19th annual report New Jersey Training School for Feeble-Minded Girls and Boys

NINETEENTH

ANNUAL REPORT

Nrht Jrrsry IDrutntug �rqnnl

OUR MOTTO

The true education and training for girls and boys of backward or feeble mind, is to teach them what they ought to know and can make use of when

· they become women and men in years

VINELAND CUMBERLAND COUNTY

Directors

REv. H. H. BEADLE ...•... Bridgeton ••••••••••... 1go8 GEORGE DAVIDSON ...• Vineland ••••••••... 1go8 R E. READ, JR. ... Camden •..••... rgo8 How ARD I. BRANSON ... ... Vineland •..•...•... 19()8 •

BENJAMIN C. REEVE ... Camden •... 1909

W, GRAHAM TYLER ... Philadelphia ... 1909

CHARLES KEIGHLEY ...••• Vineland .•... 1909

HoN. PHILIP P. BAKER ...••.•. Vineland ... 1910

GOVERNOR E. C. STOKES ••...•... • Millville ... 1910

How ARD CARROW, ESQ . ... Camden ... 1910

D. WILSON MOORE ... Clayton ... r9II WILLIAM H. NICHOLSON ... Haddonfield ... 191 r THOMAS J. SMITH, M.D. . ... Bridgeton ... r9II

OFFICERS OF THE BOARD

President-HON. PHILIP P. BAKER. Vice-President-WM. H. NICHOLSON. Treasurer-GEORGE DAVIDSON. Secretary-EDWARD R. JOHNSTONE.

SOLICITORS

HOWARD CARROW, ESQ. WM. E. ZELLER, ESQ. CURTIS T. BAKER, ESQ.

COMMITTEES

Executive-BAKER, NICHOLSON, BEADLE, KEIGHLEY, CARROW, SMITH.

Finance and Auditing-REEVE, TYLER, BEADLE.

Legacies and Trusts-DAVIDSON, STOKES, TYLER, MooRE, READ, BRANSON.

Lady

Visitors

MRS. CHARLES KEIGHLEY ... Vineland ...•... 1go8 MRS. FANNY A. SHEPPARD ... Greenwich ...• I9()8

Mrss SusAN N. WARRINGTON ... Moorestown ...•. rgo8

MRS. F. J. COLLIER ... Woodstown ... . 19()8

Miss RACHEL E. ALLINSON ...•.... Yard ville ... ... 1909

MRS. WILLIAM H. SKIRM ... Trenton ... I909 MRS. JOHN M. MOORE ... Clayton .•... I909 MRS. ELIZA \V. NEWELL ... Millville ... 1909

MRs. THOMAS J. CRAVEN ... Salem ... 19IO Mrss JULIA FRAME ... Bridgeton ... 1910

MRS. EDW. P. SHIELDS . ... Bridgeton ... -� ... 1910

Mrss HARRIET TOWNSEND ... Elizabeth ... ... 1910

Miss HANNAH C. REEVE ... Camden ... 1910

OFFICERS

President-MRS. THOMAS J. CRAVEN. Vice-President-MRS. CHARLES KEIGHLEY. Treasurer-MISS SUSAN N.

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January, April, July, October, February, May, August, November, MRS. CRAVEN, Mrss Mrss MRS. Mrss ALLINSON, WARRINGTON, MRS. MOORE, SKIRM, Mrss TowNSEND, REEVE. l\1Rs. KEIGHLEY, MRS. COLLIER. March, June, September, December,

MRS. SHEPPARD, Mrss FRAME, MRS. SHIELDS, MRS. NEWELL.

Paidological Consultants

EARL BARNES, M.Sc . ... Philadelphia, Pa. Lecturer for the American Society for Extension of University Teaching. EDWARD E. ALLEN, A.B. ... ... Boston, Mass.

Principal Perkins Institution for the Instruction of the Blind. LEVI SEELEY, PH.D ...•...• Trenton, N. J.

Professor of Pedagogy, State Normal School.

SMITH BURNHAM, A.M ... West Chester, Pa.

Professor of History, State Normal School.

EBENEZER MACKEY, A.B . ... · Trenton, N. J. Supervising Principal of City Schools.

]AS. E. BRYAN, A.B ... Camden, N. J. Superintendent· of Schools.

MAURICE. FELS, LL.B ... Philadelphia, P .i. J. M. McCALLIE, A.B ... Trenton, N. J.

Principal Centennial Grammar School.

H, H. DAVIS, M.D ... Camden, N. J. Medical Inspector of City Schools.

HENRY H. DONALDSON, PH.D . ... Philadelphia, Pa. Director of Department of Neurology of Wistar Institute. FRANCIS BURKE BRANDT, PH.D ... Philadelphia, Pa.

Head of Department of Pedagogy, Central High School.

Lours NusBAUM, A.B. ... . Philadelphia, Pa. Principal Horace Binney School.

BIRD T. BALDWIN, PH.D ... ... West Chester, Pa. Professor of Psychology, State Normal School.

M. J. GREENMAN, M.D ... Philadelphia, Pa. Director of Wistar Institute.

NoTE-The Paidological Staff, in conjunction with Dr. Goddard, who gives his entire time to this work, is carrying on investigations into the men­ tal condition and capacity of our children, aiming to discover facts that will contribute to their greater happiness and improvement and also be of use to teachers of normal children.

These researches are being made according to scientific methods and will undoubtedly be of great value to psychology, neurology and pedagogy.

.Medical Consultants

CaAs. K. MILLS, M.D., Philadelphia, WM. G. SPILLER, M.D., Philadelphia. Pathologist,

CHARLES W. BuRR, M.D., Philadelphia.

· Ophthalmologists, S. D. RISLEY, M.D., Philadelphia,

J. NoRMAN RISLEY, M.D., Philadelphia.

Otologist,

B. A. RANDALL, M.D., Philadelphia. Laryngologist,

D. BRADEN KYLE, M.D., Philadelphia. Diseases of Children,

J. :M°ADISON TAYLOR, M.D., Philadelphia,

E. E. GRAHAM, M.D., Philadelphia. Defects of Speech,

G. HUDSON MAKUEN, M.D., Philadelphia. Gynecologist,

ELIZABETH R. BUNDY, M.D., Philadelphia.

Surgeon,

CHARLES H. FRAZIER, M.D.. Philadelphia. DENTIST

FRANK H. WALLS, D.D.S., Vineland.

