Freedom of religion Overview

18.01 The United States State Department ‘International Religious Freedom Report for 2012:

Eritrea’, published on 20 May 2013, stated:

‘The constitution and other laws and policies provide for religious freedom, but the government partially implemented these laws and policies only for the four officially registered religious groups: the Eritrean Orthodox Church, Sunni Islam, the Roman Catholic Church, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Eritrea. The government’s overall record on religious freedom was poor and that trend did not change significantly during the year. The government continued to detain members of unregistered religious groups, although there were reportedly fewer such detentions than last year. The

government retained influence over the four registered religious groups.

‘There were no reports of societal discrimination based on religious affiliation, belief, or practice. Citizens generally accepted limited religious pluralism.’

[3c] (Executive Summary)

Religious demography

18.02 The United States State Department ‘International Religious Freedom Report for 2012:

Eritrea’, published on 20 May 2013, stated:

‘There are no reliable statistics on religious affiliation. The government reports that 50 percent of the population is Christian and 50 percent Sunni Muslim. According to a 2010 international nongovernmental organization (NGO) estimate, the population is 63

percent Christian and 36 percent Muslim. The same NGO asserts that Orthodox Christians make up approximately 57 percent of the population, Roman Catholics 4 percent, and Protestants − including the Evangelical Lutheran Church, Baptists, Presbyterians, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Pentecostals, and others without international affiliation − 1 percent. It is possible that 2 percent of the population is animist. There is a small Bahai community. Numbers of Muslims and Protestants reportedly have

increased over the past 10 years.

‘The population is predominantly Muslim in the eastern and western lowlands and

mainly Christian in the central highlands. There are high levels of participation among all religious groups.’ [3c] (section 1)

Restrictions

18.03 The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom ‘2013 Annual Report’, covering the period 31 January 2012 – 31 January 2013, published in April 2013, stated:

‘In 2002, the government imposed a registration system for all religious groups other than the four officially-recognized religions, requiring communities to provide detailed information on their finances, membership, and activities. Since 2002, the government has not registered any religious group, despite the Presbyterian Church, Methodist Church, Seventh-day Adventists, and Baha’i community all submitting the required applications. Without registration, religious communities lack a legal basis on which to practice their faiths publicly in the country. Unrecognized groups’ places of worship have been closed and public religious activities prohibited. Further restrictions are described below.

‘Government violations of religious freedom are particularly severe in the armed forces and national service. Eritrean refugees told USCIRF in late 2012 that soldiers are frequently banned from engaging in religious activities, subject to penalty of

imprisonment, and face severe punishment for possessing religious literature, including Bibles and Qur’ans.

‘The State Department, non-governmental human rights organizations, and Christian advocacy groups estimate that 2,000 to 3,000 persons are imprisoned on religious grounds in Eritrea. The vast majority are Evangelical or Pentecostal Christians.

Religious prisoners have reportedly been beaten and tortured. Prisoners are not permitted to pray aloud, sing, or preach, and no religious books are allowed. Released religious prisoners interviewed by USCIRF report having been confined in cramped conditions, such as 20-foot metal shipping containers or underground barracks, some located in areas subject to extreme temperature fluctuations. The refugees also told USCIRF that security forces beat detainees and coerce them to renounce their faith, at times as a precondition of release. Persons detained for religious activities, serving both short- and long-term sentences, often are not formally charged, permitted access to legal counsel, accorded due process, or allowed access to their families. Reports continue to arise of deaths of religious prisoners who refused to recant their beliefs, were denied medical care, or were subjected to other ill treatment.’ [35] (Eritrea - p64) 18.04 The United States State Department ‘International Religious Freedom Report for 2012:

Eritrea’, published on 20 May 2013, stated:

‘The constitution and other laws and policies provide for religious freedom, but the government partially implemented these laws and policies only for the four officially registered religious groups: the Eritrean Orthodox Church, Sunni Islam, the Roman Catholic Church, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Eritrea.

‘By law, religious groups must register with the government or cease activities. The Office of Religious Affairs reviews the applications of religious groups seeking official recognition. Applications must include a description of the religious group’s history in the country, an explanation of the uniqueness or benefit the group offers compared with other religious groups, names and personal information of the group’s leaders, detailed information on assets, a description of the group’s conformity to “local culture,” and a declaration of all foreign sources of funding. All registrations require the president’s signature for full approval. No religious groups applied for registration during the year…

The government limits foreign financing for religious groups, based on its stated policy of fostering national self-reliance.

