Impact of mHealth service : An understanding of TreCLifeStyle mobile app in Trentino province, Italy

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International Journal of Healthcare Management

ISSN: 2047-9700 (Print) 2047-9719 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/yjhm20

Impact of mHealth service: An understanding of

TreCLifeStyle mobile app in Trentino province, Italy

Atiqur Rahman, Yasmin Jahan & Habibullah Fahad

To cite this article: Atiqur Rahman, Yasmin Jahan & Habibullah Fahad (2019): Impact of mHealth

service: An understanding of TreCLifeStyle mobile app in Trentino province, Italy, International Journal of Healthcare Management, DOI: 10.1080/20479700.2019.1603337

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Published online: 17 Apr 2019.

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Impact of mHealth service: An understanding of TreCLifeStyle mobile app in

Trentino province, Italy

Atiqur Rahman a, Yasmin Jahanband Habibullah Fahadc

a

Department of Social and Welfare Studies (ISV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden;bGraduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan;cInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh

ABSTRACT

Objective: This paper represents an understanding of the‘usability’ and ‘user experience’ of the TreCLifeStyle mobile app from an end-user experience in order to consider dietary food habit (e.g. Mediterranean Diet).

Methods: A qualitative and quantitative approach was undertaken using the system usability scale questionnaire and semi-structured interviews in 2 phases that occurred over a period of 12 consecutive weeks. Six families (n = 12) of Trentino province, Italy, were included who have one obese child as primary inclusion criteria.

Results: Incorporating three different aspects, (1) user preference, (2) usability evaluation and (3) system usability scale result; the study explains diversified end-user experiences. The outcome of the study addresses inadequate concentration of user-centered requirements from design to implementation level of a healthcare app. The users’ prioritise the appB (score >68) in terms of friendly interface usability and elaborative contents. Additionally, they identify necessary technological modifications at some point to operate the app seamlessly. Conclusions: The study concludes with a strong demand for end-users’ engagement to design user-friendly mHealth app interfaces where the socio-cultural needs should be considered significant.

ARTICLE HISTORY

Received 31 October 2018 Accepted 28 March 2019

KEYWORDS

mHealth; usability; user experience; childhood obesity; Italy

Introduction

The recent proliferation of information technologies and digitalization processes is a profound innovative practice. This sector is still emerging. To make the health infor-mation platform stronger, a growing number of web por-tals, online health forums, and text messaging services are accommodating the exchange of health-related infor-mation [1–3]. Digital innovation is an idea, practice or object that is perceived as new domain by an individual or some other unit of adoption [4]. As estimated, the number of mobile phone users across the world is expected to pass theﬁve billion marks by 2019 [5] and right now, nearly 67 percent of the population worldwide is already owning a mobile phone [6]. This remarkable revolution– widespread access to the most ubiquitous communication device in human history– has changed the way of societies and communities to organize them-selves and do business [7]. As a part of that process, cur-rently, there are 3,195,204 active mobile application (apps) available in the iTunes app store and the 3,612,250 active apps in the Google Play store, 95,851 and 105,912, respectively, were categorized as Health and Fitness in healthcare service system with a great con-cern of usability evaluation of the interfaces [8,9]. People who live in a remote place and face challenges with

transportation are generally unable to access adequate health facilities. To mitigate this deprivation, information and communications technology oﬀers an important component in healthcare sector through innovative tools such as telemedicine, electronic health (eHealth), and mobile health (mHealth) [10]. This research paper adopts mHealth as a subdivision of eHealth.

Presently, mHealth services are working as a means of entering patient data into national health information systems, and as remote information tools which provide information to the government, healthcare clinics, home providers, and health workers [11]. For instance, in developing countries, the key applications for mHealth are remote data collection, remote monitoring, com-munication and training for health workers, disease and epidemic outbreak tracking, diagnostic and treat-ment support. However, it helps to identify the individ-ual and community health needs from clinical domain with almost negligible importance on socio-cultural per-spectives. Most of the recent mHealth services provide a range of facilities focusing particularly on technological features [12–15] and process improvement in healthcare service delivery [16]. A subset of mHealth service reviews focus on short message service or mobile texting yetﬁnd little rigorous evidence of eﬀectiveness such as behavior

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.