Officers of the School

Clerk,

ELIZABETH M. FALLON.

President,

HoN. PHILIP P. BAKER.

Superintendent, EDWARD R. JOHNSTONE. Assistant Superintendent, C. EMERSON NASH. Physician, LouISE PATTERSON, M.D. Principal, ALICE F. MORRISON.

Matron North Cottages, MARY L. VERNON.

Matron South Cottages,

ANNA W. HUTCHINSON. Foreman, CHARLES M. VEALE. Director of Research, HENRY H. GODDARD, PH.D. Storekeeper, J. FRANK MACOMBER. 6 Chief Engineer, JAMES LoMAX

Report of the Board of Directors

Your Board of Direotors presents herewith their Nineteenth Annual Report of the progress of the Training School.

From the small beginning made by Professor Garrison in 1888, the School has grown steadily until it has become a large and well-equipped institution, modern in every respect. \Ve now have 363 pupils, an increase of sixteen over last year. As our numbers hav,e grown we have added to our acreage and erected new build­ ings; while we' have but few vacant beds, we are not overcrowded, and are much better able to carry out the inte'nt of the School.

The reports on our work made by those who have visited and inspected it, indicate that our endeavors are at least to some de­ gree successful.

The New Jersey Commissioner of Charities, in his recent report to the Governor, says: "The New Jersey Training School is a model institution and its officers are untiring in their efforts to promote i•ts efficiency and to fit for future usefulness. as far as can be done, the pupils committed to its care."

Secretary Pillsbury, reporting to the Governor of California the results of his inspection of in:;.titutions throughout the country, says of us, among other things: "This institution is a bee-hive of activity and originality, and there is small reason to doubt that it is making of its charges about as much as the material that God put into them will allow. The custodial contingent is reduced to a very low, if not to the lowest possible terms. It has a staff of consult­ ing Psychologists and a Summer School for <teachers, that have proven very helpful to those engaged in C:'clucational work. This institution is intensely alive."

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Superintendent Jones, who visited institutions under the direc­ tion of the Oregon Legislature, reports upon our Summer School and the general work of the Institution, and says: "The farm is conducted on the most scientific methods, the dairy is a model for neatness, system and close attention to details. This Institution has become famous throughout the country. The training depart­ ment has been given special attention and the Institution holds a high rank for the character of the work it performs."

The State Teachers' Association, at its last meeting, commended our Summer School. Doctor Greenman, director of the Wistar Institute, after visiting us, writes : "It seems to me that you are pursuing the right course in attacking the matter from a scientific standpoint, now that the practical side is well established: and I look forward to the result from your laboratory with a great deal of interest. I trust that we may co-op�rate in any way which may leaa to better and more accurate ·knowledge of the anatomical conditions existing in a so-called feeble mind."

Several letters have beien received by our Superintendent asking for advice in the organization, administration, plan and scope of new institutions about to be established. Indeed, from the testi­ mony of outsiders we are led to believe that our School ranks with the foremost in the world. As in •the past, we shall aim to do the very best that can be done; and the fact that this year nearly suffi­ cient was contributed extra to enabie us to carry on our special work without •touching the regular funds, and that in the past few days we have received word that a friend of our School has made provision in his will for a legacy of $15,000 to further for­ ward the work, is indicative that well-to-do people believe in what we are doing and see the great help ·this is to public education as well as to those who through no fault of their own are unable to cope with the problems of the world.

Our form of administration has done much to make our School what it is. The Association is composed of philanthropic people in this and other States, who take a real interest in the School, con­ tribut�ng something each year which is put directly into the· En­ dowment Fund. We meet annually and -elect a Board of Directors, and a Board of Lady Visitors. The latter has the special duty of

SUMllrnR

SCHOOL

I.KSTRUCTORS

A.KD

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inspector. It has Standing Committees, whose duty it is to visit and carefully inspect the School each month, observing every de­ partment, the care and attention given the pupils, tidiness of build­ ings and grounds and the general spirit of all. The effect of these visits is excellent, because' the ladies always come in a spirit of helpfulness; their visits are welcomed and appreciated by the chil­ dren as well as the employes.

The Directors meet quarterly for the transaction of the regular business of the School, and their committees meet from time to time in the interim as occasion demands. Your President and Treasurer, both living in Vineland, keep in touch with the work­ ings of the School, and so are able to give the counsel and advioe that is necessary. Other members of the Board also visit the School between Board meetings.

The Superintendent lives on the grounds, and under the general direction of the President, is responsible for the internal manage­ ment of the Institution. Under his plan the work is divided into departments, each of which has a head, who must be responsible for that department and is required to keep it up to a high degree of efficiency.

In the household departments, where there are many children in one building, there is also a Supervisor who looks after the needs of the children in detail.

This whole system has now been in practice for several years and gives us the best results. The co-operation at every point has been most hearty, and as each one is anxious to do the' very best possibl-e for the Institution, progress is inevitable.

Your attention is called to the report of the Board of Lady Visitors, which touches a side of our work sure ,to appeal to the parents of such children as ours, and indeed to all who have the love of humanity in their hearts. That of the Committee on Lega­ cies and Trusts also invites notice. This Committee, of which our Treasurer is Chairman, has so handled these funds intrusted to their care' that great good has been accomplished therewith. Mr. Davidson, especially, has been untiring in his efforts to bring about the best results, and not only the Committee, but all of us, are t� be congratulated on what has been accomplished. \Ve would

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urge upon all a special effort to increase our endowment to $150,000.

The reports of the Treasurer and Superintendent, the latter in­ cluding those of some of the departmental heads, give in detail the inner workings of the School and are worthy of your careful con­ siderntion. In every one you will see marks of advancement. The School has not stood still, but has taken an advanced place among institutions of this character.

Our fields are thoroughly tilled; the health of the children is excellent; constantly improving lines of training are being adopted and carried on to success. The children are made happy, comfort­ able and contented. Suitable forms of occupation and endeavor , are followed. The business and record work is economical and accurate, and the scientific work of research and investigation is such that it commends itself to experts all over the country.

