COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT URBAN STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME FLOODS LINKED TO CLIMATE CHANGE

(1)

COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT

URBAN STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME FLOODS LINKED TO CLIMATE CHANGE

(2)

.Impact of floods

.Risk of urban floods

.Latin America exposure to floods

.Case study

.Colombia’s vulnerability to floods

.Regional scale study

.San Cristobal’s current conditions:

Inhabitants

Blue and green structures

Land use

Urban areas

.Local Hazards and vulnerability

(3)

Rotterdam, Netherlands

Potential of mortality rate from flood risk

High Medium

The Urban Age Programme

http://urban-age.net/cities/istanbul/data/2009/

Urban Flood Risk Management World Meteorological Organization

http://www.apfm.info/pdf/ifm_tools/Tools_Urban_Flood_Risk_Management.pdf

Low

New Orleans, USA Bangkok, Thailand

Causes and Impacts of Urban Floods Risk

The occurrence of an extreme event caused by natural forces (storm, cyclone, etc) is the primary precondition in the creation of risk. The second component is someone or something being EXPOSED to such HAZARD. The last and most important component determines wheter or not exposure to a hazard constitutes a risk to result in a disaster: VULNERABILITY,determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes.

Land Use change (Deforestation)

Reduce permeable surfaces

Obstruction of natural water flow

30% 30% 25% 25% 10% 10% 55% 5% 75-100% Impervious surface Natural Ground surface Heavy Rainfall

Physical vulnerability of people

and infrastructure Unfavourable organizational and economic conditions Attitudes and motivations.

Vs Population in range of

Flood waters.

Seasonal cyclones Sea level rise

$$$ $ $ ? ? ? 16 AUG

R

I

S

K

HAZARDS

NATURAL - Meteorological & Hydrological factors HUMAN - factors aggravating natural hazards. EXPOSURE VULNERABILITY 1 1 1 2 2 3 Tabasco, México Iowa, USA

Almost half of the major natural disasters happening in the world have to do with flooding. The number of such events has

been increasing over the years due to climate change combined with an accelerated and uncontrolled urban growth

INTR

ODUC

(4)

Today, over 150 million people live within 1 m. of high tide level, being exposed to flooding in cases of heavy rainfall, cyclones or increase

in the sea level. Nevertheless,

EXPOSURE

does not always represent a risk or danger. Between 1985 and 1999 the economical losses

of the richest countries due to natural disasters were just over 2% GDP, while the poorest countries’ losses were 13%.

The red cross reported 23 deaths per disaster compared to 1,052 in the rich and poor countries respectively between 1991 and 2000.

What represents a risk for s a community, is their

VULNERABILITY

to disasters, besides exposure, these are the living conditions,

infrastructure, technology available, economical level, and responsiveness in such situations.

INTR

ODUC

(5)

The occurrence of an extreme event caused by natural forces (storm, cyclone, etc) is the primary precondition in the creation of

risk. The second component is someone or something being EXPOSED to such HAZARD. The last and most important component

determines wheter or not exposure to a hazard constitutes a risk to result in a disaster: VULNERABILITY,determined by physical, social,

economicand environmental factors or processes.

RISK OF URBAN FLOODS

Potential of mortality rate from flood risk

High Medium

http://www.apfm.info/pdf/ifm_tools/Tools_Urban_Flood_Risk_Management.pdf Low

Causes and Impacts of Urban Floods Risk

The occurrence of an extreme event caused by natural forces (storm, cyclone, etc) is the primary precondition in the creation of risk. The second component is someone or something being EXPOSED to such HAZARD. The last and most important component determines wheter or not exposure to a hazard constitutes a risk to result in a disaster: VULNERABILITY,determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes.

Physical vulnerability of people

and infrastructure Unfavourable organizational and economic conditions Attitudes and motivations.

