Atmospheric measurement using CanSat

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Atmospheric

measurement using

CanSat

Sensors power analysis

Author: André Svensson

Degree programme: Electrical Engineering Main field of study: Electronics

Credits: 15 hp

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Atmospheric measurement using CanSat - Sensors power analysis André Svensson

Abstract 2020-05-26

Abstract

The climate change has been an ongoing debate throughout the years. There are already some devices that monitor the changing of the climate, CanSat is a good example. The main goal of this project is to create a CanSat prototype and analyse the power used by it. The focus is on several factors such as the use of power with and without an upload program, the use of power when the sensors are switched on/off and the duration of the battery using the prototype. Some parts of the analysis have been done theoretically and practical. The project has been conducted with the aid of Arduino, an ammeter, and a voltmeter. The results show that the prototype would not spare much power if the sensors are switched off and on, this because not all the sensors have implemented the “sleep mode”. The difference between sleep mode and the normal functionality is equal to 0.026𝑊. Moreover, the difference in power when there is an upload program and when there is not an upload program is equal to 0.057𝑊 . The duration of battery in the prototype is equal to 1 hour and 45 minutes according to the theoretical part, while the practical part showed a duration of 1 hour and 11 minutes. Moreover, the results show also that the prototype send the wrong values for some of the sensors when the battery have a low value. It was estimated a value of 7V of battery left to guarantee credible measurements.From the result it is possible to deduce that the decrease of power used from the CanSat prototype can be improved by finding sensors that have implemented the sleep mode, by having a small code and by having an electric platform that consume less power than Arduino.

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Acknowledgements 2020-05-26

Acknowledgements

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Atmospheric measurement using CanSat - Sensors power analysis André Svensson Table of contents 2020-05-26

Terminology

Acronyms

AMDAR Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay. WMO World Meteorological Organization.

GPS Global Positioning System.

ISCCP International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project. WCRP World Climate Research Programme.

NTC Negative Temperature Coefficient.

I2C Inter-Integrated Circuit.

LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas.

AMR Anisotropic Magnetoresistive.

PVT Velocity and Precise Time.

UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter.

SPP Serial Port Protocol.

AT Attention.

IDE Integrated Development Environment.

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Atmospheric measurement using CanSat - Sensors power analysis André Svensson Terminology 2020-05-26

Mathematical notation

Symbol Description Fg Force of Gravity. m Mass. g Acceleration of Gravity. 𝐹𝐷 Drag Force. 𝐶_𝐷 Drag Coefficient.

𝑝 Density of the air.

A Total Area of the Parachute.

v Descent Velocity.

P Electric Power.

V Voltage difference.

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Introduction 2020-05-26

1 Introduction

The climate change has been an ongoing debate throughout the

years. Nowadays, it is one of the most important topics all over the world. The loss of Arctic sea ice has increased during recent years, which is

endangered to many species and results in changes on the environment [1]. As Gates [2] discussed, the climate change will not be the bigger

problem in a long-term run. Gates also explained that it will take more than 15 years until significant changes will be seen.

A lot of countries have decided to act for further changes on the climate. The Paris agreement are one example of an action to combat climate changes. The aim of the Paris agreement is to strengthen the response to climate change and keeping the temperature below 2 degrees [3].To understand the climate system, there are some artifacts which helps the government and the scientist to observe the changes. The artifacts get observational data on the climate changes. It also keeps information about the Earth’s surface and the

temperature. This is done by sensors which remotely obtain all the necessary information [4]. There are several ways to monitor the changes of the climate. For example it is possible to monitor the climate change by using the Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) , satellites or by using the observing stations develop by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

[5][6].The data is later used for analysis, which simplifies the researches job in the process of retrieve changes in the climate[4].

CanSat is an alternative for all the different methods mentioned above that monitor the climate change. CanSat is a simulation of a satellite contained in a soft drink can. The simulation tries to recreate the design, the launch and the data measuring of a real satellite [7]. To support the sustainability and as well the climate change, the CanSat need to be more effective in the use of energy. As every machine, the CanSat need electrical energy to serve their purpose.

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the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the magnetic field and the acceleration. The data will be measured through the CanSat prototype, which will be launched from a high point. When all the components of the CanSat are functioning as expected, the duration and the using of energy will be measured.

This study is organized as it follows; a background where the readers will get a deeper understanding in the problem area, it will be led by the theory and thereafter followed by the method. The last sections will be the results, the discussion, and the conclusion.