Many repairs and minor improvements ha'Ve added to the effi­ ciency and appearance of the School. Additional gas and electric light facilities have been provided and the addition to the Robison Cottage, which enables us to accommodate there nearly one hun­ dred chilclre'n, is now complete. Your attention is called to the cheery (lining rooms, the light and airy dormitories and clay rooms, the pleasant rooms for employes, and particularly the complete and sanitary bath and toilet rooms provided in this building. Vve must bear in mind the needs for the future ancl look to it that those' who have the means shall know what good they may accomplish by helping us. In time we must have a central kitchen, a contagious-disease hospi>tal, a laboratory building, increased schoolroom facilities and, of course as we grow, more dormi,tory buildings. These need not all come at once, and we' have faith that as the demand presses, the means will be provided; but it is only to those who press forward that success is given.

School-teachers and scientists also find here' lessons of value, and during the pas,t year literally hundreds of thoughtful and ob­ servant visitors hav,e come to seek knowledge and have not gone away empty-handed. During the same time the Superintendent has been called to Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Connecti­ cut, the District of Columbia, and various cities in our own Sta,te, to

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lecture on matters pertaining to the feeble minded, before large audiences of educational and charitable bodies. Many such de­ mands upon our Superinte'11dent have had to be refused for want of time and strength.

We are glad for what has been accomplished. It is our aim to have our School stand in the front rai1k in the methods, plans and ideals of this work. In the past years we have grown wonder­ fully. Friends hav-e flocked to our aid, and we present to you, members of the Association, and to the charitable public, an insti­ tution of which you may well be proud.

We refer you to the reports of the Board of Lady Visitors,

Treasurer, and Superintendent for further information, their re­ ports having been approved as a part of our report.

On behalf of the Board of Directors.

Report of the Board of Lady Visitors

Our visits during the past year have been made with the usual interest and accompanied by the pleasure that the sight of a happy, well-fed, well-clothed, and well-ordered family affords.

The question of food is always an important one, and much thought is given to it here-wholesome, good meals are provided for all, but some children's powers of assimilation are weak, and that they may be sufficiently nourished, more food of different quantity must _be given to them than is required by normal children. We have also noticed the "Honor Table," where, as a means of encouragement for good behavior, ten children' are allowed to eat by themselves, having the same kind of food as the others, only being served at this particular table.

The note of commendation is the dominant one throughout the whole Institution, and it is found most inspiring for the step for­ ward of the individual child and for giving strength and volume to the march altogether.

Looking back on the past, we realize with amazement the changes and improvements ,that have taken place in the Training School since that day in 1888, when it was founded with a little handful of feeble ones, in one cottage. Now the cottages stand in rows, one after another being added from year to year to accommo­ date the 36o children housed here in beautiful homes amid pleas­ ant surroundings of garden and field.

Year after year other improvements go on; increased facilities for comfort, new methods of instruction, new appliances of de­ velopment-all these are noticed by your Board as the monthly visits are made.

We commend most heartily the effort along the psychological line. It is in this department that the individual child's capability for instruction• is ascertained, and he is placed where his powers

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for work or progress, feeble as they may be, may be employed or advanced, often with advantage to himself or the School. The de­ velopment of the individual has been the first effort at the Train­ ing School, since years ago it was believed that more might be done for the undeveloped child than simply to give him care and safe keeping. As this idea unfolded we ceased to think of our Training School as simply a home, and it became the educational in­ stitute which is now our pride and pleasure.

As an illustration of this, we cannot do better than to quote some paragraphs from the April number of the admirable little paper entitled The Training School, which no doubt many of you have read, but which may well be recalled to your notice:

"The Training School offers light, happiness and expression. There is training to suit the child's abili,ty, entertainment within hi;; understanding, love to fulfill his longing, employment to keep him contented, reward to rouse his ambition, and food and clothing to keep him comfortable. ·with the weakened body invigorated, the feeble mind energized and the faltering morals strengthened, this erstwhile irresolute child develops power to his fullest capacity. His environment takes on a meaning, and life and joy are his." We would call attention to one part of the work of the Ladies' Board that has been accomplished during the past year, the replen­ ishing of the library by ninety-eight volumes for the use of the Institution. The money for this purpose has been contributed by friends, to the Ladies' Board. In the meantime' they have not re­ laxed their labors for other objects-such as procuring funds for the framing of any pictures that may be donated by friends to beautify the halls and dormitories of the School, and continuing their efforts for the comfort of the animals in the Zoo, and of any­ thing that relates to the interest of the Institution.

We will conclude with the remark of Harriet Beecher Stowe, that her belief was that "what young people witness is of greater moment than what they hear-since wha,t is actually observed encourages them to put the true estimate upon what they have heard."

(MRS. THOMAS

J.)

Contributions to the Zoo and Library Funds

:Miss Julia Frame, Bridgeton ... $10.00

Elizabeth L. G illingham, Moorestown. . . .50

Mrs. Charles Keighley, Vineland ... :... 1.00

Mary G. Linton, Moorestown . . . .50 Mrs. Sarah P. Shields, Bridgeton... 1.00

Hannah H. Stokes, Cinnaminson. . . 1.00

Anna Thomas, Moorestown 5.00

Wm. G. Tyler, Philadelphia, Pa. . . 2.00 Fares on Merry-go-round, etc. . . . 7-48

Contributions to these funds should be made to Miss Susan N. War­ rington, Moorestown, N. J.

Report of the Treasurer

I herewith respectfully submit my annual report for the year ending May 15, 1907.

RECEIPTS

Balance on hand May 16, 1()06 ... . $1,778 65 From residue legacy of Jane S. Robison ... _... 5,317 67 From legacy of Sarah C. Hunt . . . 2.000 oo

From contributions of individuals and churches . . . 1,818 87 From income from Endowment Fund .... . . 5.000 oo

From State of New Jersey, for the education. care and

mainte-nance of State pupils . . . 70.640 95 From the support of private and other pupils... 17,295 20 From sundry sources, as per cash book... . . . 2,212 _32 Total ... $106,o63 66

DISBURSEMENTS

For improvements and 1·epairs ... .

For fixtures and machinery ... .

For wages and salaries ... .

For fuel and light ... . For dry goods and clothing ... . For eatables ... .

For sundry accounts. as per cash book ... .

Balance on hand Iviay r 5, 1907 ... .

$19,737 74 7,546 92 30,343 87 6,826 o6 2,744 78 13-468 II 24,052 46 l,343 72 Total ... • • ... $ro6.o63 66

GEORGE DAVIDSON. Treasurer.

Note-This financial statement does not include anything produced by the' farm, dairy, shoe shop, sewing rooms, etc., for which cash was not directly paid. See elsewhere farm and other products.