CONTACT Atiqur Rahman atiqur.rahman@liu.se https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2019.1603337

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change interventions [12,17,18] and there are both sub-stantial and limited eﬀects on how mobile phone tech-nology can help to improve healthcare service delivery [19,20]. Consequently, a signiﬁcant number of projects to date have overlooked the juxtaposition between ‘tech-nological services’ and ‘social practices’ which has been addressed in this study.

This paper discusses the usage and the impact of a par-ticular mobile app, TreCLifeStyle, which provides the techno-healthcare services in the contemporary health-care sector and Mediterranean diet (MD) in Northern towns in Italy. Mediterranean diet pyramid is based on food patterns typical of Crete, much of the rest of Greece, and southern Italy in the early 1960s and beyond [21]. The adult life expectancy, in these areas, was among the highest in the world and the rates of coronary heart ease, certain cancers, and other diet-related chronic dis-eases were among the lowest in the world according to previous research [22]. This special diet pyramid is still proclaimed the apex position in terms of food habit and soundly practiced in all over Italy. This study kept a focus on understanding user experiences and preferences concerning the TreCLifeStyle operator interface. The valuation provided a comprehensive image of demand and supply side that could be a feasible framework for sta-keholders, app designers/developers, and policy-makers to reconsider mHealth service implementation from a user-centered perspective.

Methods

In order to develop a broader understanding of mHealth usage, the research adopted influential research tools and methods to identify the perspectives of grass-root level beneficiaries. Moreover, preexisting definitions of ‘mHealth’ have been considered to conceptualize usage, socio-cultural needs and its relation to the research. The study implemented a mixed method approach that places priority on the collection of both qualitative and quantitative data. Participants underwent a semi-structured interview including questions about interface preference, dietary behavior, and user experience (UX). In addition, a ‘SUS ideal format’ [23] has been tested to collect the score for both appA and appB. Brook explained, if the score is under 68, there are probably serious problems with the interface usability which should be addressed [23]. On the other hand, while the score is 80.3 or above that indicates people love the inter-face without hesitation and will recommend to their

friends. To understand the dietary changes (whether it happened or not), this study adopted‘Stage of change or Transtheoretical model’ [24,25] and the ‘Heuristic model’ [26] to accomplish the desired UX objective. Participants

This study selected three rural areas of Trentino pro-vince, Italy – GRUMO, GARDOLO, and RIVA del GARDA– as the field site and took two families from each place as study participants. All the families were selected through a purposive sampling of families who had an obese child contacted through enlisted pedia-tricians of a local organization, named Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK). Twelve participants (Table 1), mother or father and the child with the obesity issue asked to use the app, were interviewed for the study (n = 12); eight were female (five mother, three girl); four were male (one father, three boy). We informed the par-ticipants andfixed a time schedule, prior to formal inter-view has facilitated by the researcher with the help of FBK correspondents, based on participant’s availability. Data Collection

Data collection follows questionnaire survey, system usability scale (SUS) and semi-structured interviews in 2 phases that lasted for 12 consecutive weeks and occurred between April and June 2016. Each interview, took place in participant’s closer vicinity, was recorded and lasted about 20–30 min. Most of the interviews and SUS questionnaires were completed in Italian language and later subjected to a translation by a research assistant.

Ethical consideration

The Research Ethic Committee of University of Trento, Italy, has approved to conduct the study. All respon-dents (both parents and children) confirmed their voluntary verbal informed consent to participate in the research and voice recording. Three ethical prin-ciples [27] were taken into account to avoid possible risk factors. Firstly, respondents were informed that they had the right to withdraw at any time during the interview and were assured anonymity would be provided across all stages of the study to ensure the ‘respect for persons’; secondly, participants were also provided with information regarding‘beneficence’ (to do no harm, minimize risk of harm and maximize the benefits of research); finally, the study selected the participants equitably and avoided exploitation of vulnerable populations to justice was maintained.

Data analysis

The study adopted ‘mixed analysis’ for data analysis which is guided by either a priori, a posteriori, or

Table 1.Participant details.