Vs

Population in range of Flood waters.

$$$ $ $ ? ? ? 16 AUG

R

I

S

K

HAZARDS

NATURAL - Meteorological & Hydrological factors HUMAN - factors aggravating natural hazards. EXPOSURE VULNERABILITY 1 1 1 2 2 3 Tabasco, México Iowa, USA

z

INTR

ODUC

(6)

The Urban Age Programme http://urban-age.net/cities/istanbul/data/2009/

MORTALITY RISK FROM FLOODING

Urban Flood Risk Management

World Meteorological Organization

CAUSES AND IMPACTS OF URBAN FLOODS RISK

The occurrence of an extreme event caused by natural forces (storm, cyclone, etc) is the primary

precondition in the creation of risk. The second component is someone or something being EXPOSED

to such HAZARD. The last and most important component determines wheter or not exposure to a

hazard constitutes a risk to result in a disaster: VULNERABILITY,determined by physical, social, economic

and environmental factors or processes.

Physical vulnerability of people and infrastructure Unfavourable organizational

and economic conditions Attitudes and motivations.

Vs Population in range of Flood waters.

$$$ $ $

?

16 AUG

R

I

S

K

HAZARDS

NATURAL - Meteorological & Hydrological factors HUMAN - factors aggravating natural hazards.

EXPOSURE

VULNERABILITY

1

2

3 POTENTIAL OF MORTALITY RATE FROM FLOOD RISK

High Medium

Low

COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT

URBAN STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME FLOODS LINKED TO CLIMATE CHANGE

Almost half of the major natural disasters happening in the world have to do with flooding. The number of such events has been increasing over the

years due to climate change combined with an accelerated and uncontrolled urban growth.

Tabasco, México Iowa, USA

Poor and developing countries are the most affected by natural disaster. Today, over 150

million people live within 1 m. of high tide level, exposed to flooding in cases of heavy

rain-fall, cyclones or increase in the sea level. Nevertheless,

EXPOSURE

does not always

rep-resent a risk or danger. Between 1985 and 1999 the losses of the richest countries due to

natural disasters were just over two per cent of GDP, while the poorest countries’ losses were

13 per cent, also, the red cross reported 23 deaths per disaster compared to 1,052 in the rich

and poor countries respectively between 1991 and 2000. What makes a community more

VULNERABLE

to disasters, besides exposure, are the living conditions, infrastructure,

technology available, economical level, and responsiveness in such situations.

INTR

ODUC

(7)

MORTALITY RISK FROM FLOODING

CITIES IN LATIN-AMERICA EXPOSED TO FLOODS ARE HIGHLY VULNERABLE

Urban Flood Risk Management

World Meteorological Organization

CAUSES AND IMPACTS OF URBAN FLOODS RISK

The occurrence of an extreme event caused by natural forces (storm, cyclone, etc) is the primary

precondition in the creation of risk. The second component is someone or something being EXPOSED

to such HAZARD. The last and most important component determines wheter or not exposure to a

hazard constitutes a risk to result in a disaster: VULNERABILITY,determined by physical, social, economic

and environmental factors or processes.

Physical vulnerability of people and infrastructure Unfavourable organizational

and economic conditions Attitudes and motivations.

Vs Population in range of Flood waters.

$$$ $ $

?

16 AUG

R

I

S

K

HAZARDS

NATURAL - Meteorological & Hydrological factors HUMAN - factors aggravating natural hazards.

EXPOSURE

VULNERABILITY

1

2

3 POTENTIAL OF MORTALITY RATE FROM FLOOD RISK

High Medium

Low

COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT

URBAN STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME FLOODS LINKED TO CLIMATE CHANGE

Almost half of the major natural disasters happening in the world have to do with flooding. The number of such events has been increasing over the

years due to climate change combined with an accelerated and uncontrolled urban growth.

