXULILFDWLRQ LQ VWUXFWXUDO JHQRPLFV. WKDW KDYH EHHQ H[SORLWHG WR LPSURYH VROXELOLW\ RI WKH IXVLRQ SURWHLQ LQFOXGLQJ PDOWRVH ELQGLQJ SURWHLQ >GL *XDQ HW DO  %HGRXHOOH DQG 'XSOD\  .DSXVW DQG :DXJK @ JOXWDWKLRQH 6WUDQVIHUDVH >6PLWK DQG -RKQVRQ @ WKLRUHGR[LQ >/D9DOOLH HW DO  /X HW DO @ 1XV$ >'DYLV HW DO @ WKH = GRPDLQ DQG WKH DOEXPLQ ELQGLQJ GRPDLQ RI VWDSK\ORFRFFDO SURWHLQ $ >8KOp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p HW DO  6DFKGHY DQG.

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p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

(98) FDQ UDSLGO\ EH SURGXFHG HYHQ FRPSDUHG WR. ( FROL. IURP VPDOO YROXPHV ZLWK ORZ OHYHOV RI FRQWDPLQDWLQJ SURWHLQV 5HFHQW WHFKQRORJ\. GHYHORSPHQWV KDYH DOORZHG LQ YLWUR WUDQVODWLRQ V\VWHPV WR EH XVHG ERWK IRU H[SUHVVLRQ VFUHHQLQJ >%XVVR HW DO  %XVVR HW DO  (QGR DQG 6DZDVDNL  .LJDZD HW DO  7\OHU HW DO @ DQG VDPSOH SUHSDUDWLRQ IRU VWUXFWXUDO VWXGLHV >.LJDZD HW DO  <RNR\DPD  9LQDURY HW DO  7\OHU HW DO @.  3URWHLQSXULILFDWLRQ 7R HQDEOH IXQFWLRQDO DQG VWUXFWXUDO VWXGLHV LW LV UHTXLUHG WR REWDLQ WKH SURWHLQ LQ D KLJKO\ SXUH IRUP XVXDOO\ DW OHDVW  (YHQ PLQXWH DPRXQWV RI FRQWDPLQDQWV FDQ VHYHUHO\ GLVWXUE WKH VWUXFWXUH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ SURFHVV RU GHVWDELOL]H WKH VDPSOH HVSHFLDOO\ GXULQJ WKH ORQJ WLPH SHULRGV XVXDOO\ QHHGHG ERWK IRU FU\VWDOOL]DWLRQ DQG.

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

(100)  ORQJHU SHSWLGHV DQG GRPDLQV 6WUHSWDYLGLQ ELQGLQJ SHSWLGH >.HHIH HW DO @ ELRWLQ\ODWLRQ WDJ >&URQDQ @ FDOPRGXOLQ ELQGLQJ SHSWLGH >=KHQJ HW DO @ 6SHSWLGH >.LP DQG 5DLQHV @ *% >+XWK HW DO @ =GRPDLQ >1LOVVRQ HW DO @ DQG WKH FHOOXORVH ELQGLQJ GRPDLQ >2QJ HW DO @

(101) RU IXOOOHQJWK SURWHLQV *67 >6PLWK DQG -RKQVRQ @ 0%3 >%HGRXHOOH DQG 'XSOD\  GL *XDQ HW DO @ DQG SURWHLQ$ >8KOpQ HW DO @