Participant Age Sex appA user appB user TL001 6 M TL001 + Mother TL001 + Mother TL002 10 M TL002 + Mother TL002 + Mother TL003 12 F TL003 + Father TL003 + Father TL004 7 F TL004 + Mother TL004 + Mother TL005 8 F TL005 + Mother TL005 + Mother TL006 11 M TL006 + Mother TL006 + Mother 2 A. RAHMAN ET AL.

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iteratively [28]. It simultaneously refers to a process of ‘mixing’ and/or ‘combining’ qualitative and quantitat-ive data into a single study to provide richer data interpretations [29]. Verbatim quotations [30,31] from study participants were used throughout the paper. The study presents analytical curves both for qualitative and quantitative data according to require-ment. Qualitative data are followed narrative descrip-tion whereas quantitative data exempliﬁed through graphical presentation along with a precise expla-nation. Theﬁrst author was responsible for conducting and analyzing all interview data.

Results

cThe TreCLifeStyle app had launched two versions (appA and appB) during the study period. After using both versions of the app for a certain time, the study result showed end-users’ preference in terms of user-friendly interfaces. User preference comprised with excerpts of children and parents. Usability evaluation was measured based on a structured questionnaire emphasizes on the inﬂuence of the TreCLifeStyle mobile app from individual to family level. End-users’ of this study preferred version B compared to version A, due to elaborative and user-friendly interfaces. The interface developers exclusively consider technological aspects, however, this study argued to put importance on incor-porating user experience (UX) in interface designing process from the beginning. Therefore, in light of our ﬁndings, we addressed three interconnected aspects, namely user preference, usability evaluation, and system usability scale (SUS) that discussed below.

User preference

After completing both phases of the trial version of appA and appB, end-users got six more weeks to use any version according to their choice. The assessment process was based on two items-ﬁrst-hand user experi-ence and personal opinion about the interface– where the majority user preferred appB rather than appA (Figure 1).

The mother of theﬁrst respondent (TL001) said – to understand the statistics about nutrients balance and calories– appB is convenient. She stated,

It is too easy to add a meal, due to the opportunity to indicate foods as dressings and to change the grams of food consumed. So that I consider the second version simpler and more intuitive and it is faster to add meals as well. (Mother of TL001)

The child who was using the Jawbone bracelet becomes curious to see the footsteps in his mobile phone. He said, ‘for me, the appB is better, it has the feature to choose or add the seasonings directly, we can change the grams according to our needs. This app also shows me the daily steps which make me interested’ (TL002).

The third respondent (TL003) shared her experi-ence to give an opinion regarding app preferexperi-ence,

The second version (appB) is more comfortable to use because it is more direct. However, I also face some diﬃculties with appB as well. My father asked about pasta and‘fagioli’ (beans), but there is an option for legumes, not‘fagioli’. So, I suggest adding elaborated food items the Italian people used to eat (insalata russa, tortel di patate) in the interface. (TL003)

According to the mother of TL004,

I thank to appB because of the functionalities such as portions, statistics, and suggestions. I was more able to adapt my diet to this one. In particular, I found very interesting to visualize the calories consumed with the meals and then compare them with the burned cal-ories shown on the misﬁt app. (Mother of TL004)

She added,‘I think that the second app is easier to use, however, it requires more time to weight the food and consider more the quantity that we are eating. But this aspect helped me to understand better the Mediterra-nean Diet’ (Mother of TL004).

The mother of the fourth respondent (TL004) gave more noteworthy information to make her opinion clear and vibrant,

With the second app (appB) I was able to aware more about our diet, portions, and proportions among foods. This feature makes me motivated more to use the second version. Even though both the app is con-siderably easy to use and need no tutorial. I didn’t ﬁnd incoherence between icon and functionalities and I received always a feedback to my interaction with the app. (Mother of TL004)

Sometimes the end-users faced challenges with the bracelet to synchronize real-time data, and the child used to lose it due to inconsistent physical activities. These challenges need for further attention.