Tabasco, México Iowa, USA

Poor and developing countries are the most affected by natural disaster. Today, over 150

million people live within 1 m. of high tide level, exposed to flooding in cases of heavy

rain-fall, cyclones or increase in the sea level. Nevertheless,

EXPOSURE

does not always

rep-resent a risk or danger. Between 1985 and 1999 the losses of the richest countries due to

natural disasters were just over two per cent of GDP, while the poorest countries’ losses were

13 per cent, also, the red cross reported 23 deaths per disaster compared to 1,052 in the rich

and poor countries respectively between 1991 and 2000. What makes a community more

VULNERABLE

to disasters, besides exposure, are the living conditions, infrastructure,

technology available, economical level, and responsiveness in such situations.

INTR

ODUC

(8)

San Cristobal, Colombia was declared in a state of economic, social and environmental emergency in 2011, when the regular rainy season

combined with the climatologic phenomenon of ‘La Niña’ increased the precipitation in the region causing the overflow of the Dique

channel and the Capote marsh, resulting in an economical and social collapse and a significant deterioration of the livability conditions

of the territory.

CASE STUDY IN COLOMBIA

INTR

ODUC

TION

No. of people affected by floods 2008 92-4985 4986-21796 21797-48124 48125-104811 104812-227458

$

$$$

$$

+

=

Barranquilla

1 859 651 inhab.

Cartagena de Indias

983,545 inhab.

San Cristobal

_{7839 inhab.}

To Bogotá

Magdalena River

connects 18 states, carrying most

of Colombia’s transport and waste.

1500km

Dique Channel

hosts a large ecosystem and is the

best connection for most towns in the region.

c. XVI

113 Km

3 states

The

Floods in 2010

affected 92,000 people

214 m.

5 states

200 million tons of

sedimentation/year

10 millions m3 of

sedimentation/year

67% of transit

is oil products

+1.5 m.

92,000 evacuees

80% of Colombia’s

fluvial transportation

137 amphibious

81 aves

32 reptiles

5 flora

41 mammals

San Cristobal, Colombia was declared in a state of economic, social and environmental emergency in 2011, when the

regular rainy season combined with the climatologic phenomenon of ‘La Niña’ increased the precipitation s in the region

causing the overflow of the Dique channel and the Capote marsh, resulting in an economical and social collapse and

(9)

No. of people affected by floods 2008 92-4985 4986-21796 21797-48124 48125-104811 104812-227458

$

$$$ $$$

$$

+

=

Barranquilla

1 859 651 inhab.

Cartagena de Indias

983,545 inhab.

San Cristobal

_{7839 inhab.}

To Bogotá

Magdalena River

connects 18 states, carrying most

of Colombia’s transport and waste.

1500km

Dique Channel

hosts a large ecosystem and is the

best connection for most towns in the region.

c. XVI

113 Km

3 states

The

Floods in 2010

affected 92,000 people

214 m.

5 states

200 million tons of

sedimentation/year

10 millions m3 of

sedimentation/year

67% of transit

is oil products

+1.5 m.

92,000 evacuees

80% of Colombia’s

fluvial transportation

137 amphibious

81 aves

32 reptiles

5 flora

41 mammals

San Cristobal, Colombia was declared in a state of economic, social and environmental emergency in 2011, when the

regular rainy season combined with the climatologic phenomenon of ‘La Niña’ increased the precipitation s in the region

causing the overflow of the Dique channel and the Capote marsh, resulting in an economical and social collapse and

a significant deterioration of the livability conditions of the territory.

HAZARDS

Caribbean Sea IDEAM, 2004 OPS, 95-98 Poverty stratum inundated areas DPAD, 2008

No. of people affected by floods 2008

Caribbean Sea Caribbean Sea

Región Caribe

Pacific Ocean Pacific

Ocean OceanPacific

VULNERABILITY

AREAS AT GREATER RISK

C O L O M B I A

No. of people affected by floods 2008 92-4985 4986-21796 21797-48124 48125-104811 104812-227458 $ $ $ $$$ $$$ $$ $$

+

=

Barranquilla 1 859 651 inhab. Cartagena de Indias

983,545 inhab. San Cristobal_{7839 inhab.}

To Bogotá

Magdalena River

connects 18 states, carrying most of Colombia’s transport and waste.

