~ Dutch Water Ways ~ Enabling future living environments on water with mobility

~ Degree project ~ Lars Welten ~ MFA Transportation Design ~ 2021 ~ Umeå Institute of Design ~

~ Dutch Water Ways ~

First of all, thank you to Demian Horst and Jonas Sandström for your academic guidance during my journey at UID. By admitting me into the Transportation Design program, you have given me the opportunity to grow on both personal and professional level beyond any of my expectations. Almost three years ago I entered a new chapter of my life in which I faced many development obstacles. I can not imagine having to push through them without your presence.

Thank you to all my classmates at UID for your inspiring personalities. Together we spend an enjoyable time in the extreme conditions Umeå has to offer and build relationships extending beyond our studies.

Thank you to Thijs van der Zanden and Paul Scheurwater for your continuing efforts after my internships, by providing me with valuable feedback in times where others did not.

Thank you to Frans Kolkman for sharing all your passion and knowledge. I will forever carry your lessons on life and profession with me.

Last but not least, thank you to my parents and grandparents for your unconditional support during my study career.

When exploring an original and relevant contribution to the continuing development of future transportation solutions, the author was inspired by the unbalanced influence mankind has on our planet earth. Amongst other effects of climate change, sea level is rising and will by the end of this century result in uninhabitable areas. With this design project, the author aimed at emitting a positive answer to climate change; showing how with a different way of thinking the water no longer has to been seen as a problem but instead as a solution. Forming a basic understanding of how people in the future could live on water required a broad exploration of trends which are currently influencing society and living environment needs. The aging population and the need for smaller living and shared facilities were some of the conclusions of this research, which in collaboration with an architect were translated into a hypothetical floating village plan. Far future scenario planning proved to be a process with many uncertainties, however by empirically filling in the blanks an image emerged which provided a sufficient foundation for the development of potential mobility and transportation opportunities.

Table of contents

1 ~ Introduction

9

2 ~ Process

15

3 ~ Results

57

4 ~ Conclusions & reflections

68

5 ~ References

70

In December 2020, during the very beginning of the degree project, was announced by the MFA Transportation Design program director Demian Horst to the degree class that a great opportunity had emerged for a shared collaboration partner. No one less than British Architect Norman Foster initiated contact with Umeå Institute of Design, with the intention of setting up an exhibition about the future of mobility in the Guggenheim museum in Bilbao Spain. From that moment on, the Norman Foster Foundation was an official collaboration partner and participated throughout the span of the degree project. One of the requests in regards to the exhibition was to work with a project context around the year 2086, because by that time the car as a transportation solution would exist for 200 years. The author was challenged to envision what transportation might look like in such a far future setting, something which during the education up until the degree project had not been covered yet.

During the last decades, scientists have been increasingly raising attention for the unbalanced influence mankind has on the development of our planet earth. The rising global temperature and seal level, the rapid population growth, the increasing demand in food production and green energy sources and so on, they all ask for drastic measures in order to keep our planet inhabitable. When exploring an original and relevant contribution to the continuing development of future transportation solutions, the author was inspired by the above mentioned problems for his degree project. Many experts, both proponents and opponents, have shown their opinions when it comes to the development of climate change. The most recent book of David Attenborough, “A life on Our Planet”, offers a clear summary of the many different disastrous effects on our planet earth. However, in the fact that the sea level is rising and will result in uninhabitable areas, the author found a design case for his degree project. Global overall temperatures are rising, ice sheet mass the Arctics is melting and global mean sea level is rising. But the ice sheet mass at the Antarctic is melting quicker than expected. For a long time a sea level rise of 85 centimeters was forecasted. However, in recent years’ forecasts that number has been continuously increasing. When the world is not committing to limiting its emissions, it is possible that by the year 2100 the current sea level has risen by 3 meters. Another century later this number might even be between 5 and 8

01. Artwork by Sasha Bogojev captures the striking effect of ice sheet mass loss at the Antarctic.

meters. In order to limit global warming, on 12 December 2015 a legally binding international treaty has been adopted by 196 parties. (UN, 2020) The so called Paris Agreement set a limit to the global mean temperature rise of up to 2 degrees Celsius. However, even when the rise in global temperature slows or the trend reverses, sea level will continue to rise for centuries and and will remain elevated for thousands of years. (IPCC, 2019) Reason being the slow response process of ice sheet mass loss which operates on a long time scale.

Over a quarter of the Dutch landscape is situated below sea level, almost 70% of the Dutch population lives in an area at risk to floods and the current Delta Works are built for only a rise of 40 centimeters. (Bregman, 2020) But the Netherlands is far from the only region at risk. By the year 2086 it is expected that Ho Chi Minh City, Miami and many other cities around the world may also no longer be protected against the water that is coming and in turn become uninhabitable. (Attenborough, 2020)

Sustainable cities and communities

The outcome of the problems caused by climate change are largely based on probabilities and therefore not calculable for 100%. What is for certain though, is that regardless of how the sea level rise will develop, the world is faced with serious challenges before the end of this century. In order to deal with the water that is coming, new types of living environments will have to be realized for which landscape planners and architects are challenged to adapt to non-conventional approaches This degree project explores what transportation might look like in these future climate adapted living environments, and how an integrated transportation solution might contribute to building sustainable cities and communities.

Life on land water

Landscape planners and architects are already exploring ways of adapting to a different lifestyle, showcasing how to live with the water that is coming instead of longer fighting it. As scary as this might sound, the research conducted during this degree project shows that admitting the water into the landscape actually has benefits. The need of having to adapt, offers the opportunity of creating a more sustainable living environment compared to the cities of today. This degree project aims to propose a fitting transportation solution for a new type of water-based lifestyle, demonstrating that in this plausible future scenario one no longer has to solely rely on land to live on, and terrestrial ecosystems can be preserved.