Report of the Auditing Committee

The Auditing Committee has examined the books and accounts of the Treasurer, and also the legacies and trusts securities and accounts for the year ending May 15, 1907, and find them correct, there being left in the hands of the Treasurer at ,this date a bal­ ance of one thousand three hundred and forty-three dollars and seventy-two cents ($1343.72). 16 BENJ. C. REEVE,

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Report of the Superintendent

I herewith present my Eighth Annual Report, which is the Nine­ teenth Annual Report of the Training School.

Thanks to the excellent organization which has grown up under your direction, we are better able to-clay to carry out the great work before us than we have ever been. By carefully dividing the work and giving authority to match responsibility and responsibility to match authority, we are able to do much toward fulfilling our duty toward our children, their parents, the taxpayer, the philan­ thropist and the e'clucator.

We believe that a public institution is a public servant, and if it shall hope to maintain the moral and financial support, the good will and the respect of the citizens of the Commonwealth, it must show definite lines of progress, which shall re'clound •to the benefit of society and humanity.

Members ancf friends of our Association have given us great opportunities. Your criticism and particular! y that of our Presi­ dent, has been uniformly constructive, not destructive. I cannot too strongly express to you and to him my appreciation of that rare trait whioh distinguishes between assistance and interference. As I look upon our opportunities I am profoundly impressed with the duties they lay upon our sho_plders-duties which might see'm heavy and arduous were it 'not for the kindly guidance of your·· selves, President Baker and Mr. Davidson, and ,the loyal and ener­ getic assistance of the heads of our departments, the combination of which so lightens my labors that each day opens and closes with joy.

So many things of interest have occurred during the year that it is utterly impossible to speak of them in the limits of this report,

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and I trust that we may be able to hear the reports of at least some of the heads of departments. With your permission, those that are not printed in our Annual Report will be published in our monthly paper, The Training School.

Such events as July Four,th, Camping, Halloween, Christmas, Thanksgiving, etc., Store Days, Birthday Parties, Contests and other entertainments must also be reported in the same way, as must the Summer School, the meeitings here at the Institution of our Paidologists, the Grange Experimental Committees, the Farm­ ers' Clubs, and the visits of bodies of teachers and educators and individuals who have come to study our problems.

During the year all of the members of our Paidological Staff have visited us-some of them two or three times-and Drs. Makuen, Davis, Mills, Spiller, Bundy, and Risley, of our Medical Staff, have visited and examined children.

The new Berry boiler has been installed, making our heating system adequate for many years. A new gas main has been laid and electric wires added in many buildings. The important and high-tension wires are being put underground in our conduits and the telephone wires will also be placed there as soon as possible. This will be most satisfactory and permanent, and will cost but little more than repairs, for nearly all of our buildings are now connected by suitable conduits. Much painting has been clone, the most important of wfaich is the outside of Maxham, and the whole of the new building. Repairs of all kinds requiring the services of the carpenter, plumber, mason and engineer are increasing as we: grow older.

The purchase of the Campbell property has been completed and the State Agricultural Department has set out an exeprimental orchard thereon. The grove is an �speciaily satisfactory acqui­ sition and contains swings, hammocks. etc., for the pleasure and comfort of the children.

As you see from our movement of population, we now have 363 children, an increase of sixteen since last year. Arrangements have been made with the Board of Childrens' Guardians of the District of Columbia to take a few of their cases, and some have already been received. An increasing number of private pupils are coming from the Southern States.

Thruout the past nineteen years we have be:en striving to reach the point where the prac>tical side of our work would be thoroly established. We have bee'n going thru the struggle in which so many institutions still find themselves, that of building new buildings to relieve their crowded condition only to find jus,t as many extra pupils present by the time the buildings are com­ pleted. The result has been that ( in common with other insti­ tutions) so much atte:ntion has had to. be given to growth and ac­ commodations that many more vital things have been crowded out. Fortunate:ly we are not trying to see how large an institu­ tion we can build, and the failure of the Legisla>ture at its last ses­ sion to make additional appropriations for the maintenance of feeble-minded children has not been an unmixed evil. Vv e have had more time and ability to give to the quality of our work. V\Te have not stood still, and each year has seen us trying to solve some of the great institution problems with which circumstances seem to have given us exceptional opportunities to cope.

Do not think that we' have been entirely successful, for there is so much yet to learn that the end is by no means in sight. Then, too, there is not much that is new, and many of the valuable old things are forgotten. A temporary change of educational or scien­ tific policy, which should hav,e been only te:mporary, has been made permanent. Changed conditions require adjustments to fit these conditions, often we have fallen behind and custom ( that millstone to progress) has kept us working with makeshifts. The complex­ ity of the life of to-day and the tendency to rush everything thru in the shortest possible time has prevented us from getting a proper perspe'ctive on many things and often we are going the long way around, because in extending our routine w,e have inadvertently closed the short path. \¥ e wish to systematize things, but often install a false system that leaves us floundering in its labyrinth.

Now, because here we deal with mind in its simplest form, be­ cause everything must be done in the most direct and obvious way, we cannot he:lp but learn a few lessons; and so using our School as a great human laboratory, with children of all degrees of intelli­ gence as reagents, we look for results. The failings of our chil­ dren are but the exaggerations of normals, and because' of this

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exaggeration, this slow progress over the normal pathway, this unmixed response to a stimulus, we are able to study more easily than would be possible in a school for normal children.

In the past, too little attention has been given to the' mentally de­ fective. \Vith. at the most conservative' estimate, 150,000 feeble­ minded in the United States and only about r_s.ooo being cared for in institutions, it is time that a distinct effort be made to rouse the public mind, and it is part of our duty to call attention in as public a manner as may be ,to this class, their possibilities for good and evil, and why society should give them care. I would note at the same time what I conceive tp be some of the duties. ain1s and results from the standpoint of the Institution.

The taxpayer should understand just why it is wise to care ior the mentally deficient in a suitable institution where they may have training as well as care.

