Salis-Livisches Wörterbuch. Herausgegeben von Eberhard Winkler und Karl Pajusalu.: Linguistica Uralica. Supplementary Series. Volume 3.

Inhalt des 34. Bandes

editorial ... 1 O

svetlana Burkova : On the grammatical status of the -bcu form in tundra nenets ... 3 Rita Csiszár: the Role of Minority Mother tongue within the

austrian Minority Policy – with special Focus on hungarians of autochthounous and Migrant Origin living in austria ... 37 Merlijn de smit: the polypersonal passives of Old Finnish ... 51 D

k

Rogier Blokland: Rezension salis-livisches Wörterbuch. herausgegeben von eberhard Winkler und Karl Pajusalu. linguistica Uralica.

supplementary series. Volume 3. tallinn: teaduste akadeemia Kirjastus ... 75 simon Mulder: Rezension Blokland, Rogier: the Russian loanwords

in literary estonian. Wiesbaden: harrassowitz 2009. (VsUa 78) – linde, Paul van: the Finnic vocabulary against the background of interference. Ph.d. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. 2007. – Bentlin, Mikko: Niederdeutsch-finnische Sprachkontakte. Der lexikalische Einfluß des Niederdeutschen auf die finnische Sprache während des Mittelalters und der frühen neuzeit. helsinki: suomalais-ugrilainen seura 2008. (MsFOu 256) ... 81 Michael Rießler: Rezension Allemann, Lukas: Die Samen der Kola-

halbinsel: Über das leben einer ethnischen Minderheit in der sowjetunion. Peter lang (=Menschen und strukturen; 18), 2010. .. 101 Paula Jääsalmi-Krüger: Rezension Molan, Harald: Grundwortschatz

FInnIsCh. hamburg: helmut Buske Verlag. 2010 ... 107 Paula Jääsalmi-Krüger: Rezension Karlsson, Fred: Suomen perus-

kielioppi. Neljäs, laajennettu ja uudistettu painos. Helsinki: SKS.

2009. suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden seuran toimituksia 378 ... 117

Lehtinen, Tapari 1985: Vanhan persoonallisen passiivin jatkajiako? Virittäjä.

270-289.

Laitinen, Lea 1992. Välttämättömyys ja persoona. Suomen murteiden neses- siivisten rakenteiden semantiikkaa ja kielioppia. helsinki. suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden seura.

Nikkilä, Osmo 1980. Mikael Agricolan teosten paikallissijojen loppuheitto.

tampere. tamperen yliopisto.

Nikkilä, Osmo 1985. Apokope und altes Schriftfinnisch. Zur Geschichte der i-apokope des Finnischen. Groningen.

Palkki, Riitta – lauerma, Petri – Kuutti, Pirkko 2009. historiallinen löytö:

Rudimenta - uusi suomen varhaiskielioppi. Virittäjä. 2-17.

Pirinen, Kauko 1962. turun tuomiokapituli uskonpuhdistuksen murroksessa.

suomen kirkkohistoriallisen seuran toimituksia 62. helsinki. suomen Kirk- kohistoriallinen seura.

Penttilä, Aarni 1932. Upsalan suomenkielisen (1500-luvulta polveutuvan) evangeliumikirjan fragmentin kielestä. Suomi V:13. Helsinki.

Posti, Lauri 1975. Fragen der ostseefinnischen Verbalflexion II - Congressus tertius Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum tallinae habitus 17.-23.VIII.1970 Pars I. tallinn. 327-334.

Rapola, Martti 1965. Suomen kirjakielen historia pääpiirteittäin I. Vanhan kir- jasuomen kirjoitus- ja äänneasun kehitys. Helsinki. - 1967: Suomenkielinen proosa Ruotsin vallan aikana. helsinki.

Savijärvi, Ilka 1977. Itämerensuomalaisten kielten kieltoverbi I: Suomi. Hel- sinki.

Setälä, Emil Nestor – Wiklund, K.B. 1893. Johdatus - Suomen kielen muisto- merkkejä I. Mikael Agricolan Käsikirja ja Messu. Helsinki. IX-XLII.

de smit, Merlijn 2006: language contact and structural change. an Old Finnish case study. stockholm. stockholm Universitet.

the polypersonal passives of Old Finnish 73

Finnisch-Ugrische Mitteilungen Band 34 © helmut Buske Verlag 2011

salis-livisches Wörterbuch. herausgegeben von eberhard Winkler und Karl Pajusalu. linguistica Uralica. supplementary series. Volume 3.

tallinn: teaduste akadeemia Kirjastus.

