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Aids in the U.K.: The Making of Policy, 1981-1994

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http://www.diva-portal.org

This is the published version of a chapter published in Sex, State and Society: Comparative Perspectives on the History of Sexuality.

Citation for the original published chapter:

Berridge, V. (2000)

Aids in the U.K.: The Making of Policy, 1981-1994.

In: Lars-Göran Tedebrand (ed.), Sex, State and Society: Comparative Perspectives on the History of Sexuality (pp. 15-23). Umeå: Nyheternas tryckeri KB i Umeå

N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published chapter.

Permanent link to this version:

http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-135648

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References

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