Relevance

03. . 04. .

Personal

Growing up in The Netherlands, a country where there is so much emphasis on water management, made the author aware of the urgency for new answers to the rising sea level. The author has a broad interest for design which extends beyond the transportation design field, most likely the result of growing up in a family containing various design professions, such as urban planners and architects. Asides the author is fascinated by science fiction movies, games, concept art and photography. As a down to earth Dutch creative, the author is motivated to combine and implement these observations in his degree project, by communicating a relevant future context in relation to the transportation solution.

05. .

Industry, innovation and infrastructure

Forming a basic understanding of how people will live in the year 2086 - and even more - on water, required a broad overview of trends which are currently influencing society and living environment needs. These topics are firstly documented in the research section of this report. A brief look in history and benchmarking of different types of water transportation will also be covered here. Based on all research findings a conclusion has been written, which acted as foundation for the design brief.

After the research section of this report, the author’s personal goals and wishes will be discussed in the framing section. Also the architectural context will be explained, aimed at providing the reader with enough background information before introducing the transportation solution. After having read the framing section, the reader will have a good understanding of the limitations and focus of the creative development following after.

In the creative development section, decisions which were made during the vehicle design process will be thoroughly discussed and justified with both analog and digital sketches produced along the way. This section will also give insight into how sketches were resolved in 3D on package and eventually refined for showcasing the results.

Population aging

Structurally there are less children being born and people are becoming older. These facts result in an aging population. According to the World Health Organization, the global average life expectancy increased by 5.5 years between 2000 and 2016, which is the fastest increase since the 1960s. The ability to live a longer life presents society with significant opportunities to help older citizens live a more purposeful, productive, and satisfying life. (Linze et al., 2020)

“With many people now expected to live into their eighties or beyond, societies are set to benefit from their wisdom, energy, and perspectives.” (Linze et al., 2020)

Design has a critical role to play in how successfully we all will age: it affects how we build our homes, how we work and travel, and what products and services we will use in the future. Somehow many designers are hold back from diving into this field. The big obstacle is not technical – it is cultural. The current design community mostly wants to create for the youth and cool. The stigma of growing old needs to be creatively challenged if design is to be ready for demographic change. (Myerson, 2017)

“Designers need to overcome deep-rooted stereotypes and take on the challenges presented by ageing populations.” (Myerson, 2017)

Increase in (small) households

According to the latest estimation of the Central Bureau of Statistics in The Netherlands, the amount of private households in The Netherlands will grow between 2016 and 2040 from 7.7 million to 8.5 million. About 75 percent of this increase can be allocated to the rise in one-person households, which is expected to grow from 2,9 million to over 3,5 million in the same time frame. This means that 41 percent of all households in 2040 will be one-person households. After the year 2040 the amount of households will continue to grow at a limited rate, however the portion of one-person households will continue to grow at a firm rate. (Oeffelt et al., 2016)

Changing population composition

Shrinking workweek

The average workweek in the US in 2017 was about 34 hours, five days a week. The average workweek in 1890 was 100 hours, seven days a week.

“Imagine that. Working fourteen hours a day, seven days a week with no Instagram to distract you when you need a five-minute break.” (Robin Powered, 2021)

Only by 1938, President Roosevelt instituted the five-day workweek in the US. Ever since people want to work less. It is interesting to note that predictions of how the workweek will evolve over time are pretty consistent: the farther into the future, the less working hours are predicted with work-life balance being the most important factor. (Robin Powered, 2021) The alternative perspective is that average working hours will continue declining due to the increased use of robots and mechanization. Prior research by MGI estimated that about half of all work activities globally have the technical potential to be automated by adopting currently demonstrated technologies. (Smit et al., 2020) As working hours decrease, workers focus more on work–life balance considerations and how to spend their leisure time. (Dolton, 2017)

In addition, the pattern of working time is changing. Workers now use their smart devices to work remotely or while on the move; resulting in a blending work and private life. (Dolton, 2017)

Climate awareness

Ever since the 1950s, after World War II, mankind has been living in a ‘big acceleration’. All the graphs in which several parameters (along side the sea level rise) are set out against time show the same result. Paramaters like changes in the world population’s behavior, (energy consumption, water consumption, tourism, the amount of agriculture and so on) and environmental changes (the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the surface temperature, acid levels in the ocean, the amount of fish and so on). No matter which parameters are measured, all graphs show a similar line: a rapidly increasing rise. This marks mankind’s current existence. Drastic measures and a change in mindset are required in order to avoid the living nature from collapsing. (Attenborough, 2020)

1937

World population: 2,3 billion CO2 in atmosphere: 280 ppm Percentage wild nature: 66%

2020

World population: 7,8 billion CO2 in atmosphere: 415 ppm Percentage wild nature: 35%

07. .