1.1 Background and problem motivation

There are a lot of studies that have studied the use of satellites [4][8]. As Schiffer and Rossow[8] explains the International Satellite Cloud

Climatology Project (ISCCP) was approved as a project of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) in 1983. The concept was to collect and

analyse the satellite radiance data to improve the modelling of cloud effects on climate. As the year is 2020, a lot of changes have been done.

Nowadays, to build a satellite is very expensive. The process of building a satellite could cost more than 30 000 dollars, which is a lot of money [9]. But there are other options which gives similar results. An alternative to a satellite is CanSat, which is a simulation of a real satellite. CanSat is a good option if the budget is not enough for a real satellite.

Waleligne Molla explains in his research that Ethiopia metrology agency invest 240 euro per day to purchase weather satellites for broadcasting daily weather. The satellite is in use and then it throws away. If CanSat was an option, it could reduce the prices for countries and companies. CanSat could be a good alternative due to many factors. For example, it lands safe without damage and it works also for the next day [10]. Molla further explains in his research that the measured data is similar comparing to the measurements of both CanSat and the Ethiopia metrology.

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new batteries every time the CanSat is in use, which will be an expensive process. The CanSat could as well lose some of its potential of being the cheaper option. Instead of focusing on batteries, this study will be focusing on the use of power. To be able to make a simulation of a satellite, a

prototype will be done through the CanSat project.

1.2 The CanSat satellite

The CanSat satellite is a simulation of a satellite contained in a soft drink can. A CanSat is composed of different electrical and electronics components. The components vary according to the purpose of the CanSat. For example, the CanSat can be composed by sensors which can change according to the given use [11].

When a CanSat is developed, the prototype is launched to an altitude of a few hundred meters and its mission starts and ends during its fall with a parachute. During the fall, CanSat sends the measured data to the ground station in a wireless channel. Depending on components, the CanSat can measure different aspects, as example; humidity, pressure, and temperature [11].

The CanSat is implemented with the help of a manual. In the manual is given information about the different steps to follow for the creation of the simulation of the satellite. It also contains some information about the velocity and the mass of the implementation. The CanSat can be helpful to have an overview on something that can change during the time, for example the weather, the atmospheric measurement, and the smoke present in a city.

1.3 Overall aim

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1.4 Scope

The project has some restrictions due to several factors. The component that communicates with the ground station is unfortunately not capable of sending data to the ground station if the distance between these two is more than 100m. Moreover, it is important that the range in the ground station matches otherwise the devices will not connect with each other.

Besides the prototype would not be tested in a high altitude not just because of the feature of the component but also because of the poor availability of safe launch sites.

1.5 Concrete and verifiable goals

The goals of this thesis are to create the prototype and to analyse the amount of energy used by the CanSat prototype. The first goal is based on the choice of the sensors that will be used, the programming code to make the sensors measure and the CanSat implementation.

While the second goal is based on two different parts, one is the theoretical part and the other one is the practical. The theoretical part will focus on analysing the use of power with and without an upload program, the use of power when the sensors are switched on/off and the duration of the battery using the prototype. In the practical part will the use of power with and without an upload program and the measurement of power using different kind of batteries be analysed.

1.6 Outline

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Theory 2020-05-26

2 Theory

2.1 CanSat

The components of the CanSat vary according to the purpose of the CanSat, in this project the main goal of the CanSat prototype is to measure different factors that could give information about the changing of the climate[7][11]. The components that are implemented in the prototype must be able to calculate relevant factors for the monitoring of the climate change during the fall with the parachute. The components are the humidity/temperature

sensor, two gas sensors, GPS sensor, Bluetooth module sensor, magnetic field sensor, gyroscope sensor and pressure sensor. The choice of these

components is based on the compatibility with the Arduino software, the dimensions and with the factors which can demonstrate if there has been a change in the climate.

2.2 Parachute design

The parachute will provide a safe landing for the CanSat as it returns to earth. There are some requirements the CanSat must have. This is because if the CanSat descent is too slow then it could drift far with the wind but if its descent too fast it might be damaged.

Requirements descent Parameters Minimal descent velocity: 8 𝑚/𝑠 Maximal descent velocity: 11 𝑚/𝑠

Maximum allowed CanSat mass: 350 grams During descent two main forces act on the CanSat:

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Theory 2020-05-26

Figure 1: shows the two main forces that act on the CanSat.