‘Religious groups must obtain government approval to build facilities for worship and must observe strict rules governing relations between religious groups and foreign donors and sponsors.

‘The Office of Religious Affairs must authorize religious groups to print and distribute documents. It routinely approved such requests, but only for officially recognized religious groups…Official attitudes toward members of unregistered religious groups who worshiped in homes or rented facilities differed from place to place. Some local authorities tolerated unregistered groups, while others attempted to prevent them from meeting. The national government continued to disrupt home-based worship and arrested those who hosted prayer meetings. Local authorities sometimes denied community-based services to Jehovah’s Witnesses and members of Pentecostal groups…Religious facilities not belonging to the four officially recognized religious groups remained closed. Several unoccupied religious structures formerly used by Jewish, Greek Orthodox, and Church of England groups − which fled repression in the 1970s − still stood in Asmara. The government permitted foreigners to worship at these sites. Other structures belonging to unregistered groups, such as the Seventh-Day Adventists, remained shuttered, although the government allowed the Bahai center to operate.’ [3c] (section 2)

18.05 The Amnesty International report, ‘Eritrea - 20 years of Independence, but still no freedom’, published on 9 May 2013, stated:

‘According to information received by Amnesty International, members of unrecognised religious groups, including Evangelical Christian groups and Jehovah’s Witnesses have been subjected to torture and coercion by the security forces during detention, to force them to recant their religion. Some religious detainees have been offered release from detention on the condition that they recant their religion. These individuals were forced to sign a statement declaring they had recanted their religious beliefs and agreed to join an officially recognised religious group. Some have reportedly been pressurised to sign statements promising not to participate in religious activities outside the four recognised religions, or to join together with others practising religions not recognised by the state.

Detainees who refuse to recant have been subjected to repeated torture.’

[6c] (page 23)

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Christian pentecostals and evangelicals

18.06 The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom ‘2013 Annual Report’, published in April 2013, stated:

‘The State Department, non-governmental human rights organizations, and Christian advocacy groups estimate that 2,000 to 3,000 persons are imprisoned on religious grounds in Eritrea. The vast majority are Evangelical or Pentecostal Christians.

Religious prisoners have reportedly been beaten and tortured. Prisoners are not permitted to pray aloud, sing, or preach, and no religious books are allowed. Released religious prisoners interviewed by USCIRF report having been confined in cramped

conditions, such as 20-foot metal shipping containers or underground barracks, some located in areas subject to extreme temperature fluctuations. The refugees also told USCIRF that security forces beat detainees and coerce them to renounce their faith, at times as a precondition of release. Persons detained for religious activities, serving both short- and long-term sentences, often are not formally charged, permitted access to legal counsel, accorded due process, or allowed access to their families. Reports continue to arise of deaths of religious prisoners who refused to recant their beliefs, were denied medical care, or were subjected to other ill treatment…There were reports of two new mass arrests during the reporting period. Twenty-one evangelicals who had gathered to worship on Good Friday were reported to have been rounded up and continue to be detained, with unconfirmed reports that they were being held in metal shipping containers and were undergoing military punishment. Seventeen Christians, including several women, were arrested in October following a raid on a house in Emba-Derho where they had gathered for a service and remain detained. In addition, several

Protestant pastors were reported arrested following the January 2013 “coup.”’

[35] (Eritrea - p64-65)

18.07 The Christian Solidarity Worldwide ‘Eritrea: Summary of Concerns and Recommendations’ press release, dated April 2012, stated:

‘Between 2,500 and 3,000 Christians are currently detained indefinitely at any given time. Although some were initially released after pledging to renounce their faith, none have been formally charged or tried and all are held pending similar denials of faith.

Reports persist of prisoners dying after torture, or after being denied life-saving

medication for refusing to deny their faith. Torture is rife in these centres, with prisoners being held in such inhumane conditions as metal shipping containers, underground cells, and in the open air in desert areas where they are surrounded by barbed wire or thorns. Female Christian prisoners are regularly beaten on the soles of their feet and their wombs, allegedly to prevent them from bearing children.’ [50b]

See also Arbitrary arrest and detention.