Smaller housing

There is a need for building and living in smaller homes, mainly due to the developments in supply and demand. Nowadays there are less families being formed, currently the unmarried outnumber the married and the amount of widows is also increasing. In addition the bigger homes, mainly in cities, are becoming unaffordable. The aging population also brings its challenges. Elderly nowadays continue to live in their single-family home in which they raised their children. This home is too big for them and not fully tuned according to their needs, but because of psychological, social and financial reasons they choose to stay. This at an expense of young families with a need for bigger space. (Oeffelt et al., 2016)

Shared facilities

The phenomenon sharing is gaining more and more traction within society. Airbnb made many people worldwide familiar with sharing, by offering a platform through which its users are able to lend their home when not present to someone else. Another example of sharing in the housing industry is the so called Friends-living concept which emerged in the United States, partially due to the high house prizes in cities. People living according to the Friends-living concept permanently share a house and its amenities with others. Furthermore, sharing facilities that previously were only accessible for the rich, like a gym or swimming pool, are on the rise. There are many benefits to sharing, however it demands a different vision when it comes to building and rules. Existing apartments and single-family homes are often than not suited for sharing concepts. For these, new development or rebuild projects are required. (Oeffelt et al., 2016)

“Here is where you do things together and visit each other. Previously I lived in houses where I did not even knew my neighbors.” (Oeffelt et al., 2016)

Theme-oriented living

No matter the place, people in general feel at home around like-minded. More and more area development projects are aimed at theme-oriented (or community) living. This means designing for a group of like-minded with a shared interest or lifestyle and who enjoy living together. The strong social bond encourages sharing and helping each other. Not only kitchen, bathrooms, cafés,

Future living environment needs

offices and gardens can be shared, but also cars and appliances. In addition a big advantage to community living is the cheaper maintenance costs. After all people with a similar lifestyle are more likely to join forces when it comes to maintenance of their residential area. (Oeffelt et al., 2016)

“I am convinced that integrated area development in the future will be more and more thematized.” (Oeffelt et al., 2016)

Qualitive building approach

After World War II, solving the housing shortage was a matter of building in large quantities. However, solving the housing shortage of today should be addressed with a qualitative approach. Space for large new development residential areas in The Netherlands is decreasing and it is becoming increasingly more difficult to identify regions for those. Therefore there is a need for different solutions, like filling gaps in the city, densifying existing residential areas, adapt office spaces and rezone old industrial areas. (Oeffelt et al., 2016)

“We have to develop new concepts which utilize the limited amount of space in a smart way.” (Oeffelt et al., 2016)

Climate adaptation

The cities of today are large-scale consumers of water, resources and food. Also they produce enormous amounts of waste, air pollution and CO2. Greenhouse gases are the main cause of climate change and cities produce a large share of those. (Pötz, 2012) These problems are mainly caused by the way a landscape design was approached early on in the previous century. Driven by no other than beauty and view, landscapes were realized in which man and nature were separated from one another. It is now time for a new period in which nature and urban environment will merge. (Roggema, 2016)

Vegetation and water within the urban environment, so called green-blue grids, are considered to be one of the important structuring elements which allow for urban cycles to be closed in a natural way. Green-blue grids can facilitate a variety of functions and in general have a positive effect on quality of life for people in urban environments. (Pötz, 2012)

Modern day climate adaptive urban environments in The Netherlands; Stad van de zon Heerhugowaard, EVA Lanxmeer Culemborg and Plan Tij Dordrecht.

09. .

With future prospects of increasing rainfall and rising sea level in mind, admitting more water into the future urban environment has many advantages to it:

Surface waters have a significant sponge effect on rainfall and other forms of precipitation as they act as a buffer and allow the water level to fluctuate. In a future urban environment with plenty of surface water the overflowing water no longer needs to be drained off. Research has also shown that on hot summer days, city districts with large amounts of surface water can be up to 10 degrees cooler compared to heavily bricked or concrete urban areas. In addition, energy in the form of heat can be extracted from both waste water and surface water. And waste water is a great source of biomass. For example, phosphate and nitrogen can be reclaimed from wastewater and reused for fertilization purposes. (Pötz, 2012)

Local production

The more food is produced locally, the less air gets polluted by carbon dioxide during transport. Short cycles avoids a large amount of food waste and they will rebuild the connection between people and their food. In doing so, food is no longer anonymous and there is greater control over the production process. Furthermore with local food production it is easy to visit farmers, which allows people to see what it takes to grow a zucchini or egg are grow (and also what would be an honest price for those endeavors). (Maarhuis, 2020)

“Let’s be honest: if you could choose between a gigantic stable or biodynamic farm within the community, the choice is easily made.” (Maarhuis, 2020)

In most cases, local farming is about local food production. However, by producing local food, urban agriculture can simultaneously provide green space, education or recreation for residents. Farming can in addition function as energy supplier, water buffer and processor of city waste. Some of the residential needs for healthcare, elderly services, childcare and education are already part of some agricultural enterprises. (Jansma et al., n.d.)

Shared autonomous transportation

First, sharing is the only way to allow people from across the income spectrum to get a ride whenever they want one. In order to make on-demand use universally affordable, the cost per ride needs to be reduced and shared

12. A floating office designed for the Global Center on Adaptation in Rotterdam The Netherlands. The office is planned to be equipped with solar panels and a water-based heat-exchange system, making the installation off-grid and carbon neutral in operation. By using the water of the Rijnhaven to cool the building, and by using the roof of the office as a large energy source, the building is truly self-sufficient. (Crook, 2020)

rides are needed to achieve that. Sharing also reduces vehicle miles traveled through better passenger aggregation, which ultimately will reduce congestion and carbon emissions. Lastly sharing increases the spatial efficiency of transportation, which will ultimately reclaim street space from cars and reorient it toward people. More parks, larger sidewalks and so on, which is going to have a transformational impact on the quality of life in cities. (Haot et al., 2019) Then autonomy. Imagine a future in which fleets of shared autonomous vehicles (AVs) effortlessly navigate through city streets, picking up multiple passengers traveling along similar routes and dropping them off at designated stops. Traditional car owners no longer need personal vehicles, because shared AVs fulfill all their needs. Road congestion will drop, because there are fewer vehicles on the road. (Duvall et al., 2019)

Wether this scenario will emerge around the world strongly depends on whether public and private stakeholders invest in the infrastructure required to enable shared autonomous mobility (SAM). Structures and accommodations that may be needed to support SAM include the following:

Much like today’s bus systems, autonomous fleets will need support facilities to service and charge AVs. To avoid congestion, AV fleets need locations where they can idle when picking up or discharging passengers. Lastly, travelers must be able to transfer seamlessly between different transportation modes via mobility hubs. For example: a commuter might take a robo-taxi from home to the nearest train station and then grab an electric scooter to get the final mile from the train stop to the office. (Duvall et al., 2019)

Californian startup Zoox, acquired by Amazon in June 2020, has revealed a preview of its first shared autonomous vehicle. The passenger compartment has room for four people, although the seats can also be removed for use as an autonomous delivery vehicle. Currently, Zoox is completing tests with the e-shuttle in Las Vegas, San Francisco and at its headquarters in Silicon Valley, where Zoox is also considering building-up an autonomous cab service. (Hampel, 2020)

Dutch hydraulic engineering works history

Throughout history The Netherlands has been hit by countless of floods, an average of sixteen per century. But the eternal fight against the water made The Netherlands resilient. During the decades following the flood disaster in 1953, many innovative hydraulic engineering works have been realized. Ever since gigantic mill complexes are permanently pumping out water in order to maintain the land dry. (Bregman, 2020)

“Over a quarter of the land is actually below sea level. Therefore The Netherlands is sometimes referred to as an artificial country.” (Olthuis, 2012)

The way The Netherlands is able to protect its country from the water has gained international recognition. Dutch water management experts are hired around the world to solve complex issues and over the years have realized several prestigious hydraulic engineering works.

Floating architecture

As city and landscape planning policies are shifting towards admitting water into the landscape, architecture has to adapt. Nowadays buildings can be constructed with water-resistant methods and materials, or provided with sealing hatches or a slightly raised ground floor. Positioning buildings on higher raised constructions like mounds or stilts, offers protection from higher flooding. (Pötz, 2012)

The best way to protect buildings against water are lightweight constructed buildings with the ability to float. By making use of a floating construction, the building will not be damaged when the water level in the environment rises. Of course a floating or amphibian construction may only be applied with the presence of surface water. Also the connection to infrastructure and utilities must be flexible or self-sufficient. (Pötz, 2012)

Regardless its shape, size or solidity, any object has the ability to float in water. Buoyancy is dependent of an object’s density. Density is mass per unit volume. If the object is denser than water, it will sink. If the object is less dense than water, the object will float. (Britannica, 2020)

Life on water

16. Enclosure dam, The Netherlands

17. Palm Jumeirah, Dubai 18. Hong Kong International Airport

Virtually anything one can think of, could potentially be made floating.” (Olthuis, 2012)

Floating architecture is starting to show applications in unexpected sectors, like agriculture. These projects set inspiring examples for how in a whimsical way even large installations surprisingly can be realized floating and in addition make use of the benefits provided by water-based living.

“In order to set an inspiring example, the innovation should be a little weird which makes people excited. Such approach is what the Dutch are typically known for.” (Roggema, 2016)

A development which will speed up the adaptation process is prefabricated floating housing. Prefabricated in factories with reduced materials in mind, meaning floating houses would be easy to produce in large numbers and therefore cheaper than normal houses with foundation. This more affordable solution could be adopted in future cities where it will be able to turn waterfronts quickly into new neighborhoods.

Amphibian lifestyle

Living on water is a unique lifestyle. Traditionally water-based living happened solely on boats, but nowadays there are more options with large houseboats and water homes. One can find tranquility by breathtaking views and the calming swell. From the often times included terrace one has direct access to the water for recreational activities such as swimming, surfing and sailing. The boat enthusiast has a great advantage in docking one’s boat directly at home. In the future this direct access to the water emerges opportunities for a broader range of mobility one would like to have access to from home.

“Living on water gives me a sense of freedom. I enjoy being in direct contact with nature.” (GIC, 2018)

20. Parkipelago, a proposal by Marshall Blecher and Studio Fokstrot to build floating islands within the city of Copenhagen.

Boyancy

Boats were traditionally propelled by manpower, in the form of paddles and sails. Later on the combustion engine, which nowadays has been replaced by electric motors, allowed for generating thrust with a propellor. From canoe to freight ship, these basic propulsion principles have resulted in a broad range of boat types and use cases.

A boat however, is not the only form of water craft. In principle any land vehicle can be made amphibious, as long as it is provided with a waterproof hull. Usually a vehicle’s density is smaller than water, and thus it will already float by itself. Depending of the tire track height, simply spinning the wheels can be enough for propulsion through water. Water is a denser medium than air, and therefore increases drag. Meaning it requires a water craft in general more effort to propel trough water compared to vehicles riding on land. During the previous century, experiments by the military lead to surprising innovations which allowed for creating more efficient water-based vehicles. It may be worth investigating how some of these innovations can be reinterpreted for the future climate adaptive landscape.

Hydrofoil

Hydrofoils are under water wings, which act in a similar way as airplane wings. By its curved shape, a hydrofoil produces an uplifting force when in motion which equals the weight of the object it is attached to. This force will then lift the object from the water which in return greatly reduces friction. During the previous century the military implemented hydrofoils in for allowing them to reach higher speeds. In more recent years, hydrofoils have entered the recreational market due to benefits in fuel efficiency. Also the water sport is now starting to embrace hydrofoils, since it allows surfers to surf without waves.

There are two types of hydrofoils, namely surface piercing hydrofoils and fully submerged hydrofoils. Surface piercing hydrofoils are V-shaped. They are more simple, cheaper to produce and self stabilizing. The downside of surface piercing hydrofoils is that they are sensitive to surface waves. Fully submerged hydrofoils preform well in any condition. They are shaped as an inverted T and are most popular within the water sport community. However, a stabilization system is required in order to keep the fully submerged hydrofoil stable.