1500km

Dique Channel

hosts a large ecosystem and is the best connection for most towns in the region.

c. XVI

113 Km 3 states

The

Floods in 2010

affected 92,000 people

214 m. 5 states 200 million tons of sedimentation/year 10 millions m3 of sedimentation/year 67% of transit is oil products +1.5 m. 92,000 evacuees 80% of Colombia’s fluvial transportation 137 amphibious 81 aves 32 reptiles 5 flora 41 mammals San Cristobal, Colombia was declared in a state of economic, social and environmental emergency in 2011, when the

regular rainy season combined with the climatologic phenomenon of ‘La Niña’ increased the precipitation s in the region causing the overflow of the Dique channel and the Capote marsh, resulting in an economical and social collapse and a significant deterioration of the livability conditions of the territory.

C

ONTEX

(10)

Highway Local road

To Bogota

C

ONTEX

T

+

=

To Bogotá

Magdalena River connects 18 states, carrying most of Colombia’s transport and waste.

1500km

Dique Channelhosts a large ecosystem and is the best connection for most towns in the region.

c. XVI

113 Km 3 states

The Floods in 2010 affected 92,000 people

Caribbean

Sea

REGION CARIBE

+

=

To Bogotá

Magdalena River connects 18 states, carrying most of Colombia’s transport and waste.

1500km

Dique Channelhosts a large ecosystem and is the best connection for most towns in the region.

c. XVI

113 Km 3 states

The Floods in 2010 affected 92,000 people

+

=

Barranquilla

1 859 651 inhab.

Cartagena de Indias

983,545 inhab.

San Cristobal

_{7839 inhab.}

To Bogotá

Magdalena River

connects 18 states, carrying most

of Colombia’s transport and waste. 1500km

Dique Channel

hosts a large ecosystem and is the

best connection for most towns in the region. c. XVI

113 Km 3 states

The

Floods in 2010

affected 92,000 people

regular rainy season combined with the climatologic phenomenon of ‘La Niña’ increased the precipitation s in the region causing the overflow of the Dique channel and the Capote marsh, resulting in an economical and social collapse and

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

85%

NOW

17.2 82.3 0.07

SHOULD

50.2 17.5 30

5.08%

56.00%

Agriculture Livestock Conservation

Heavy deforestation for farming purposes Heavy Rainfall

Physical vulnerability of people and infrastructure

Unfavourable organizational and economic conditions

Attitudes and motivations.

Lack of recreational and public space

Low local economy

Poor housing conditions

Loss of green areas/ increase sedimentation

2 months of heavy rainfall

HAZARDS

NATURAL - Meteorological & Hydrological factors

HUMAN - factors aggravating natural hazards.

VULNERABILITY

1

2

3

Calamar Soplaviento Manatí jan 50 100 150 mm jun dec

SAN CRISTOBAL

LAND USE

FA R M I N G

USE OF RURAL LAND

a g r i c u l t u r e l i v e s t o c k

C

ONTEX

(15)

130 RURAL PROPERTIES

250 FAMILIES DON’T HAVE ACCESS

(16)

(17)

Urban areas San Cristobal El Higueratal Homiguero Main Roads Land Borders Agriculture Farming Forest Swamp Channel

Inundated areas CURENT CONDITIONS

SAN CRISTOBAL

Urban areas San Cristobal El Higueratal Homiguero Main Roads Land Borders Agriculture Farming Forest Swamp Channel

Inundated areas _{CURENT CONDITIONS}

[ ]

C

ONTEX

(18)

URBAN AREA

938 PROPERTIES

838 DWELLINGS

29.40%

dwellings in bad conditions

2.30%

dwellings in risk areas public buildings

C

ONTEX

(19)

URBAN AREA

c h u r c h m a r k e t town hall p o l i c e main road c e m e n t e r y

housing in bad conditions

(20)