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Jehovah’s Witnesses

18.08 The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom ‘2013 Annual Report’ stated:

‘Fifty-one Jehovah’s Witnesses are detained without trial or administrative appeal. A third of the Jehovah’s Witnesses currently detained are reported to be over 60 years old, well beyond draft age. Additionally, three Jehovah’s Witnesses - Paulos Eyassu, Isaac Mogos, and Negede Teklemariam - have been held for more than 15 years, despite the maximum legal penalty for refusing to perform national service being two years…President Asaias issued a decree in October 1994 specifically barring Jehovah’s Witnesses from obtaining government jobs, business licenses, and government-issued identity and travel documents. He reportedly viewed them as rejecting the duties of Eritrean citizenship, due to their refusal on religious grounds to participate in the 1993 independence referendum or to perform mandatory national military service. Without Eritrean identity cards Jehovah’s Witnesses cannot obtain legal recognition of

marriages or land purchases.

‘The government requires a military training component for secondary school graduation, with no non-military alternative service option, which effectively denies educational and employment opportunities to young Jehovah’s Witnesses, causing many to flee the country. Some children of Jehovah’s Witnesses have been expelled from school because of their refusal to salute the flag or to pay for membership in the officially-sanctioned national organization for youth and students.’ [35] (Eritrea - p65) 18.09 The United States State Department ‘International Religious Freedom Report for 2012:

Eritrea’, stated:

‘In January [2012] the Jehovah’s Witnesses’ Web site asserted that 48 members of the group remained imprisoned in the country. In December [2012] Human Rights Watch asserted that 56 Jehovah’s Witnesses were incarcerated, including 12 arrested during the year while attending a funeral and three who had been held since 1994. Eleven were reportedly in their 70s and 80s…Although members of several religious groups faced reprisals for refusal to participate in military portions of required national service, the government singled out Jehovah’s Witnesses to receive particularly harsh treatment because of their blanket conscientious objection to bearing arms. The government reportedly penalized Jehovah’s Witnesses and others who did not participate in national military service on religious grounds by denying them government services and

entitlements, such as ration cards.’ [3c] (section 2)

18.10 The Amnesty International report, ‘Eritrea - 20 years of Independence, but still no freedom’, published on 9 May 2013, stated:

‘During the 20 years of independence, according to information received by Amnesty International from individual sources, the Jehovah’s Witness Association and from media reports, at least 157 Jehovah’s Witnesses have been arbitrarily arrested and detained, in prisons including Me’eter, Adi Abeto and Mai Serwa. Some have been released after periods varying from several months to several years. Two are believed to have died in detention, as a result of ill-treatment and appalling conditions. As of April 2013, the European Association of Jehovah’s Christian Witnesses has information it regards as reliable that at least 56 Jehovah’s Witnesses are currently in detention in Eritrea.’ [6c] (page 22)

See also Arbitrary arrest and detention ; National service - conscientious objection and Citizenship and nationality.

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Muslims

18.11 The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom ‘2013 Annual Report’ stated that:

‘The Department of Religious Affairs appoints the Mufti of the Eritrean Muslim

community, despite community protests. The government does not permit independent Muslim religious activities or groups it considers “radical.” Government officials point to the actions of foreign or foreign-inspired Muslim fundamentalists, whom they believe are seeking to radicalize traditional Eritrean Islam and thus possibly create tensions in a society that is roughly half Christian and half Muslim. Additionally, the International

Crisis Group reports that the only military and government officials arrested following the “coup” were Muslims and that President Isaias stated that they were engaging in

“jihad.”’ [35] (Eritrea - p70)

Orthodox Church of Eritrea

18.12 The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom ‘2013 Annual Report’ stated that:

‘The Orthodox Church of Eritrea is the country’s largest Christian denomination and the institutional expression of the country’s traditionally-dominant form of Christianity.

According to Eritrean Orthodox refugees interviewed by USCIRF, government

interference in church affairs began increasing in 2005 when the government revoked the exemption of Orthodox priests, monks, and deacons from mandatory national service. This resulted in the closure of smaller, rural churches due to a shortage of clergy, and increased opposition within the church to the government’s religious policies. Security forces began targeting reformist elements in the Orthodox Church, arresting religious activists, and preventing their meetings. In May 2006, the

government appointed a new Patriarch of the Orthodox Church of Eritrea, replacing Patriarch Antonios and placing him under house arrest.

‘According to the Eritrean Orthodox Church North America Archdioceses, more than 1,700 Orthodox clergy have been forced out of the church, including 24 imprisoned, 14 banned from entering Eritrean Orthodox Church properties, and seven restricted from leaving Asmara. Hundreds have fled the country. In addition, a government-appointed administrator, who is not a member of the Orthodox clergy, manages the church’s affairs and controls its finances.’ [35] (Eritrea – p66)

See also Arbitrary arrest and detention.

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