It is the merit of eberhard Winkler to have rescued salis livonian (henceforth:

salis) from its undeserved obscurity, and Winkler, after his groundbreaking collections of Salis texts (Winkler 1994) and older Livonian texts (Winkler 1999), has now, together with Karl Pajusalu, compiled a dictionary of the language, encompassing all known lexical material. It is mainly based on the great sjögren-Wiedemann dictionary of 1861 and the additional material discovered by Winkler in a variety of sources, many of which, sequestered in archives in various parts of north-eastern europe, have not been and are not easily accessible. these newly discovered sources were published in Winkler 1994 and Winkler 1999, so the dictionary only contains ‘new’ salis material excerpted from Salis texts in the Sjögren-Wiedemann grammar.

Salis is generally believed to have become extinct in 1859 with the death of Mart sarum (1799-1859; his name is also spelled as Mahrz sahrums or, in Latvian orthography, as Mārcis Sārums). Whether Mart Sarum was indeed the last speaker of Salis remains a contentious issue (see Rudzīte & Karma 1975);

another name that occasionally crops up as a ‘last speaker’ is that of Gusts Bisnieks, who died in 1868 (see dribins 2007: 28-29). We will probably never know who the last speaker was, but it is likely that there were still people with some knowledge of the language alive in the 1860s and possibly even beyond (see Cimermanis 2003).

salis has always been treated as the ugly sibling of Couronian livonian

(henceforth: Couronian), due to the relative paucity of the extant material and

the inconsistent orthography used for its notation, and though these facts cannot

be denied, Winkler and Pajusalu insist that this is no excuse for the indifference

that has been its lot. Formerly, the main source for the Salis lexicon was the

sjögren-Wiedemann dictionary of 1861; Wiedemann prepared both the gram-

mar (Wiedemann 1861a) and the dictionary (Wiedemann 1861b) on the basis

of the material collected by sjögren. Unfortunately Wiedemann collated the

salis and Couronian data (see Wiedemann 1861a: IV), and only salis words

which do not occur in Couronian or which significantly diverge from it are

given an own lemma or marked, so that often there is no way of knowing if a

word existed in Salis if it is identical with its Couronian cognate. This is the

main problem with the lexicon of Salis; another danger when relying solely on

the Wiedemann-sjögren dictionary is that it contains only just over half of the

salis material recorded by sjögren (the rest is dispersed throughout the grammar

and the texts); neither does Kettunen’s 1938 Livonian dictionary encompass

everything (see Winkler 1994: 19). the Winkler-Pajusalu dictionary therefore

aims to comprise all known Salis lexical material, and is supposed to be the first in a series of volumes on Salis; a synchronic and diachronic grammar are also in the planning stages.

the present dictionary contains a lengthy introduction, which deals with the sources of the Salis material, paying extra attention to Sjögren, the source of the vast majority of the lexicon, and a short overview of previous research, followed by the main body of the work, the complete lexicon of Salis; it comprises about 1425 lemmata with about 8500 word forms in total. the dic- tionary, however, does not completely supersede Winkler 1994, where copies of the original sources occasionally show variant spellings not included in the present dictionary; e.g. poage ‘son’ (Winkler 1994: 95), recorded by Friedrich Kruse in 1839. The lexicon is followed by a German register, and this by five aquarelles depicting salis livonians by august Georg Petzold, the painter who accompanied sjögren on his journey in 1846 to livonia and Couronia.