The first force is given by the following formula:

𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝑔 (1)

where m is the mass of the prototype and g is the acceleration of gravity, equal to 9.82 𝑚/𝑠2.

The second force is given by the following formula:

𝐹𝐷 = 0.5 ∗ 𝐶𝐷 ∗ 𝑝 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑣2 (2)

where 𝐴 is the total area of the parachute, 𝐶𝐷 is the drag coefficient of the

parachute, 𝑣 the descent velocity of the CanSat and 𝑝 the local density of the air, assumed to be constant at 1.225 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3.

From a table it is possible to find the value of the drag coefficient which depends on the shape of the parachute.

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Theory 2020-05-26

semi spherical: 1.5 flat, hexagon: 0.8

When the CanSat is launched, the force of gravity will cause it to accelerate. After a few seconds, the drag force will reach equilibrium with the force of gravity. When this happens, the acceleration is equal to zero and the CanSat will descent at a constant velocity [11]. In other words:

𝐹𝑔 = 𝐹_𝐷 (3)

2.3 Electric Power

Several sensors have been implemented to the prototype. From the datasheet of the sensors it is possible to find information about the operating voltage, the operating current and the stand-by operating current. These features are essential for the calculation of the electric power. The power is equal to the voltage where the difference across the element is multiplied by the current. The general formula is:

P=V*I (4)

where P is the electric power, V is the voltage difference and I is the current [12].

2.4 Battery life

Battery life is a measure of battery performance, which can be quantified in several ways: as run time on a full charge, as estimated by a manufacturer in milliampere hours, or as the number of charge cycles until the end of useful life. The battery life is measured in time. The general formula is:

𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒 = 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦/𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (5)

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Methodology 2020-05-26

3 Methodology

This project is divided into 3 main parts: the background study, the creation of the model to analyse and analysis of the power. An easy method has been used to solve the aim of this project. For example, to use Arduino, which is the easiest electronic platform to program with and moreover different kind of sensors are compatibles to it.

3.1 background study

The theoretical background study focuses on research articles and papers about different sectors. These articles and papers describes the using of CanSat, the theory behind the design of a parachute, the communication and the data of the sensors e.g. how to connect all the sensors together, the operating current and voltage useful to calculate the electric power.

3.2 Implementation

The second part of the project was divided in several sections: the selection of the sensors, the coding of the sensors, the construction of the prototype and the test of the prototype.

The first section is about the components that are implemented in the prototype. These components must be able to calculate relevant factors for the monitoring of the climate change. The components are the humidity/temperature sensor, two gas sensors, GPS sensor, Bluetooth module sensor, magnetic field sensor, gyroscope sensor and pressure sensor.

The second section is about the code for all these sensors. The sensors have been programmed with the language that Arduino IDE supports which are C and C++ using special rules of code structuring.

The program made in the Arduino’s IDE was possible to create thanks to the libraries for each sensor that the Arduino system provide.

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Figure 2: shows the result of the program made in the Arduino’s IDE.

The third section is about the construction of the prototype. Choosing the arrangement of the sensors was not an easy task since all the sensors must be connected in a small space. This because the sensors will be placed in a can. Therefore, the arrangement of the sensors, the Arduino and the battery have been studied in an efficient way also because the battery must be changed once it is finished. The following figure (Figure 3) shows the functionality of the project and its components.

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Ground station:

Figure 4: shows the functionality of the ground station.

The last section is about the test of the prototype. The prototype has been launched from the roof of a block of flats that satisfied the features of the Bluetooth module (see the chapter about the scope). Several attempts have been made to ensure that the sensor has warmed up so the sensors can be able to measure more accurately.

3.3 Analysis of the power

The last part of the project is the analysis of the power.

The analysis of the power is divided in two categories: the theoretical and the practical.

The theoretical analysis of power includes the measuring of power in different circumstances. These circumstances are the following:

● The use of power without an upload program. ● The use of power with an upload program.

● The use of power when the sensors are switched on/off. ● The duration of the battery using the prototype

In the practical analysis some of the circumstances are taken from the theoretical analysis such as:

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● The measurement of power without an upload program. ● The measurement of power using different kind of batteries. The analysis of the power can be resume in the following figure:

Figure 5: show a mind chart about the analysis of the power.

In the theoretical part, the information to calculate the power has been taken from the datasheet of each sensor. The operating voltage, the operating current and the stand-by operating current are taking from the datasheet. The information given from the datasheet is useful to calculate the use of power when the sensors are switched on/off, when there is an upload program and when there is not an upload program. To calculate the use of power during one flight it will be necessary to know the time that the prototype will be in the air, which is given by the program.