For TL005, basically, the mother was using the app because the child is still learning how to use the app properly. She expressed her opinion indicating some interesting information regarding the preference of the interface. She said,

By the second app (appB) I have more control of eat-ing habits and are more aware of health condition, thanks to the statistics on nutrients… . But I think

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that theﬁrst version (appA) contains more necessary information to know the Mediterranean diet. (Mother of TL005)

The mother of the sixth respondent (TL006) was happy to see the calories of the everyday meal and the portion she is using in her child’s meal. She pointed that with appB it is relatively easier to know how much calorie the child is consuming in every meal and how much is missing. This family uses the app quite fre-quently and the mother kept following the record on a regular basis. According to her,

… I prefer the Second version (appB), because it is very precise and gives particular information about calories … the other version (appA) did not give such information. In addition, the appA does not know whether to add a food such as a small piece of chocolate or half a slice of ham, and it does not indi-cate the food quantity. In appA, there was also a cal-orie problem… but now the second version (appB) is better… we receive more information on real energy intake so that we can also compare the con-sumed calories with burned calories through the ped-ometer of the appB. (Mother of TL006)

Usability evaluation

Usability does not exist in any absolute form; it can only be described in respect to a particular context. The study developed a usability assessment poll com-prising of specific questions underlined on the influ-ence of the TreCLifeStyle mobile app in respondents’ everyday life. The evaluation is scored from 1 to 5 scale; where 1 demonstrates the lowest influence and 5 implies the highest influence. In the field data, TL004 and TL006 were most influenced in every cir-cumstance than others. However, TL001 confronted more issues in operating the app and the mother was using the app instead. (Figure 2).

Concerning the inﬂuence of dietary inquiries, TL002, TL004, and TL006 demonstrated consistency and the rest of them have tended to a few diﬃculties. Particularly, the family food habit has been changed in each situation and every member feels the

enthusiasm to partake in using the TreCLifeStyle app. This is a constructive indication that individuals are grasping present-day innovation and getting comforta-ble with utilizing it. As a result, respondents in every circumstance ended up with being independent and engagement of pediatricians are getting to be fewer. Children apply the jawbone bracelet every now and again to check their steps routinely. It becomes a pull-ing in and intrigupull-ing instrument to them.

In aftermath, we see the changing pattern and the impact of the app among each family in percentage, with an exception of TL001 and TL003. Most of the families have scored over 15% while giving their opinions on the usability of the app. This measurement assigns a positive result of the app (Figure 3).

System usability scale (SUS) result

SUS is familiar as a form of Likert scale and proved as a dependable evaluation tool being robust and reliable [23]. Every score of SUS represents a composite measure of the overall usability of the system studied [32,33]. To ﬁgure the SUS, scores for each question are converted to a new number. Each question’s score was kept running from 0 to 4. The aggregated scores need to multiply by 2.5 to acquire the general esti-mation of SUS [23]. Despite the fact that the scores have a place 0–100, these are not percentages and ought to be considered as just regarding their percentile positioning. For the most part, SUS score >68 would be considered above average [34]. If the score is <68, at that point, there are some signiﬁcant problems with the interface usability, which should be addressed promptly. Regardless, if the score is over 68 that suggest the interface is likely on a right track.

To quantify the system usability, this study devel-oped a questionnaire following the ‘ideal’ format of digital equipment corporation [35] comprises of 10 questions. It was tested in two phases for version A and version B independently. However, the greater part of the questionnaire was related to the usability of the interface, some essential questions especially

Figure 2.Usability evaluation.

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demonstrate the experiences and opinions of end-users. The scale set up one to ﬁve score to gauge the data where 1 signiﬁes ‘strongly disagree’ and 5 implies ‘strongly agree’.

Both the diagram (Figures 4and5) represents the actual picture of the user experience. It appears to be each app is potentially usable and gained user satisfac-tion. During theﬁrst phase the users were using appA and the average score was above 85 whereas the average score is above 92 for appB in the second phase, which has obviously showed the entire fulﬁllment of the interface.

Nonetheless, the cross-analysis of the graphs exhi-bits that the usability extended progressively in the second phase. For instance, 5 points increased for TL003, TL004, TL005 and the score diminished for TL002 and TL006 of 3 points where the score proceeds as before for TL001. To clarify the reason, TL002 expressed, the interface of appA was much more simple to use even though the second version (appB) contains a lot more information. appB create diﬃculties to understand and operate the interfaces to some extent on account of huge amounts of data. The mother and the child were still learning the best way to use appB. On the other hand, the user TL006 mentioned that the appB is considerably more user-friendly and infor-mative; yet it will take a bit more time to learn properly. She included, in contrast with both app, the second version is substantially more user-friendly to under-stand even though it might take longer time due to its sophisticated features.