the basic structure of each word article is as follows: the headword is gi- ven, if possible, as the nominative or the infinitive, with possible variants and a German translation; this is followed on a second line by forms from sources other than sjögren, in turn followed by phraseological units or short sentences, followed by compounds, prefixed and particle verbs. Each word article ends with references to possible cognates in Couronian (following the orthography of Kettunen 1938) and Finnic, and with possible loan origins (latvian, German or occasionally Russian). An example:

korr, korub / koreb ~ kuoŕŕ pflücken, lesen Prsneg (ab) kore

Imp2sg kor

PrtPerfPass kordets ‘ausgewählt’; PrtPerfAkt korren ~ korrenn ~ kuorren iskorr auswählen, erwählen

sakorr sammeln, aufsammeln jära korr abpflücken

K k

or̀ŕǝ̂; fi., est. korjata

The dictionary is a useful overview of the lexicon of Salis and of its lexical position within the southern Finnic languages. I’ve done a rough-and-ready word count with regard to cognates in other Finnic languages with the follo- wing results: 224 words occur in salis only, 343 in salis and Couronian, 135 in salis, Couronian and estonian, 29 in salis and estonian, 41 in salis, estonian and Finnish, 10 in salis, Couronian and Finnish, and 680 in salis, Couronian, estonian and Finnish. Most of the words occurring in salis only are latvian loans that happen to not have been recorded in Couronian, and so immediately a new desideratum suggests itself: a new dictionary of Couronian. Kettunen’s

76 diskussion und Kritik

1938 dictionary does not contain all Couronian material, as Vaba (2008) has shown in his review of Honko’s 2006 collection of Couronian texts collected by Mägiste in Sweden in the 1940s. Since 1938 there have been a not insignificant number of text publications of Couronian, and a thorough search through this material is sure to turn up previously unrecorded words. as luck would have it, tiit-Rein Viitso, emeritus professor of Finnic linguistics of the University of tartu, is presently compiling an all-embracing livonian-estonian-latvian dictionary which will include a grammar and texts. Fittingly, Viitso’s dictionary is supposed to be published in 2011, international year of livonian language and culture.

the words that occur only in salis and estonian are of course of interest with regard to the recurring question of similarities in Salis and in Pärnumaa and Mulgi estonian (most recently discussed in sutrop & Pajusalu 2009).

Borrowings from Estonian are of course not necessarily easily identified unless they preserve obvious estonian features, such as the comitative ending -ga in kirwoga ‘with an axe’ (cf. Salis kiruk ‘id.’); the form kirwoga, however, may be due to interference of the recorder’s native estonian and not genuine salis.

the similarity between Mulgi estonian and salis is especially noticeable:

compare e.g. salis siemil ‘same, samenkorn, Korn’ and Mulgi seemel versus Fin. siemen and est. seeme; though l ~ n variation is common in Finnic, as shown by e.g. Fin. ääni ‘voice’ vs. est. hääl ‘id.’, this variation is even more apparent in livonian: salis nīn ‘stadt’, Cour. nīn vs. Fin. linna, est. linn, salis linn (?< est.); salis niem ‘Kuh’, Cour. ni’em vs. Finn. lehmä, est. lehm, though nehmä also occurs in Finnish child language. One of the strengths of the present dictionary is that a considerable degree of effort has gone into finding Estonian dialect cognates for salis words that are not found in Kettunen 1938 (e.g. south estonian ammutada for salis antl ‘gähnen’ ~ Cour. am̅tlǝ̑; Häädemeeste järk for salis järk ~ järg ‘grob’ ~ Cour. juŕ̅g). similarly, etymologies have been established for words which were not etymologized in Kettunen 1938; e.g. ās

‘streu’, with no previous etymology, is derived from Middle low German âs

‘speise der tiere’, and Schuiblub ‘schwimmen’, still a word with no etymology in Winkler 1999 (p. 238), has now been supplied with its estonian cognate suplema ‘to bathe, to swim’.

a small number of words occurring only in salis are still of unknown origin:

Ahn ‘Mond’, adin ‘sommerroggen’ (but cf. latv. adiņi ~ atdieņi‘sommerroggen’;

Me I: 11, 154); Joatan ‘nacht’; klānts - klāntś ‘tasche’ (but cf. latv. klàncis

‘das stück; ein leeres, unbewachenes stück Getreidefeld; der schubsack und das Brot darin; die tasche’; Me II: 212-213); kourapild ‘kleiner heuschober’ (cf.

latv. kūra ‘gedroschenes, von der spreu nocht nicht getrenntes Getreide’, kûris

‘der nach dem dreschen zusammengestossen haufen von spreu und Getreide’;