To calculate the duration of the battery it is required to check the datasheet for the battery in use. According to formula (5) it is also necessary to know the load current, which is easy to calculate by adding the operating current of all the sensors in the prototype.

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Design/Implementation 2020-05-26

4 Design / Implementation

The prototype design consists of four different parts: the selection of the sensors, the coding of the sensors, the construction of the prototype and the CanSat implementation.

4.1 The selection of the sensors

A CanSat is composed of different electrical and electronics components. The components vary according to the purpose of the CanSat, in this project the main goal of the CanSat prototype is to measure different factors that could give information about the changing of the climate.

This chapter will provide an overview of the hardware and software used in the CanSat project. The sections on hardware describe the components used such as the sensors. While the software section deals with the IDE and software tools used. Furthermore, all the formulas necessary for the construction of the parachute and for the calculation of the energy will be explained.

4.1.1 Hardware Overview

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4.1.1.1 ATmega328

Figure 6: ATmega328P [13].

ATMEGA328P is high performance, low power controller from Microchip. ATMEGA328P is an 8-bit microcontroller AVR. The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts. It has 28 pins and is often used in Arduino boards. This

processor is the brain of CANSAT [13].

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4.1.1.2 Temperature sensor

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The different types of temperature sensors are: ● Thermocouples

● Thermistors

● Resistor temperature detectors ● Semiconductors

● Infrared sensors ● Thermometers Humidity sensor DTH11

Figure 7: Humidity sensor DTH11

The humidity sensor DHT11 is used as a Temperature and humidity sensor. The sensor is composed by a NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) to measure temperature and an 8-bit microcontroller to output the values of temperature and humidity as serial data. The sensor can measure temperature from 0°C to 50°C and humidity from 20% to 90% with an accuracy of ±1°C and ±1% [15].

4.1.1.3 Pressure sensor

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Pressure Sensor BMP180

Figure 8: Pressure Sensor BMP180

The sensor BMP180 measures the absolute pressure. It has a measuring range from 300 to 1100hPa with an accuracy down to 0.02 hPa. It can also measure altitude and temperature. The BMP180 barometric sensor communicates via I2C interface (Inter-Integrated Circuit). This means that it communicates just with two pins [16].

4.1.1.4 Gas sensor

A gas sensor is a device which detects the presence or concentration of gases in the atmosphere. Based on the concentration of the gas, the sensor

produces an output voltage. With this voltage value the type and concentration of the gas can be estimated [17].

There are different types of gas sensors: ● Metal Oxide based gas Sensor. ● Optical gas Sensor.

● Electrochemical gas Sensor. ● Capacitance-based gas Sensor. ● Calorimetric gas Sensor. ● Acoustic based gas Sensor.

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Figure 9: Gas sensor MQ-2

MQ2 gas sensor is an electronic sensor used for sensing the concentration of gases in the air such as LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), propane, methane, hydrogen, alcohol, smoke, and carbon monoxide. MQ2 gas sensor is also known as chemiresistor. It contains a sensing material whose resistance changes when it encounters the gas. This change in the value of resistance is used for the detection of gas. The sensor can be used as a digital or analog sensor, furthermore the sensitivity of digital pin can be varied using the potentiometer [18].

Gas sensor MQ-9

Figure 10:Gas sensor MQ-9

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resistance changes when it meets the gas. This change in the value of resistance is used for the detection of gas [19].

4.1.1.5 Three axis accelerometer ±3/9g (MMA7341LC)

Figure 11: Three axis accelerometer ±3/9g MMA7341LC

The MMA7361LC is a low power, low profile capacitive micromachined accelerometer featuring signal conditioning. The MMA7361LC includes a Sleep Mode that makes it ideal for handheld battery powered electronics. It has a high sensitivity and it operates is a voltage between 2.2 V- 3.6 V. This kind of sensor can be applied in different sectors for example 3D gaming (tilt and motion sensing), freefall detection, motion sensing, etc [20].

4.1.1.6 Magnetic field sensor HMC5883L

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This component bases its operation on AMR (Anisotropic Magnetoresistive) technology and allows to measure both the direction and the magnitude of the earth’s magnetic field [21].