Discussion

This section of the paper is followed by a summary dis-cussion of the implications of the mHealth in terms of end-user experience and preference to develop a user-friendly interface for the healthcare system. The study findings conceptualized patient empowerment as an inherent component in health promotion. Patient empowerment refers not only the individual’s ability but also the controlling power over an object [36]. It has been shown previously that patient empowerment is effective in self-management and contribute to the voluntary health behavior change [7]. We also con-cluded a similarfinding from our analysis.

With an obvious user variation from country to country, mobile phone penetration is forecasted to increase over the next few years due to the attractive features of smartphones. Thus, the usability testing gets gradual attention in interface design and does mat-ter for mobile apps because it directly reflects the end-user’s satisfaction level with respect to application interfaces. Many people correlate the‘usability’ concept solely with‘ease of use’ of a product [37]. However, the usability testing, by far, is regarded as an essential part to comprehend the effectiveness, efficiency, and satis-faction in a specified context of use in the field of Health Information Technology [38]. The study data showed that, on the understanding of usability concept and user experience (UX), the usability of a product is an imperative part that shapes its UX and both are dependable on each other. For example, version A of the TreCLifestyle app had fewer objects in comparison to version B, and users get less opportunity to accumu-late all records they need to upload into the database. Consequently, the UX concluded appA with inadequate satisfaction and preference and went for version B in most cases. While the end-users were shar-ing their experiences, they consciously choose appB not only because of modified and user-friendly interfaces but also for the fulfillment of the requirements they have missed in appA.

Methods of usability evaluation for a mobile appli-cation and a website is similar to some extent, however, research exposed the standard usability testing

Figure 3.Usability result.

Figure 4.Usability Score.

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practices are becoming complicated due to the variety of smartphones and Internet-capable feature phones [39]. Thus, this study adopts the standard usability testing strategy. The usability assessment tool, under the name of ‘safety enhanced design’, of the study demonstrates a progressive impact of the TreCLifestyle mobile app on end-user’s daily food habit and physical activities. In addition, the usability evaluation result has given the context of the current usability status of appA and appB which produces an idea for designers who are looking for developing products with longevity.

Regarding the SUS score, it is important to remem-ber that even though the score ranged from 0 to 100, it does not determine the percentage. For example, SUS score 68 out of 100 for this study represents the score is at the 68th percentile rather 68%. SUS score measures – especially those who are unfamiliar with SUS– usability, learnability, reliability, and validity of the interfaces of a mobile app and/or website. The score does not intend to diagnose and will not tell about speciﬁc problems of the interface, yet it gives red (negative) or green (positive) signal to know how badly the usability needs to work.

Considering Europe 2020 vision, the European Health Policy Forum and European Commission have already deployed a strategy of mHealth to ensure sustainable health services, however, the success depends on the crucial role of each member states [10]. Some pilot mHealth projects have been scaled up to a broader level (national) with inadequate evi-dence on high-quality evaluation, [40] while the usabil-ity evaluation of this study presents a viable empirical data. At the same time, reviews showed that mHealth app interventions to establish health indicators are very limited because of low participant engagement [41]. Another empirical study revealed that the engage-ment contributes to patient empowerengage-ment to be able to make healthy decision and control of their behaviors [7]. However, some studies also showed signiﬁcant cor-relations in delivering health information [42] and the outcomes of cost-eﬀectiveness which are promising [43]. Both from the commercial and service perspec-tives, mobile information and communication have the potential to revolutionize healthcare, particularly in low-resource settings of the low and the middle-income countries where healthcare infrastructure yet to be developed properly [44]. As a result, the growing evidence on communication technologies and mobility of information in healthcare has attracted the attention of practitioners, academic researchers and policy-makers globally [45–47].

Scientiﬁc implication

Healthcare technologies create an opportunity for aﬄicting people around the world to continuously monitor health conditions, however, the research

capacity requires development of a science of mHealth [48]. The majority of mHealth apps based on nutrition and dietary habit are nascent and oﬀering to deliver behavior change (BC) interventions in an eﬀective way. These apps have limited implementation in dis-ease management in primary health care services due to noticeable lack in respect to engaging adaptable theoretical framework. Moreover, the user-centered design (UCD) perspective in pediatric weight manage-ment has rarely been harmonized.