Transportation through water

+ + -+ -Hydrofoil watercraft Low drag coefficient Broad range of applications Stabalization

Waterproof land vehicle Amphibian capabilities Not efficient in water Slow speed 22. .

23. .

24. .

Hovercraft

The hovercraft uses fans to suck in air which is being transferred and released within an air curtain underneath the vehicle. This process produces in an uplifting force, meaning the hover craft hovers slightly above the surface and does not harm the environment below. Where boats are slowed by drag in water, a hovercraft rides fully clear and is therefore much more fuel efficient. In addition, the air curtain underneath the hovercraft absorbs the height difference caused by any obstacle, resulting in a smooth ride. The hovercraft is able to efficiently carry large numbers of passengers or hefty cargo across any land type, gliding with ease to places ordinary boats struggle to reach. Downsides are the loud noise produced by the fans and the relatively expansive maintenance costs, some aspects which might be resolved by future technology developments. Nowadays the hovercraft is still used for military purposes and rescue operations.

Ground-effect vehicle

Neither to be defined as boat or plane, the ground-effect vehicle constitutes a unique class of transportation. It was invented, build and used by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The ground-effect vehicle makes use of the wing-in-ground effect, a physical phenomenon also utilized by seabirds when skimming over the water surface. When an aircraft flies closer to the ground, air pressure builds between the wing and the flat surface below. This creates a cushion of air beneath the vehicle, allowing it to fly very close to the surface. The basic principle is that the closer the wing gets to the external surface such as the ground, the greater the ground-effect will be, and the more efficient the ground-effect vehicle becomes. The ground-effect vehicle differs from a hovercraft due to the lacking in low-speed hover capabilities, much in the same way like a fixed-wing airplane differs from a helicopter. In general the ground-effect vehicle is considered to be a flying boat. However any large flat space, regardless the terrain type, will technically be a suitable environment for operation.

Transportation above water

Hovercraft

Does not harm environment below the vehicle Ride across any terrain type

Absorbs all shocks and therefore comfortable Noise pollution + + + -+ -Ground-effect aircraft

More efficient than regular flying vehicles Large wingspan results in large footprint Solely operational above large flat terrain Relatively high speed required

26. . 28. .

In the introduction chapter of this report is explained how rising sea level is expected to affect the world by the year 2086 and how this fact originated the design case. Additional research into society and living environment needs were required in order to form a broader understanding of the context.

Roughly 60 years ahead in time from now, it is expected that a large part of the population composition will consist of small households and elderly. The aging population and shrinking workweek will cause society to have more leisure time than ever before. Most likely this will result in transportation demands to be more distributed over the time. The amount of households continues growing, and the available area for residential projects and fertile agricultural land does not grow along with it. A new qualitative building approach is required for which architects and urban planners are challenged to incorporate smaller living, shared facilities, local production and climate adaptation in future living environments. Meanwhile technology is advancing and shared autonomous transportation is ready to contribute to greener urban environments, but is also asking for an infrastructure in order to be operational. A cohesive answer will be required for the aforementioned issues. For certain is that the facilities will have a futuristic character, because they have to be developed with the knowledge of today but serve purpose in the future.

Ideas for the future can be found in the past. In the research chapter some example projects were described of how Dutch hydraulic engineering experts have created living environments on water during the last decade. However, these example projects were all based on creating land within sea before realizing facilities on it. This degree project will take on a different approach by envisioning a floating living environment, meaning that architecture and infrastructure move along with the fluctuating water level; because at the moment of writing this report there are no complete examples realized yet. Furthermore, the author expects that developing the required vessels for mobility and transportation within this unknown floating environment will be an equally unique challenge.

Design brief

Goals and wishes

The main goal of this degree project will be to deliver a positive answer to the rather daunting scenario of climate change. By envisioning a floating living environment, one may no longer has to frighten the water that is coming. The author is aware that the concerns of rising the sea level will affect many locations around the world, however the decision has been made to focus on a region within The Netherlands; where the author has life experience, is executing the degree project from and will attempt to connect with local architects. When proposing the next step in dealing with water, the author believes it makes sense to work with a setting which is globally well known for its water management. It is therefore this degree project aims for setting an inspiring example based on a context in The Netherlands, which solution in turn could potentially be adopted in other places around the world.

In regards to the expected outcome, the author has the wish for implementing his fascination for concept art and photography into visualizing a relevant future context by the year 2086. The focus will be on the transportation solution, but the author will attempt to hint at what the landscape and architecture might look like in the background.

Limitations and focus

One of the challenging prerequisites in the degree project is the long term future scenario planning. Most likely there are countless paths to take when it comes to preparing a landscape for the rising sea level; especially with the year 2086 in mind. This degree project result will embody just one plausible example. The author is aware of the fact that the proposed future vision will exist alongside other landscape outcomes, which most likely ask for different transportation solutions.

Without the presence of a transportation solution suited for daily life, this hypothetical living environment on water would never be able to exist in the future. Manifesting all functional aspects needed for the most well rounded transportation solution will be the main focus of this project.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Residential quarters Market square Shops Schools Cultural facilities Outside sportfields Reserve central facilities Reserve central facilities Local farms Shuttle parking & central power facilities Transfer station to/from main land and water villages Sea defence & straight flow Outer sea, unprotected sailing Private boat berths Inner sea, protected sailing Prototype floating village

1.000 m2 1.536 dwellings 3.072 inhabitants

Floating village funtions legend

Architectural context

Siting and urban development

For the situating of the floating communities a coastal area has been chosen. An area where already various hydraulic engineering works have been realized and where people are used to the unpredictable character of the sea. For the exact siting of the communities in sea, further studies are required. Studies like the existing boating routes of ships and sea bottom depths. The chosen siting is a hypoththical location based on the desired distance from and relation with life on land. All floating communities are connected with eachother and with the main land via rough water optimized transport.