This magnetometer HMC5883L has within 3 magneto-resistive sensors arranged on three perpendicular axes (the Cartesian axes x, y and z). The component HMC5883L communicates with Arduino through the I2C protocol [22].

4.1.1.7 GPS Satellite Positioning Module for Arduino STM32

C51

Figure 13: GPS Satellite Positioning Module for Arduino STM32 C51

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of at least 24 satellites. GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world. A GPS receiver is a processor capable of solving the navigation equations in order to determine the user Position, Velocity and Precise-Time (PVT), by processing the signal broadcasted by Global

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4.1.1.8 HC-05 - Bluetooth Module

Figure 14: HC-05 bluetooth module

The HC-05 Bluetooth module is used to communicate between two microcontrollers or communicate with any device with Bluetooth functionality. The module communicates with the help of USART (Universal

Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) at 9600 baud rates.

The HC-05 has two operating modes, one is the Data mode in which it can send and receive data from other Bluetooth devices and the other is the AT Command mode where the default device settings can be changed. It is very easy to pair the HC-05 module with microcontrollers because it operates using the Serial Port Protocol (SPP). [24]

4.1.2 Software Overview

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4.1.2.1 Arduino Uno

Figure 15: Arduino uno

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs, light on a sensor and turn it into an output. To do so it is necessary to use the Arduino programming language, and the Arduino Software IDE (Integrated

Development Environment). With the Arduino programming language, the

programmer will be able to send commands to the board [25].

Arduino was chosen because it is very easy to program and has many compatible sensors. Furthermore, Arduino is one of the cheapest microcontrollers.

4.2 Coding of sensors

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Figure 16: shows the flowchart of the program used in the prototype.

4.3 Construction of the prototype

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Figure 17: shows the connections between the sensors and Arduino.

In figure 17 the GPS module and the Bluetooth module are not connected to the board, but they are connected in the prototype. This is shown in the figure below (Figure 18).

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4.4 CanSat implementation

The next step is to design the parachute that will prevent the prototype to free fall during the measurements. The design of the parachute has been done following the instructions in chapter 2 under the subtitle parachute design. Once the design of the parachute is done the last step is to implement the sensors, the parachute and Arduino with the can. Choosing the

arrangement of the sensors was not an easy task since all the sensors must be connected in a small space. Therefore, the arrangement of the sensors, the Arduino and the battery have been studied in an efficient way, also because the battery must be changed once it is finished. The figure below shows the CanSat prototype.

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Results 2020-05-26

5 Results

This chapter will discuss the analysis of the power. The analysis of the power is divided into two parts: the theoretical and the practical results of the study.

5.1 Analysis of the power

5.1.1 Theoretical part

The datasheet of the sensors gives following values:

Table 2: shows some values of the sensors from the datasheet.

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Results 2020-05-26

Table 3: shows the values of the operating current and voltage for the Arduino from the datasheet.

The sensors are connected to Arduino with different kind of pins, some of them are digital pins and some are analog pins. This must be considered during the calculation of the power because the Arduino consummate more if analog pins are used. Which means also that the choice of the sensors has an important role in the consumption of the energy.

The prototype consume energy when a program is looping into the software that is why it is interesting to see if the ATmega328p consume more energy in proportionality to the length of the code. Two tests have been made, one with an upload program and one without an upload program, both at

16MHz. From the datasheet of the Arduino it is possible to find the operating current that the microprocessor consumes when a program is running and when the Arduino is in “sleep” mode. This is possible if we reduced the clock speed from 16MHz to 8MHz. When the clock speed is reduced in that way the operating current becomes 8.5 mA [27].

With the operating current shown in table 3, the electric power becomes equal to 2.456 𝑊according to formula (4). While if there is an upload program then the electric power is equal to 2.513𝑊.

The duration of the battery is calculated according to formula (5). The datasheet gives the mAh for the battery, which is equal to 500mAh and the load current is equal to 0.343775 A.

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Results 2020-05-26

According to the theoretical value above, the life of the battery used by the prototype should be equal to 1 hour and 45 minutes. This value is based on ideal conditions. Which means that the prototype should be able to measure for 1 hour and 45 minutes.

5.1.2 Practical part

The measurement of the consumption of energy with an upload program is equal to 3.056 W according to the formula (4). The values from the

measurement are the following (Figure 20):

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Results 2020-05-26

The measurement of the consumption of energy without an upload program is equal to 2.894 W according to the formula (4). The values from the

measurement are the following (Figure 21):

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Results 2020-05-26

The program had implemented a time calculator, which measures the time in milliseconds. This factor has been used to calculate the estimated battery life. Two batteries with differentcapacity have been tested. The time given by the first battery is equal to 2679189 ms, which is equal to 44 minutes.