It is highly recommended to consider the UX importance in developing a user-friendly interface. We found similar argument in a recent study that reveals technological innovation cannot be isolated from cultural context and the management methods should be improved continuously with the support of end-user and service providers [48]. The assessment result of UX and usability evaluation of the TreCLifeS-tyle app is such an intervention that entails an effective human and virtual coaching relationship to the families with overweight children. A significant finding of the study demonstrated the interactive interface (e.g. regu-lar physical activities) which is more effective than exclusively providing training and health-related infor-mation. To our knowledge, this paper is one of the pio-neer studies that accumulates BC and UCD to raise parents’ awareness about children’s eating behavior and lifestyle. Therefore, the TreCLifeStyle app will be an example of effective communication tool between health professional and patients.

Study limitations

From an empiric aspect, this paper is limited to speciﬁc healthcare-based mobile app. Any future research fol-lowing similar strategies needs to be managed properly. Since the mobile app was implemented pilot basis, sometimes poor performance of the interfaces required us to spend more time unexpectedly. The participants were selected by the organization with the help of pediatricians who seemed reluctant to say something that might be considered too obvious. Moreover, the researchers have a language barrier to accurate analysis even though all the documents have been translated into English.

Conclusion

This article underlines the importance of end-user experience and preference to address the growing need for interdisciplinary scientiﬁc research approach in mHealth service. Since the unprecedented progress in technology often outpacing the research, e ﬀective-ness and sustainability can be ensured through estab-lishing a network between health authorities and stakeholders [48]. Findings imply that mHealth apps need for rigorous evaluation approach, advanced

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research methods, and should be tailored individually to achieve its potential.

Even though the TreCLifeStyle app interfaces require a minimal change, it can be considered an exceptionally valuable example to keep up the eating routine consistency. Then again, the app’s pop-up notification helps respondents’ to start following the instructions and the feedback to arrange their daily meal. For example, the child ends up simply enamored with the jawbone bracelet by observing the everyday footsteps. Now they come to know which food and what measure of nourishment they need to incorporate into every meal. This article’s results support the claim that integrating end-users in interface development and the extension of mHealth could contribute to improving health outcomes [10]. Similarly, the user-centered design approach leads to the patient empow-erment which found inevitable in order to have control over the determinants of individual’s quality of life [7]. In spite of the fact that the mHealth apps are signifi-cantly diverse in nature and service quality, there are many commonalities that could be replicated directly from one to another. The findings from this study can also be supportive to the European nation states to be more caring in the development of mHealth interface. Therefore, the study concludes that ensuring end-users’ engagement in the health promotion inter-ventions can play a crucial role in order to make it scal-able, effective and impactful in the community. Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge all the participants in this study. The authors also thank FBK eHealth unit, Trento, Italy, Rosa Maimone, Silvia Fornasini and Marco Dianti for their sup-port with the study’s implementation and data acquisition. The corresponding author is especially thankful to Prof. Kim Usher, University of New England for her valuable comments and A/Prof. Renato Troncon, University of Trento for his advice and feedback during the research work.

Disclosure statement

No potential conﬂict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes on contributors

Atiqur Rahmanis currently pursuing his doctoral degree at Linköping University, Sweden. He has earned his previous master’s degrees in Anthropology from Bangladesh, and in Smart Community Design and Management (SCoDeM) from Italy. He is a public heath researcher with a strong background in qualitative research.

Yasmin Jahanis doing her PhD research at Hiroshima Uni-versity, Japan. Before starting her doctoral research, she has completed her medical degree (MBBS) and Master of Public Health (MPH) degree from two reputed universities in Ban-gladesh. She has expertise in eHealth-based intervention research along with rigorous knowledge in clinical research.

Habibullah Fahadis working as a senior researcher at icddr, b. He completed his master and bachelor (hons) degrees in Anthropology. His longlasting experience and understand-ing in qualitative research are remarkable.

ORCID

Atiqur Rahman http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7675-2415

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