The idea is to start with a floating village of around 3.000 inhabitants, in order to gain experience with this type of water-based living and to validate if this fullfills the requirerments. Depending on these experiences a decision can be made wether this type of living is suitable to counter climate change.

The relatively small community is fully self-sufficient and protected by a wave-breaker. The latter creates calm water inside the village. Traffic internally is entirely over water. For this a transportation system has been developed which will be explained later in this report.

The floating village is divided into four equal-sized residential areas, with in between the central facilities (shops, schools, farms and so on) along the main boating route. The entirety is based on a small scale network of water streets which widths are tuned to the living and user needs. This network is easily formable, without it looking massive.

Siting of the floating communities

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(above) Water village top view

Multi-layered topview of 4 x 3 residential units Extra floor residential unit (3 x 135 m2)

All ground-level residential unit (3 x 95 m2)

K K E K L L L S S S R R R G G G G D D D F G G

Residential water squares

Within the residential areas there are two types of houses: an all ground level house of 95 m2 and a house with extra floor of 135 m2. Both include a roof terrace with garden. The arrangement is in water squares of twelve homes (4 x 3) around a boarding terrace for transport. The houses are flexible in interior layout options according to the desired living needs.

E L K S G R D F Entrance hall Living Kitchen Sleep Green roof terrace Extra room Docking terrace Flaoting foundation

Residential unit functions legend

Inhabitants

30. A large portion of the composition consists of elderly and small households.

31. The inhabitants work less compared to today, thus live a more relaxed lifestyle.

32. The inhabitants form a like-minded, tight-knit community and share many facilities.

33. The inhabitants are used to the harsh weather conditions at sea and are dressed accordingly.

1.

2.

3. 4. ...

Visit friends/family in another residential area. (800 m)

Pick up locally produced organic food at the farm. (350 m)

Work commute to main land. (550 m) Take private boat out to sea. (250m) ...

2

1

4

3

3

4

Short user journeys

Shuttle parking situation

The shuttle connects magnetically with the docking terrace

Dynamic shuttle system

Transportation solution

Shared autonomous shuttle system

Every residential unit is provided with a shuttle parked along the docking terrace, meaning that one shuttle per three homes is available at all times. Along the 14 m docking terrace there is space for three shuttles (or other vessels present in the floating village) in total to dock at the same time. The shuttles operate fully autnomously in a dynamic system. Once a shuttle departs, another is on its way to be ready for the next passengers.

Docking terrace connection

Parking & Service locations Station detail A

Parking, service and transfer

Asides from parking at the residential units, there are four locations reserved in the floating village for additional shuttle parking space. These areas also include shuttle maintenance and central power facilities. Having one shuttle parked outside each residential unit, combined with the four additional shuttle parking spaces, results in an available parking space for 768 shuttles in total. This number derived from the wish for having one shuttle available per two households.

The parking area located at the main entrance of the floating village is combined with a station. At the station the inhabitants transfer from shuttle to another vessel; capable of transporting larger groups over longer distances and rough water conditions from the floating village to the main land or vice versa. Having the shuttle parking facilities close to the transfer quays is convenient, since the inhabitants are able to quickly summon a shuttle upon arrival. The same convenience applies when inhabitants wish to summon a shuttle around the central facilities.

C M P Q

Commune central facilities Shuttle maintenance Shuttle parking Transfer quays Station functions legend

List of requirements

Use

The shuttle travels short distances (max. 1,5 km), which results in a short travel time for the passengers (max. 10 min).

The shuttle experience should be designed around practicallity and simplicity, suited to the short travel time.

The interior space is optimized for two adult passengers, but should be flexible for other use case scenarios.

Both passengers should be able to bring a larger luggage piece (e.g. a trolley, suitcase, gymbag...) or a young child (up to 6 years old).

Operation

The shuttle operates fully autonomously by communicating with the surrounding infrastructure and other transportation solutions. The shuttle hydrodynamics are optimized for operation in calm water. The shuttle sails at slow speed (~ 8 km/h) to avoid wave forming.

The shuttle should be provided with a docking terrace connector feature, which allows for charging and in-/egress stability.

The shuttle has a max. width of 2,2 m, in order to pass another shuttle on the smallest width water street of 5 m.

The shuttle has a max. length of 4,2 m, in order to fit three shuttles simultanously along the 14 m long docking terrace.

Ergonomics

The seating is elderly-friendly; meaning a high seating surface, the presence of arm-rests and accessibility from the front of the seat.

The interior space should allow passengers of all lengths to stand inside. The door height should allow passengers up to 1.95 m length to walk in and out of the shuttle without ducking.

The user should not have to dodge the door when opening.

Conditions

The shuttle should be constructed of materials which are water-proof, stainless, easy to clean and salt-resistant.

The shuttle should in no circumstance capsize, possibly caused by strong winds. Lights for communication to people in- and outside the shutle.

Inspiration

Operational in 2086, the author wishes to challenge what a water vehicle could look like in such a far future scenario. A vehicle which generates more connection with the water, quite possibly realized with an open structure and generous use of transparent materials. The vehicle will be for daily use and it is important that it emits a sense of trust towards the user. Therefore the vehicle should be constructed with a stable and robust architecture. The vehicle does not travel fast and therefore also does not have to look fast. In the creative face will be explored what 'slow' means in regards to aesthethics reflecting the serene environment.