There are in the State of New Jersey over three thousand men­ t2lly defective persons. A certain percentage of these are children who, because of their physical defects will never grow to adult age. Many cases are comparatively harmless and easily managecl in their own homes. Some adults are also of such a type that they may be kept at home until their Heavenly Father calls them to their eternal home'. Of these we need have no worry. There are some. however, who as children, are practically unmanageable in their homes, or arc so helple'ss that the parents cannot give them proper care or ,the home is such that, no matter how good the case may be, it must be relieved of the child. For these provision must be made, or the home life is so interfered with that it is practically des•troyed, and in some cases the family has actually been forced to call upon the community for support. In such cases it is poor policy for the taxpayer to refuse to support the single child in a proper institution and the'n pay for the whole family thru the local charities. This is the least dangerous and expensive element, however. If not properly cared for, those who grow up become dangerous to themselves and to society. Lacking judgment and will, they are easily misled. They become the so-called bad boys and men in their communities. They steal, burn buildings, injure their neighbors, become drunkards and beggars and commit or

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become the victims of crimes too horrible to contemplate, contam­ inating the morals of their neighborhood.

Besides the moral effect, we must reckon the financial cost, of wbich the actual damage done by the misdemeanor is only a part. The -taxpayer must pay for their arrest, for a fair trial and for their food and lodging in the reform schools or prisons, from which. when they become of age or when their sentence is served they are returned to their old environment and conditions, only to go thru the same course again. It is found in the penal institutions that there are many who do not rightfully belong there, but because they were neglected in childhood and fell into wrongdoing are receiving what we call in our ignorance snitable punishment. A

great many so-called criminals are so thru ignorance, and many are ignorant becaus-e they have not mind enough and so cannot properly differentiate between right and wrong.

The practice of the Institution is to give permanent custody. When a child is admitted here he is kept permane'ntly, unless in the few exceptional cases where the peculiar condition of the child or the exceptional advantages of the home are such that the child may be dismissed.

Every child who is at all susceptible is given all of the training of which he is capable. He may retrograde, due ,to his mental or physical conditi6n, in which case he costs the taxpayer only suf­ ficient to give bim comfort, care and amusement; or he may ad­ vance and be able to •contribute sufficient in labor to pay all or part of his maintenance. For the State pupils, New Jersey allows a fixed per-capita per-annum sum. In either of the above cases re­ ductions are made from time to time so that the State ('i.e. the taxpayer) is paying only what it actually costs to maintain each case. Since our Institution began we have cared for over 750 dif­ ferent pupils. During the past year reductions have be·cn made in sixty-six cases, amounting to $1867.

Many people do not understand this system of reductions. It is only because we train every case to its highest efficie'ncy, because we buy, and administer our Institution as economically as possible. and because we farm our lands to the best advantage that this is possible. And what is the result? During the last year we have

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maintained on the money received from the State of New Jersey an average daily attendance of 303 pupils. The number we could have maintained on the same sum had no reductions been made, would be 268. Therefore, the number actually supported during the past year by the combined labor of all is thirty-five. In other words, because of the reasons mentioned above this Institution is really supporting free of cost to the State of New Jersey, thirty­ five of its pupils. This is not only charity, but good business for the taxpayer.

In addition to this, the taxpayer has not been taxed for our build­ ings or lands. We have over 225 acres of land, eleven cottages, five ,training buildings, four large outbuildings, the hospital and a number of smaller buildings, and none of this has cost the taxpayer a penny, excepting such as he, out of the goodness of his heart, has contributed as pure charity. Surdy this is satisfactory to the man who pays taxes. We have reason to believe it is so, for we constantly receive letters of encouragement and approval from all parts of the State.

Our duty then to the taxpayer is to give him as much as possible of first-class work for the money he expends. Our aim is to make each child as nearly self-supporting as possible and the result to the present time is as shown above.

The parent asks: "What will you do :for my child if I send him to the Training School?" To this we reply: "If your child is merely backward, that is, if he has no real brain lesion, we shall find it out as soon as possible, give him as much training as we can, and then return him to you to make such progress in the world as his capacity will allow. If he be really feeble minded, that is, if some of the brain cells are actually destroyed ( and if that is so, no training, drugs nor treatment can cure him), we shall give him the care, training, custody, entertainment and comfort as long as he shall live.

When a child enters the Institution, he receives on the day he arrives a preliminary examination by the Superintendent and is then sent to the hospital, where for several days he remains under the observation of the physician, who makes a careful physical ex­ amination, recording all facts which may be discovered. After this

23

period the child is brought before 1:he executive heads, where it is decided in which group it shall live. Then there is an examination by the Principal of the School Department, and later by the Psy­ chologist.

The child is placed in the group with which it properly classifies, and here all home comforts, training in cleanliness, habits, etc., are observed. Our cottages are well ventilated, clean and tidy. We have a resident physician, and a hospital and nurses in case of sick­ ness. There are musical instruments and amusements to enter­ tain. Good, wholesome food is furnished in abundance. We have our own artesian wells giving pure water, many acres of farm land from which we get fresh fruits and vegetables and an ex­ cellent dairy that furnishes plenty of milk.

For training we have our schoolrooms, where the elementary school branches, sense training, nature study, kindergarten, phys­ ical culture, basketry, wood working, sewing and music are taught, and the industrial shops, where healthful and pleasant occupation is found in mat, mattress, shoe and dressmaking, carpentry, tailor­ ing, painting, etc.

For entertainment we have our groves, drives, lawns, and flower gardens; the play corner with its zoo, merry-go-round, ball field and donkey wagon; the library, store and parties, and each week thruout the wi:hter months an entertainment of some character. Each school day all of the children assemble in the Hall to sing songs and listen to stories, thus starting the day with laugh and a feeling of pleasure and happiness. That our parents are satisfied is shown by the kindly and appreciative letters we receive, by the encouraging spirit they leave behind when they visit the children, and by the fact that those who make inquiry of parents having children with us, always bring their own.

Our duty, then, is to care for in ,the best way possible, these children who cannot be cared for in the homes. Our aim is to give them all of the happiness and powers of which they are capable, and the result is shown in the children themselves, who live their little lives with a joy and thanksgiving impossible in the best of homes.

work and discouragement robs from what powers are present, and that if you permit children to do things instead of requiring them to be done you will get better work and in a much better spirit. Everyone knows and believes these things, you will say. Yes. but they forget them, they refus,e to recognize the principle in actual practice, and because they were taught that a child should be seen and not heard when 'With adults, they forget the latter phrase and wish him to proceed by rule and under repression when with his peers. When a child finishes reciting, are not the hands raised to point out his errors-not the things that are well done? When lessons are marked, is it not the incorrect words or problems that receive the blue pencil? Every error thus emphasized falls upon the child's mind like the stroke of a hammer and forms one of the downward steps of discouragement. But in those glorious schoolrooms where the inaccuracies of immature minds are ob­ served only to make them accurate, where papers are marked to show what a child does know, not what he does not know, there is a long ladder, each round bristling with encouragement and suc­ cess, leading upward to confidence and power. The feeble-minded child requires us to see this important fact in child training, for if you discourage him he stops, he becomes stubborn or silent. He may be led, but never driven. Does he not give a lesson to the teacher of his nor111al brothers and sisters?