Me II: 337); ḱensl ~ ḱiensl ‘lärmen’; with a view to the phrases pǟ ḱenslub ‘mir

diskussion und Kritik 77

schwindelt’ and säda min šudad ḱenslub ‘das kränkt mich’ perhaps cognate with est. kentslema ‘kreisen, hopsen’, which Winkler and Pajusalu link to salis tiendzl, -ub ‘sich winden’); lōd ‘behüten’; nestub : āig nestub ‘es wird schönes Wetter’; niss ‘dort’; probably a derivation of the pronominal stem ne-, accor- ding to Wiedemann (1861a: 190); nüpsta ‘Glied’ (perhaps cognate with est.

nüppel ‘cudgel’); Pigga ‘stehen’; piänt ‘mieten’ (perhaps latv. pie- + salis and

‘geben’, cf. latv. pìedãvât ‘anbieten’ and salis pieann ‘vergeben; verfaulen’);

pugub ‘zugleich’; ſchüht ‘Frosch’ (but cf. latv. šuote ‘Regenwurm’, related to šuoste ‘ein abgedeckter Frosch als Köder für Krebse’; Me IV: 113a, and suoste ‘Köder zum Krebsfangen (z.B. ein gebratener Frosch)’; Me III: 1139);

toub, -ub ‘fühlen’; tū ‘Grille’ (perhaps from latv. dũju! ‘Interj., kollere, girre!;

Me I: 524); ui (keel) ‘livisch’; uijis ‘klein’; (ül) vaint ‘sich versöhnen’; vatt

‘schloss’; ämal ‘Klee’ and äŋksi ‘? drückend, stickig, schwül, heiß’ (perhaps cognate with est. äng ‘uneasiness, distress’).

The present dictionary is also useful for the lexicology of Latvian. There is a tendency in latvian dialectology to equate livonian with Couronian, and to assume that words or constructions of Finnic origin occurring near the estonian border are automatically borrowings from estonian, but it is in these cases that the newish latvian dialect atlas by Blinkena et al. (1999) comes into its own and permits us to delineate the distribution of borrowings more clearly. espe- cially in cases where such words are found along the Vidzeme coast southwards instead of following the estonian-latvian border, salis origin could be taken into account; e.g. latv. dial. kunna ‘frog’ is recorded in 33 parishes along the estonian-latvian border and is probably borrowed from est. konn ‘id.’, but the variant konna ~ konne, which according to Blinkena et al. (1999: 84) is also a loan from estonian, is only recorded in 8 parishes along the coast from the Estonian-Latvian border down to Tūja (cf. Blinkena et al. 1995: map 29), and is therefore more likely a borrowing from salis kona ~ kōna.

latvian dialect sources could perhaps also be used to uncover unrecorded salis material; e.g. luodas (vējš), luodis, luods, luode, luodus ‘nW wind’, and luodāt ‘to blow from NW’ are all assumed (cf. Zeps 1962: 149) to be borrowed from Livonian, and Zeps refers to Cour. lūod (= lùo ̯ d ‘nordwest’), but luodas (vējš) and luodāt are only recorded in Tūja on the Vidzeme coast, and are therefore unlikely to be borrowed from Couronian: here salis origin is much more likely, even if the extant Salis material knows no such word and only differentiates between south (lünnug tūl), east (mütsa tūl ~ uomuk tūl), north (puoj tūl) and west wind (ristmeŕ tūl), cf. page 203 of the dictionary under review. there are also salis elements in the topography of the region;

this might also still be a source for enlarging the known lexicon of Salis: for example the first element in the toponym Kañgarkalns in Vidzeme is assumed by laumane (1996: 35) to be of Finnic origin (kalns ‘hill’ is Baltic), and she

78 diskussion und Kritik

refers to Cour. kāŋgaŕ ‘wellenförmige Bodenerhöhung (im Walde)’ and est.

kangur ‘steinhaufen, aus Kies gebildeter hügel’, but as it is recorded in skulte, approximately halfway between the Estonian-Latvian border and Riga, it is perhaps more likely of salis origin.

all in all Winkler and Pajusalu have done us a great service in collating all extant Salis material between two covers, making the present dictionary an ex- tremely useful tool for livonian, Finnic but also latvian linguistics, and leaving us impatiently waiting for the promised synchronic and diachronic grammars.

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80 diskussion und Kritik