IMG_5660 IMG_6151

IMG_6163 IMG_6164

IMG_6165 IMG_6168

IMG_6170 IMG_6187

ONU Hábitat Colombia -A.P.Canal Dique -fotos Oihana Cuesta Gómez

CURRENT CONDITIONS

C

ONTEX

T

IMG_5692 IMG_5707 IMG_5710 IMG_6147 IMG_6148 IMG_6222 IMG_6268 IMG_6269

ONU Hábitat Colombia -A.P.Canal Dique -fotos Oihana Cuesta Gómez

IMG_5692 IMG_5707

IMG_5710 IMG_6147

IMG_6148 IMG_6222

IMG_6268 IMG_6269

ONU Hábitat Colombia -A.P.Canal Dique -fotos Oihana Cuesta Gómez

IMG_5692 IMG_5707

IMG_5710 IMG_6147

IMG_6148 IMG_6222

IMG_6268 IMG_6269

(21)

IMG_5660 IMG_6151

IMG_6163 IMG_6164

IMG_6165 IMG_6168

IMG_6170 IMG_6187

ONU Hábitat Colombia -A.P.Canal Dique -fotos Oihana Cuesta Gómez

C

ONTEX

T

STR

A

TEGIES

R E G I O N A L S C A L E U R B A N S C A L E ARCHITECTURE S C A L E

Master Plan Chile by Elemental Folded Bamboo Houses by Ming Tang

LINEAR AGRICULTURE NEW TYPOLOGIES

FLOOD PARK Increase of channel level

Increase of water level during rain season

Poor green areas

Lack of recreation space

Insufficient irrigation system

Low local economy and poverty

Settlements in risk areas and houses in bad conditions

(22)

STR

A

TEGIES

R E G I O N A L

S C A L E U R B A N S C A L E ARCHITECTURE S C A L E

Poor green areas

(23)

STR

A

TEGIES

R E G I O N A L

S C A L E U R B A N S C A L E ARCHITECTURE S C A L E MS T R A T E G I E SA I N

Poor green areas

URBAN AGRICULTURE PRESERVE EXISTING ECOSYSTEMS GREEN BUFFER ZONE WATER ABSORPTION IMPROVEMENT OF EXISTING NEW TYPOLOGIES/ PUBLIC SPACE SOCIAL PARTICIPATION TRANSPORT TOURISM Calamar Soplaviento Manatí

Poor green areas

(24)

STR

A

TEGIES

COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT

“enable more people to play an active role in the decisions that affect their communities”

confident

...working in ways which increase people’s skills, knowledge and confidence, and instill in them a belief that they can make a difference.

inclusive

...working in ways which recognise that discrimination exists, promote equality of opportunity and good relations between groups and challenge inequality and exclusion

organised

...working in ways which bring people together around common issues and concerns in organisa-tions and groups that are open, democratic and accountable

co-operative

...working in ways which build positive relationships across groups, identify common messages, develop and maintain links to national bodies and promote partnership working

influential

... working in ways which encourage and equip communities to take part and influence decisions, services and activities

(25)

Poor green areas

URBAN AGRICULTURE PRESERVE EXISTING ECOSYSTEMS GREEN BUFFER ZONE WATER ABSORPTION IMPROVEMENT OF EXISTING NEW TYPOLOGIES/ PUBLIC SPACE SOCIAL PARTICIPATION TRANSPORT TOURISM Calamar Soplaviento Manatí NEW TYPOLOGIES LINEAL AGRICULTURE FLOOD PARK

PR

OPOSAL

-Increase local economy -Promote local participation -Increase water absorption from precipitation

-Captures water from channel -Perserves existing ecosystems -Offers recreations space

-Promotes tourism

-Improves living conditions -Use of local materials (identity) -Adapts to living with water

COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT

(26)

extended into urban area

potential for expansion Use of space

between land

Potential space available between private land

Housing in bad conditions

Introduction of agriculture along the road Potential network of linear agriculture

Greatest risk of flooding due to channel overflow Remaining ‘open’ forest space Location of Flood Park for water absorption and connection to green areas

cheaper/easier irrigation system

PR

OPOSAL

LINEAR AGRICULTURE

[ ]

Extended along the street, urban agriculture helps strengthen local economy and social participation. At the same time it improves the character and use of some of the existing public space i.e. market, church and the street itself ,

(27)

Market

Use of existing market to comple-ment local agriculture.