What shall constitute the training of a teacher? A thoro knowledge of her subject? Yes. A good general education? Yes. A keen sympathy, a perfect knowledge of the fact that she is dealing with an imperfect being. and the ability to teach children. The great aim of the trainer is not to teach geography and history and mathematics, but to teach children. The other is incidental, necessary, but still incidental. And so again, because we have the children, the material, the opportunity and the inclination, we have our Summer School for teachers. Our duty is. to give to the educator this laboratory, our aim is to make it meet the needs of the earnest student, and the result-only time will show. The great field of education is broad and many there be who plough and plant little corners of it. Our pa,tch is small, but growing rapidly. Grant that our harvest may be worth the reaping.

And what shall we say of the philanthropist? With full hearts we must give him the credit and say he has made all of -this possible. But shall it stop here? Must we go on on this level? Surely not. The work must increase and expand. Having gone thus far, we find ourselves as it were on the brow of a foothill, looking over the little valleys to the great peaks beyond. These we must climb if we shall find the truth which we seek, and so we call again upon those' who have helped, give us more aid, help us to find others who will carry on this which you have started. We have not failed, we have not wasted your money nor returned to you a broken-down cause, but we are still far from success.

We need money. The State pays us only what it costs to main­ tain its wards, and as they become helpful we must reduce that cost so as to care for as many as possible on a given sum. This is a most important charitable featur.e of our work. The income from our present ,endowment is not at all sufficient to build the build­ ings we so urgently need and besides provide the maintenance of our free pupils. This endowment fund should be much larger, but for our new work of investigation and study I ask you to make an extra effort. \f\T e sadly need a special fund of sufficient size so that the work may be well done, but the Superintendent cannot raise this money alone. It needs the power and force of the Board of Lady Visitors, the Board of Directors, and the mem­ bers of our Association. Let all lend a hand and build up a fund that shall help all humanity by helping the children. This is work that strikes at the root of the trouble, that asks again and again: "Why are these children so?" "Why do they do certain ,things?" "What do they signify?" "How may we pre'vent this condition?" For over a hundred years the question has been asked in uncertain tones and it is only now that we have reached the point tha,t we may say we sha.ll find the answer.

Science teaches that mere cure without all possible prevention is obsolete and barbarous. We have our lessons in Panama. How foolish it would now seem to talk of sending armie's of dootors and nurses and building hospitals, when the trained sanitarian makes such conditions that the disease cannot exist. Why do we realize these things and fail to see the ne'ed in the case of the defeotives?

Only because the danger is not so obvious, but it is there, and I ask your help in forestalling it.

I would that I could make you see, as I do, the scope and possi­ bilities of this work in which your hearts are so deeply interested, its great bearing upon our race and society. You must realize the beauty and satisfaction of it. Think of it-" A little child shall lead them." "The rejected stone became the corner of ,the arch." Do you wonder that we approach our work with faith? These children are not in the world to bring misery and sorrow and shame, but to point out the way in which their nimbler and more reckless brothers shall climb to the heights.

The real work and the real credit is not yours nor mine. It belongs to this band of men and women who with love and sym­ pathy, tact and wisdom and a patience almost past understanding, are living each day close to the lives of our children. You can­ not say -too much good of them. Your commendation and appre­ ciation cannot be wasted, and for them I ask it fully and freely

given.

Respectfully submitted, E. R. JOHNSTONE.

N. B.-The reports of the Principal of the School Department, the Director of the. Reseat'ch Department, and ,the Physician which have been approved as a part of the Superintendent's Report, will be found on the following pages.

Report of the School Department

I herewith submit my report of the Educational Department for

the year ending May 22, 1907:

Each school year has at its close, unconsciously erected for itself a standard of progress, the result of the consummate efforts of the whole year.

We feel that the progress of this y,ear has heen ideal, as we have been constantly adopting efficient means and methods of training, and our greatest endeavor has been to avoid retrogression; therefore comparing with other years we may with confidence say, this has been the banner year of progress in the history of the Institution.

Progress both in a general and in a specific way is to be noted in all of the class rooms. Children who but a short time ago de­ manded the individual attention of their teachers, if results were to be gained. are now able to take their places in the regular classes, receiving and imbibing the lessons of the day. Plans and suggestions which five years ago seemed impossible and unpractical with our cbi!dren, are now not only possible, but essential in ,the daily school routine. In fact, the resultant efforts of this past year have evolved in practical forms, the long-cherished hopes and theories concerning the training and development of defective chil­ dren and it is with pleasure that I bring to you the following re­ por-ts of the work and progress of the individual class rooms.

Kindergarten

This year the Kindergarten Class has been made up almost en­ tirely of little children. This has allowed a more normal develop­ ment of kindergarten principles than when the children are older in years and larger in stature, and has also given to the teacher greater possibilities, for we find that we are able to do much more

with children if they come' to us when they are from five to nine years old, than when they come later on.

Kindergarte'11 training lays an excellent foundation for all other lines of work. It is here that li,tt!e children are taught how to use their ears, eyes, hands, feet-to see, hear, feel and to do actual things with definiteness. And in watching the unfolding process and progress of little minds, we find it true that the children who have first had this systematic training get along better in all other classes and make better manual and industrial helpers.

In the Kindergar-ten Class Room we have aimed at originality, as much as possible; and all of the work has been along lines thoroughly familiar to the children. For ,example, a "kite" given as a folding, cutting, drawing, coloring, painting, and sewing les­ son, has more interest for the child than a merely conventional design developed-especially so on the day when the children actu­ ally make their own kites to fly when "playtime" comes.

The games of the Circle Hour are particularly useful. Here the lessons of attention, politeness, obedience and affection are un­ consciously instilled into the little minds, through the happy realms of play, and the "mighty rod" of discipline is carefully concealed within the hidden mysteries of the lunch box. ( If you listen care­ fully you will hear "No, Francis gets no lunch to-day. He didn't wish to be polite.:'. "Y cs, indeed, Walter gets a nice large piece, he has been so helpful." And if you listen again you will hear from a dozen little voices-"Miss Birdie, I've been good, I've been good!")