(102) KDYH EHHQ GHVFULEHG 7KH FRPELQDWLRQ RI D +LV WDJ DQG LPPRELOL]HG PHWDO LRQ DIILQLW\ FKURPDWRJUDSK\ ,0$&

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ΠRIIHU D JRRG FRPELQDWLRQ RI VSHFLILFLW\ DQG DFWLYLW\ DQG DUH DYDLODEOH DV UHFRPELQDQW IXVLRQ SURWHLQV ZKLFK DOORZ IRU FRQYHQLHQW UHPRYDO RI WKH SURWHDVH DIWHU WKH FOHDYDJH UHDFWLRQ $ FRPELQDWLRQ RI ,0$& SXULILFDWLRQ IROORZHG E\ SURWHRO\WLF UHPRYDO RI WKH +LV WDJ DQG D ILQDO QHJDWLYH ,0$& LQ ZKLFK XQFOHDYHG SURWHLQ KLVWDJJHG SURWHDVH DQG PRVW RI WKH LPSXULWLHV UHPDLQLQJ DIWHU WKH ILUVW ,0$& VWHS ELQG WR WKH DIILQLW\ UHVLQ ZKHUHDV WKH WDUJHW SURWHLQ GRHV QRW KDYH EHHQ VXFFHVVIXOO\ DSSOLHG >.LP HW DO E@ +RZHYHU LW LV QRW DOZD\V QHFHVVDU\ WR UHPRYH WKH IXVLRQ WDJ DV WKHUH DUH QRZ KXQGUHGV RI VWUXFWXUHV WKDW KDYH EHHQ VROYHG ZLWK WKH KLVWDJ UHPDLQLQJ ,Q VRPH FDVHV IXVLRQ WDJV DUH UHTXLUHG IRU VXFFHVVIXO VWUXFWXUH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ >&HQWHU HW DO @.  %LRSK\VLFDOFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ  2EMHFWLYHV 7KH PDLQ REMHFWLYH RI ELRSK\VLFDO FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI SURWHLQV LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI VWUXFWXUDO VWXGLHV LV WR HYDOXDWH WKH VXLWDELOLW\ RI WKH VDPSOH IRU VWUXFWXUH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ LH VHFRQGDU\ VWUXFWXUH FRQWHQW LI WKH SURWHLQ LV LQ D IROGHG SDUWLDOO\.

References

Related documents

Zh kdyh hydoxdwhg wzr glhuhqw zryhq frpsrvlwh uhlqirufhphqwv wkdw duh xvhg lq wkh frqvwuxfwlrq ri hqjlqh krrgv dqg wdlojdwhv rq YROYR fduv1 Wkh wdlojdwh phqwlrqhg lv fxuuhqwo|

[r]

ILHOG DSSURDFK WR EULWWOH IUDFWXUH WR PRGHO FRPSOH[ FUDFN VFHQDULRV LW LV XVHG WR H[SORUH WKH PRGHOLQJ RI WUDQVYHUVH FUDFNLQJ NLQHWLFV LQ FRPSRVLWH ODPLQDWHV DW WKH PHVRVFRSLF VFDOH

6DPSOLQJRIHYLGHQFHV [SHULHQFH DQG NQRZOHGJH RQ WKH WRSLF RI WKLV WKHVLV FDQ EH IRXQG RQ VSHFLILF RUJDQL]DWLRQV LQYROYHG LQ WKH SURFHVV RI YDOXDWLRQ RI VHFXULWLHV 7KH PRVW VXLWDEOH

VRIWZDUH DQG WHFKQLTXHV WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ VKRXOG EH SUHVHQWHG WR WKH SXEOLF LQ DQ HDV\WRXVH DQG HDV\WR XQGHUVWDQG ZD\ LQ RUGHU WR UHDFK WKH ODUJHVW SRVVLEOH SHUFHQWDJH RI WKH WDUJHW

Dv fdq eh vhhq iurp Iljxuh  dqg Iljxuh 2 wkh htxdwlrq E  jlyhv d eldvhg uhvxow iru qlwh vdpsoh vl}hv1 Orrnlqj edfn dw wkh ghulydwlyhv ri htxdwlrq E  lw fdq eh vhhq wkdw

dqg wkh uhvxowv zhuh yhu| frqylqflqj1 Lq rxu rzq uhvhdufk surmhfw/ pxowlskdvh rz phdvxuhphqwv/ zh kdyh qr h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv |hw wkdw fdq yhuli| wkh dojrulwkp1 Wklv zloo eh wkh

7KH WUHHEDVHG &gt;@ DQG WUHH1$33 &gt;@ SURWRFROV KDYH FRQVWDQW WKURXJKSXW UHJDUGOHVV RI WKH QXPEHU RI UHFHLYHUV 7KH FOXVWHU VWUXFWXUH LV FUHDWHG XVLQJ WKH SDUDPHWHU N WR