Interior architecture

After defining the shuttle requirements based on the architectural context, a wide variety of passenger/luggage arrangements have been explored. The study was aimed at searching for a seating configuration which would stimulate, but not force, social interaction. Also a small width passenger cabin was desired, which would minimize the impact on the shuttle dimensions in regards to perceived stability (explained later in this report). All in all the author aimed for an envelope which would be as compact as possible, without it being claustrophobic for the passengers.

Designated areas for assigned luggage have been considered. However, for

short distance travel they add unnecessary complexity to the ingress/egress experience. Therefore the author choose to work with an open space in which the passengers are free to place their luggage as they want.

A decision was made on a low roofline, with strong argumentation towards both perceived and actual stability. This means that the passengers would be unable to stand within the shuttle. In order to get passengers to their seats without ducking, pivoting seats were considered. Eventually the author opted for a sliding door system which extends in the roofline. The center of the shuttle acts as standing space during ingress/egress.

Pivoting seats Extended platform

Turntable platform Free luggage space

Mirrored

Door system front view Side-by-side facing forward

First interior ideation loop

The perpendicular seating configuration allows the passengers to interact with each other in a natural way whilst having a good view of the surroundings. By connecting the two seats and forming a bench, the goal was to enhance that experience of traveling together. In addition, the connecting surface could potentially be used to place a bag or small child.

From the beginning the author was aware that this interior is meant for public use, meaning that maintenance friendly and practicality were key drivers for its aesthetic. Robust themes were explored, with main structures integrated into the interior walls in combination with lightweight piping for the armrests.

First exterior ideation loop

The fact that the shuttle solely operates within a controlled environment on calm water, allowed for exploring vehicle architectures which would challenge the archetype of a current boat. The ideation was aimed at searching for a different type of enclosure; bringing the passengers closer to the water surface. One of the early ideas included a hollow platform, holding the passenger capsule in place close above the water surface, giving a stable and lightweight impression. The ideas were further developed with aesthetic themes centered around clear readable shapes for a trustworthy look and feel.

2x adult + luggage

Wide facing seats, accessible from both sides Foldable seats, flexible use cases

2x adult + 2x 6 y/o child

4x 12 y/o child adult + cargo cargo only 4x adult standing 900 505 550 1950 1000 1600 463 240 Ergonomic hardpoints in mm

Interior architecture revision

Despite having strong argumentation for the initially chosen package, the author realized halfway into the ideation phase that for the continuation of the project too many concessions had to be made in regards to practicality and flexibility. The fixed seating layout set limitations in regards to the wide array of user scenarios and the decision for a low roofline lead to an unnecessary complex door system for the short time use cases.

In order to communicate the right message and to reach the full potential with the usability of the shuttle, the interior architecture has been revised. Eventually

both sides and in which the passengers can stand. The two facing seats are a little wider than a conventional seat and are also foldable. This setup would fulfill most use cases with the least amount of compromises.

The fact that the occupants only travel very short distances with the shuttle made comfort play a less important role. A seating design with low backrest would be appropriate in regards to the user scenarios. Detaching the seats from the floor and mounting them to the walls of the exterior shell resulted in a lightweight yet robust solution.

Exterior design update

After the package revision, which added the feature of standing inside the vehicle, made the shuttle become a lot taller. A real design challenge emerged by having to make this volume appear stable on water. For tackling this the author found inspiration in nature.

A water strider is an insect which is able to walk over water. This little creature stands on the water with its feet spread out far from its body, connected by thin and long legs. The water strider communicates such a lightweight and stable stance, it therefore became the main metaphor when referring to the shuttle design direction.

By focusing the development for a while solely on what would be visible above the water surface - mimicking the stance of the water strider - the shuttle slowly started to form its identity.

Eventually a concept was found with submerged pontoon hulls only emerging from the water surface at four places with pebble-like shapes, reminiscent of the water strider feet. Its construction was inspired by how modern products are manufactured by layering thin and transparent materials.

42. Water strider

(left) Stable ingress/egress experience

3D CAD refinement

Sketch model process of the shuttle Early state proportion model of the residential units

The 3D CAD refinement has been done with the use of Autodesk Maya; a polygon surface modeling software the author became acquainted with during his master studies at UID. During the earlier stages in the ideation process the author used this software to rapidly transfer ideation sketches done on paper into 3D space. The author had to deal with a shortened time frame for the ideation phase and therefore thought it was wise to evaluate proportions on package as soon as possible, with the aim of communicating a realistic design direction. In parallel to the shuttle, a basic 3D model of the floating architecture was developed in order to keep track of scale.

Package

3900 mm

Exterior measurements in mm Electric motors and batteries (x4) Magnetic docking connector

2100

3300

In the final proposed design, frame and capsule are separated from

each other; making the entirety look lightweight. The frame elegantly follows the capsule shape with a changing section and connects organically with the two pontoon hulls. The capsule hangs inside the frame and is firmly fixed over the top surface. Also the doors are attached to the outer frame with integrated rails for sliding operation. A clear readable construction towards the user was intended to convey a robust aesthetic. The capsule has a darker shade towards the top to act as sun protection. Also the pontoon hulls are provided with a darker tint, so they remain nearly invisible when observed from above the water surface.

The pontoon shapes are driven by NACA profiles, with the aim of optimizing hydrodynamics by letting water smoothly pass along the hulls. Water enters the pontoon in the front, is guided through an inside tunnel and gets released via a thruster in the rear. The thrusters act for both propulsion and steering. With the presence of so much water, and within such a far future scenario of 2086, one could argue for powering the shuttle by hydrogen. However, hydrogen is a lot more lightweight compared to batteries containing electricity and weight actually has its benefits to a water vehicle. By locating all heavy components (such as the electrical motors and batteries) in the pontoons, the shuttle has a low center of gravity and floats very stable.