The time of the second battery is equal to 4018289 ms, which is equal to 1 hour and 11 minutes. These two results show that the first battery of 492 mAh has a shorter duration compare to the second one of 550 mAh. Another thing that must be considered is that not all the sensors have the same operating voltage. This means that the data sent by the sensors could not be accurate. In fact, the gas sensors will start to give a wrong

measurement when the operating voltage is less than 4.80V. The other sensors will start to give a wrong measurement when the voltage in the battery is equal or less than 7V. These because the voltage into the 5V pin would not be 5V but less as shown below (Figure 22).

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Discussion 2020-05-26

6 Discussion

As can be seen from the results in chapter 5 the use of energy in the different circumstances can variate according to the sector that the studies focus on. By turning the sensors on and off, the result does not change very much the different between them is equal to 0.026𝑊. That happens because not all the sensors have a stand-by mode, of eight sensors just three of them were implemented with a stand-by function.

Another factor to consider is the use of digital pins, if the sensors use digital pins then the consumption of energy will be less than if the sensors have analog pins. In fact, as shown in table 3 the operating current for digital pins is equal to 20 𝑚𝐴 while the operating current for the analog pins is equal to 50 𝑚𝐴. The difference between those is of 30 𝑚𝐴.

Moreover, it is to consider the program running into the Arduino. As chapter 5 shows, the consumption of energy is less if the prototype does not have running program upload. The difference of energy between an upload program and without an upload program is equal to 0.057𝑊. Moreover, the practical results give more or less the same value. The table below (Table 4) shows the data according to the results in chapter 5.

Table 4: shows the data according to the results in chapter 4.

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Discussion 2020-05-26

the practical part. Moreover, it was necessary to check if the data of the prototype was still credible and accurate when the battery decreases. The result is that the prototype sent the wrong values for some of the sensors when the battery had a low value. It was estimated a value of 7V of battery left to guarantee credible measurements.

The improvement of the consumption of energy in the prototype will make this project not only a prototype with a design that is based on relatively low-cost components but also environment friendly. The production of the project should be able even in the poorest countries and it is completely safe. The only problem would be the battery, but if scientists find a way to power the prototype in a sustainable way the problem would be solved.

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Conclusions 2020-05-26

7 Conclusions

The aim of the project was to analyse the amount of energy used by the prototype. The conclusions are that if we use the sleep mode in the sensors, sensors with digital pins and a small code program. It will be possible to reduce the amount of energy used.

It can be concluded from this research project that a way to minimize the consumption of energy by the prototype, is indeed possible. The results in chapter 5 show the different ways to be able to achieve a decrease of used power.

7.1 Future work

This project can be further improved. There are more factors that can

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References 2020-05-26

References

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Atmospheric measurement using CanSat

Atmospheric

measurement using

CanSat

Sensors power analysis

Author: André Svensson

Abstract

Acknowledgements

Table of Contents

Terminology

Acronyms

Mathematical notation

1 Introduction

1.1 Background and problem motivation

1.2 The CanSat satellite

1.3 Overall aim

1.4 Scope

1.5 Concrete and verifiable goals

1.6 Outline

2 Theory

2.1 CanSat

2.2 Parachute design

2.3 Electric Power

2.4 Battery life

3 Methodology

3.1 background study

3.2 Implementation

3.3 Analysis of the power

4 Design / Implementation

4.1 The selection of the sensors

4.1.1 Hardware Overview

4.1.1.1 ATmega328

4.1.1.2 Temperature sensor

4.1.1.3 Pressure sensor

4.1.1.4 Gas sensor

4.1.1.5 Three axis accelerometer ±3/9g (MMA7341LC)

4.1.1.6 Magnetic field sensor HMC5883L

4.1.1.7 GPS Satellite Positioning Module for Arduino STM32

C51

4.1.1.8 HC-05 - Bluetooth Module

4.1.2 Software Overview

4.1.2.1 Arduino Uno

4.2 Coding of sensors

4.3 Construction of the prototype

4.4 CanSat implementation

5 Results

5.1 Analysis of the power

5.1.1 Theoretical part

5.1.2 Practical part

6 Discussion

7 Conclusions

7.1 Future work

References