English

I shall consider Reading, Writing, Spelling, Number Work, Na­ ture Study, and Geography under the heading English.

In teaching these subjects, we do not use text-books until the children are' ready to read for the sake of reading, write a letter home and spell words of every-day use. For beginners, a real live teacher, a walk to the Zoo, blackboard and crayon are the only essentials. For the children beyond this grade, our Original Reader Method has greatly simplified for us the art of teaching reading, writing and spelling. With a ready-made reader we found it difficult to hold the children's attention and to arouse and

con-30

tinue their interest beyond a cer-tain limit. parativdy easy to do this, with very much of the teacher.

Now we find it com­ less effort on the part _' Think for a moment how much more it means to a child to tell, for instance, how he feeds and milks his own cow, a,t his own barn ( for our children do to all intent and purpose own these things), than to read, in the language of matured minds, how John He'nry Brown, of South Australia milks and feeds John Smith's cow.

In teaching Number, we make the work as practical as possible ( abstract problems are seldom, if ever given, and only ,then as busy work). We teach the children how to tell time, how to weigh, measure, etc. For the beginners' classes, we use the Group Method, often collecting materials on the Nature-Study walks-corn, bright pebbles, etc., to be used for this purpose. Several of the children who last September could only count to twenty and make a few figure's, are now able to add and subtract, carrying or borrowing as the problems require. Others who were more advanced are' now measuring one-fourth, one'-half, one-third inches with the ruler, measuring and marking their own calendars, etc., are also able to take down problems from cliotation and work them out correctly, using in the proce3s. addition, subtraction, multiplication and di­ v1s1011.

Another year we hope to make our own arithmetics.

Our Nature' Studies have taken up largely the study of birds and flowers here on our grounds.

During the past winter ,the children took great delight in tend­ ing and watering the flowers in the window boxes and in visiting the Greenhouse. Now they are making calend2.rs of their flower gardens, recording hereon date of soil tilled, seeds plante'd, first flower, etc. They are also making collections of different flowers and leaves growing on the grounds.

We teach Geography in ,the form of real and imaginary journeys around the grounds, drawings of the fields, orchards, etc. How­ ever, we have not carried these studies to the extent that we hope to another year, for, as with the arithmetics, we shall aim to make our own geographical text_-:books.

Physical Culture

In considering this branch of our training-Physical Culture­ it may be interesting to know the exact number of children who have had the advantage of this work. The children in all the classes, both day and evening, number 149, of which fifty-six are girls and ninety-three boys. Of this number, forty-four girls and seventeen boys have had regular training daily, and twelve girls and seventeen boys who attended the evening classes have had the work regularly three evenings a week.

The most marked improvement of the children in this work has been the development of responsiveness, the ability to have mind and muscle under such complete control that they respond instantly when a command is given. The children have tried very hard, which is the secret of success, to improve their carriage, and the majority of them show decided improvement. We have continued to use games, races, bowling, ebc., as a part of every lesson, and children, the lower grades, who last year could not enjoy a game, are now deriving a great deal of pleasure from some of the sim­ piest ones. The Kindergarten Physical-Culture Class of eighteen girls and boys, which last year was not able to do any regular work, has advanced to the place where now they understand and can take many Swedish Exercises and are very enthusiastic over such game;; as "Belled Cat," "Bean-Bag Games," "Rope Skipping," etc.

While mental training is of very great importance, it is, and must be, but secondary to the physical.

111 anual Classes

Under this heading I shall consider the work of the Woodwork, Basketry, Sewing and Knitting Classes.

The Wood-carving, or 'vVood-working Class, as we often speak of it, continues to occupy its valuable place in our training. Each year the work becomes more and more practical. The little Kindergarten children this year are making miniature wheelbar­ rows, etc., and while they may not be as perfectly or logically made as a conventional design could be, they afford a hundred per cent. more pleasure and training and that is what we want-not things, but thought, interes,t, happiness, training.

32

The more advancfd children have learned to use the Matching Plane, Router Plane, and Compass Saw, and have made many large pieces of furniture. A black-walnut cabinet and a writing desk and chair are among the prettiest pieces made.

Work in the Basketry Class has also progressed. This year we have made several large scrap baskets, using quarter-inch rope for foundations and combinations of natural and colored raphia for the twining. We have used this same principle in the construc­ tion of smaller baskets, but this is the first year we h::i.ve' attempted the more elaborate work. 'We have also experimented with dyeing our own reed and find that the doing of the work by the' children themselves adds greatly to their interest and enthusiasm in the regular class lesson, it has also given us another way of varying and bea-utifying the reedwork.

Basketry work calls forth an immense amount of originality of thought on the part of the child, and our baskets at the present time show a greater variety of shapes, forms, colorings, designs, etc., ,than eve'r before.

In the Knitting Classes the work has certainly been commend­ able. Of the thirty-three' boys, many of whom, when entered. were new, untrained children, thirty-one have learned to knit correctly. They have made fifteen wash rags, three ska-ting caps and ten large shawls, and at present fourteen boys are knitting on separate blocks for a couch cover, which we hope to finish before school closes.

The girls with their sewing have made equal progress, they have learned to do the very practical things-to make ,their own clothes. Another year these girls will be able to go to •the dressmaking room and put into actual practice the daily training of the past year. One class of older girls, whose time during the day is oc­ cupied with household duties, takes great pleasu::e in coming to the evening classes. These girls choose just what they wish ,to do and a few have -embroidered some very beautiful centerpieces, sofa pillows and shirt waists.

Music

Our Band, which has been steadily growing for the past four years, has made almost wonderful strides during the year just

ORIGINAL HP.Amrns BY CLAUDE ANU 1-mxnY

33

passed, the greatest improvement showing in their ability to read music, thus making more execution possible, also in time expres­ sion (p. f.) tone and ensemble. During the time since September 1st, they have learned to• play twenty different band selections, several solos, duets and quartettes. In the selection of music to be rendered, only the very best class is considered. We wish our chil­ dren not only to play well, but also to know and appreciate good music.

The Band has also been improved by the addition of two new in­ struments, a beautiful-toned French horn, and a B-flat cornet in place of one of the old, worn-out cornets.

The Second Band, which is still struggling with sounds, has made some little progress with easy selections; however, the object of this Band is mainly to train in new children so tha•t as they be­ come sufficiently proficient they may take their places in the First Band. This eliminates the danger of our Band retrograding or possibly being broken up altogether.