The shuttle operates fully autonomous, allowing for a minimalistic and open interior space to be created in which the users are not limited in how to spend their travel time. The shared use aspect of the shuttle made practicality the main theme for the interior design. The lightweight frame aesthetic of the exterior continues into the interior which resulted in a cohesive form language. The entire cabin - apart from the floor - is transparent, offering the users a full 360 degree view of the surroundings.

The search for a low backrest seat design contributed to a lighter interior space. The high seating position and integrated arm rests were elderly friendly priorities set from the beginning of the project. Just like the exterior shell, the seats are made from PolyCarbonate (or likewise scratch resistant and recyclable plastic in 2086). The maintenance friendly seat padding is made from Latex (or likewise water repellant and vegan material in 2086). The floor is provided with a grip texture in order to avoid the user from slipping in wet conditions. Hidden within the floor is a retractable bridge which - depending on which side the shuttle is parked - slides out in order to connect the shuttle with the docking terrace.

In use, the submerged pontoon hulls give the illusion that the capsule hovers closely above the water surface. Only four feet are sticking from the water surface; reminiscent of the stance of a water strider. The feet are hollow and open in front and rear, meaning thin blades pierce the water surface with great hydrodynamics.

The water surface on which the shuttle sails reflects the colors of the sky, which according to time of day and weather conditions varies from a wide range of hues. The idea is to add bold color gradients to the shuttle in order to complement the highly reflective environment. With many differently colored shuttles sailing over the waters within the village, they will contribute to a joyful place to live.

The hollow frame connects on top of the cabin, and provides sufficient air circulation. If the weather allows it, the sliding doors can remain open during travel if the users prefer to travel with an open cabin.

Ingress experience

Outside the residential units, the shuttle awaits the users at the docking terrace with its doors closed; keeping the interior space well protected. Part of the docking terrace is a glass fence, which protects people from falling in the water and act as registration unit for the users. Integrated in the glass gates is a sensor, through which the users gain access to the shuttle with either their mobile, wearable or body integrated device (whichever is common in 2086). Scanning at the gate is also the way to summon a shuttle in situations where it has yet to arrive; around the central facilities for example.

Architecture integration

4 ~ Conclusions & reflections

few years in the transportation design master program, allowed the author to build a project extending beyond any of his personal expectations.

To convey how a vehicle operates and is used in a far future world, yet unfamiliar for both the author as the audience, proved to be complex to say the least. It is one thing to envision how a society might live in 2086, but on top of that came the additional challenging factor of a yet non existing way of life on water. Unknown territory provides less reference to be benchmarked and invites a lot of uncertainties into the process. At the same time this challenging factor has been the core of excitement for the project. Throughout the process the author noticed that talking with people about the idea of living on water caused a lot of curiosity. For such a fictional world one could speculate endlessly about potential challenges and how to address them. By taking on this vast topic for the degree project, the author has learned that a clear project framing is of high importance to keep the audience - but at the same time the author as well - aware of the intended message.

Reflecting on the early stages of the project, too much time was spend on building a world around a transportation solution instead of building a transportation solution within a world. This is of course easy to say, but harder to actually execute when the world you are designing for is not yet existing. It takes multi-disciplined knowledge in order to create a world which is perceived as realistic by the audience; and which on top of that is also inspiring. Thinking that a young upcoming transportation designer, as the author, would posses this knowledge already even before starting his career would be naive. Therefore an architect was contacted, with the aim of helping the author achieve a more complete story with his transportation solution in a realistic operational world. Taking an expert on board has drastically improved the project potential and work-flow. When faced with multi-faceted design challenges in the future, the author will forever be reminded that it is key to search for help of experts in areas unknown to the designer; otherwise a one-sided story of a lone transportation designer will be told.

In a not so pleasant way, the author encountered the importance of taking

independently from home. Without any travel opportunities and the close outside world in lockdown, the author thought it was an excellent excuse to focus on the degree work for 100%. However, in a harsh way the author has come to the conclusion that giving 100% does not mean spending 100% in time. The author was put off guard by the world building task by his lack of experience with this aspect, which caused insecurity and a misconception about the expected deliverables. Having all time in the world available, the author got lost in a hypothetical world on his quest for justifying the initial foreseen transportation solution. After having received too many question marks from tutors and external advisors during the reviews, it was halfway into the project timeframe that the author realized that in regards to the expected deliverables he would be better off starting from scratch. This decision accumulated an enormous amount of stress; with all its consequences following after. Despite the newly generated energy after establishing a new project direction with more potential, the author turned sick and was forced to spend the final stretch of the project with limited capabilities against all his frustrations. Working with full focus has proven to be counter productive and regularly taking distance is part of giving it all. Apparently hitting a wall was needed for the author to change his perception on how to successfully reach the finish line. Having gone through this experience now once has given the author valuable anchors for how to avoid ending up in a similar situation during demanding times; which are most likely to reoccur in his future career.

5 ~ References

Books & online resources

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Burgess, W. (2020). EP 54: The Process of Transportation Design with Wayne Burgess (former Jaguar Design Chief ) [Radio series episode]. In Gestalten. Konzepthaus Consulting GmbH.

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1. https://imginn.com/taxcollection/

Wednesday 20 January 2021 Talking Design: Degree Projects

Context and scenario defenition Analysis

Time plan

Digital textures production Rendering

Report

Presentation preparation

Tuesday 16 February 2021 Research & Concept Gateway

Tuesday 16 March 2021 Mid-Review/Design Freeze

Tuesday 6 April 2021 Process Gateway

Monday 3 May 2021 Submit degree report

10-11 May 2021 Examination

01-02 June 2021

UID21 Design Talks & Degree Show