Four children, three girls and one boy, are getting along nicely with their piano work. Louie B. and Clinton M. are now able to play little accompaniments and also to play simple duets.

In the cottages this has been what might be termed "A grapho­ phone year" with our children. We have about ten on the grounds at the present time', some belonging to the Institution, some to the individual children and some to the employes, and during the winter evenings and stormy Sundays the children and the "Family" !have both found these graphophones almost indispensable "sun­ shine" makers.

The work of the Singing Class, our Morning Assembly, which takes in over ,three hundred children, shows commendable improve­ ment. Under this training they have progressed to the point. where they are able to render quite difficult music, as was shown in the rendition of the Musical Score of "The Other \,Vise Man," our Christmas play.

The effect of this Morning Gathering is also noted in a dif­ ferent way, many of the children unable mentally to grasp the finer technicalities of music, grasp the tune of the songs and the spirit of the morning, for this is one of the jolliest half hours imaginable,

34

';Punch and Judy'' often make their appearance; if not, a "Ram­ billicus" in story form is sure to materialize, and thus the happy half hour passes all too quickly. But for the children the whole day has a different meaning. In place of imaginary clouds, cheering songs and stories are substituted, and as the children pass out to their several duties, one cannot but feel how more than well spent has been this short half hotir.

It has been said that "Music hath power to calm and soothe the soul, enlighten and develop the mind and to carry one away to the dreamland realms of a heaven unspeakable." I often wonder if this is not true with our children, for under no other circumstances are they happier than when playing or singing or listening to music.

General

The Children's Flower Gardens become yearly of increased value and pleasttr•e, not only to the children, but to all of us.

From the first day of early spring to the closing days of de­ parting autumn, no prettier spot is to be seen on the Training­ School grounds than the garden, with children busy at work, either preparing the ground, caring for the plants or picking the flowers. 'Ne find that health, happiness, training, all radiate from close' ac­ quaintance with "Mother Nature."

Two years ago we prepared an exhibit for the St. Louis Expo­ sition, an exhibit consisting, as you may remember, of about fifty pieces of work from <the different schoolrooms. Now had the ex­ hibit reached St. Louis in just the' condition it lef.t us, it would have been very nice, but as it was, we decided this year to send a different exhibit to the Jamestown Exposition. So with the kindly assistance of Dr. Goddard, I have prepared a ra<ther pleasing Sec­ tion. This consists of thirty sheets, twenty of which give the fol­ lowing histories of twenty cliildren:

A sketch of their lives from birth, or as far as we know it, to the present time; their psychological tests and comparisons with normal children ; an original copy of their English Work in school; a photograph of themselves and also photographs of the Manual Work. The remaining ten sheets show different views of

35

the psychological laboratory and of our grounds, cottages, barns, animals, entertainments, etc.

In conclusion, I wish especially to ,thank the teachers for their assistance. No great machine runs smoothly, if even one little cog be missing. So it is with my field, perfect harmony and co-operation are absolutely necessary if best results are to be gained. And while I am not satisfied with the wo�k accomplished, for no one looks complacently a,t his work and feels satisfied until it is per­ fect, yet I feel that we are working along right lines.

I wish to thank you particularly, for your kindly suggestions and encourag·ing words and for the spirit which you have incul­ cated into the very heart of our Institution; it is this which wms, does not command, success.

Faithfully submitted, AucE F. MORRISON, Principal.

Report of the Research Department.

The time has come for the annual retrospect and I herewith present the report for the Department of Psychological Research. I am forced to believe that beginnings are slow. There is a dif­ ference between following out a plan that others have proved, and working out the last detail of a plan to fit conditions which have never been met.

Psychological laboratories are full of apparatus, and child-study journals are full of methQds; but they nearly all break down when applied to our children. Most apparatus is dependent upon intro­ spection or at least an intelligent person to be tested, questionaire methods depend upon well-developed linguistic powers, all of which our children are lacking. In some cases, slig·ht modifications enable us to use ,the method or the apparatus with more or less of success; in other cases it requires patient study and many failures before success crowns our efforts.

But we are here to get results and we shall succeed. Only we must be patient and encourage each other while the weeks grow into months and the months into years and years into decades, if need be, before the goal is reached.

If in this first annual report I cannot point to great results, I can testify to an ever-growing belief in the importance of our work and in the results that are sure to come.

I have talked with a. score of psychologists during the year, each one of whom has problems for us to solve.

Hardly a day passes that I do not meet some problem here that some teacher or attendant or head of a department ,vants solved. They are solvable, but it takes time and careful scientific method. Guesswork will not do. Guesswork might suffice for the public schools, because the normal child has so much vitality that he easily outgrows a few blunders. But our children have no energy

37

to spare. If it requires six years to accomplish a desired result we cannot afford to waste the ,time on a wrong method. These children have about the same period of growth mentally as well as physically as do normal children; when once they have passed the age limit, we can do little for them.

There is a vast work to be done. And so far as I have observed and so far as I can learn, there is no place in all •the world so favor­ ably circumstanced for doing the work as the New Jersey Train­ ing School. Its organization, its Trustees, its Superintendent. its Teachers and Heads of Departments all combine to make ideal cGnditions for such work. The evidences that I am continually finding of splendid work in the past, splendid experiments carried on with open minds and in the true spirit of science, show -this. Only one mistake. They were wholly practical and when the practical result was obtained the details were forgotten. My heart aches when I learn of the patient, protracted and painstaking work that has been done and the records not preserved. It was the scientist's point of view that was needed; someone to insist that a method is worth more than a result; that a negative result is as valuable as a positive. But after all, it was the spirit that was important, and I find the spirit still here. \Vi-th such a spirit and such officers and teachers this movement is bound to suc­ ceed.

The time also is ripe. Thoughtful people are beginning to real­ ize that there is a problem of the feeble minded. New institutions for their care are being built. Special classes are being formed in the public schools which is a first step toward institution care for all who need it. Scientists are turning their attention more actively to the problem.

Only four years ago a group of thoughtful and broad-minded educators discussed at length as to whether society should spend so much money on these defectives who can never become anything but a burden. That is no longer a question and to-day -they are devoting themselves to encouraging the work of our department. There are now at least four important periodicals devoted to the general subject of the abnormal child-The Journal of Ab­ normal Psychology, The Psychological Clinic, and Eos, published