Community Park Public park and playground creates a community space.

Linear Agriculture The streets are used for agriculture.

Boulevard

The green structures continues towards the ‘flood park’

A

A’

police city hall

Dock I

Enhances the use of the waterfront and offers a connection to the ‘flood park’ by water

Section A-A’ Scale 50m 100m

PR

OPOSAL

Agriculture school Remaining space next to the church becomes a space to include the kids into agriculture.

LINEAR AGRICULTURE

[ ]

(28)

Section

A-A’

PR

(29)

PR

OPOSAL

Proximity to remaining dry-tropical forest.

Flood risk area. Captures water in case of channel overflow.

Captures water and adds value to the existing ecosystems.

‘FLOOD PARK’

The park aims to capture water in case of overflow from the channel before it reaches the town. Moreover, the new park offers recreational space that enhances the existing ecosystems and promotes tourism to improve local economy combined with temporary accommodation

(30)

‘FLOOD PARK’

PR

OPOSAL

B B’

Boulevard

Link to the town.

Waterfront

The path along the waterfront leads to the ‘flood park’

Acommodation

The new typologies offer acommodation for tourist.

Dock II

Water activities

Deck

Elevated path to walk along the park when the water level increases

Wetland

The lowest area of the park captures the water in case of overflow from the channel.

Section B-B’ activated by water

regular conditions

Scale

50m 100m

(31)

PR

(32)

PR

OPOSAL

Upgrade existing houses in bad conditions

Replacemento of informal settlements in the are with highest risk.

New houses along linear agriculture guiding urban growth to safer areas.

NEW TYPOLOGIES

(33)

Local Materials: Guadua + Wood

Elements

Solid

Permeable

Frame/Open

Lift from ground

Allows water flow

Use remaining space

for temporary use

NEW TYPOLOGIES

PR

OPOSAL

Guadua is the most important American bamboo. Highly appreciated for its watershed protection and wide variety of uses, it is being used in construction today in South America, mainly in Colombia, Ecuador and Panama

3 basic elements can be assemble according to ventilation, lighting, privacy, etc..

The elements can also be used temporar-ily to protect from different factors (sun, wind, rain) and to open and close the space according to their needs.

ELEMENTS

Open/ Frame Solid

Permeable

Local Materials: Guadua + Wood

Elements

Solid

Permeable

Frame/Open

Lift from ground

Allows water flow

Use remaining space

for temporary use

Local Materials: Guadua + Wood

Elements

Solid

Permeable

Frame/Open

Lift from ground

Allows water flow

Use remaining space

(34)

Local Materials: Guadua + Wood Elements

Solid

Permeable Frame/Open

Lift from ground Allows water flow Use remaining space for temporary use

Solid

PR

OPOSAL

Solid

Local M at er ials: Guadua + W ood Elemen ts Solid Per meable Fr ame/Open Lif t fr om g round A llo w s w at er flo w U se r emaining spac e for t empor ar y use

Local Materials: Guadua + Wood

Elements

Solid

Permeable

Frame/Open

Lift from ground Allows water flow Use remaining space

for temporary use

NEW TYPOLOGIES

NEW TYPOLOGIES FLOOD-PARK TOURISM

Church as participatory space

Local

farmers Lack of available land Self-construction Local material ‘Guadua’ is resistant to water Richness in natural environment AVAILABLE LOCAL SKILLS

CONFIDENT INCLUSIVE ORGANIZED CO-OPERATIVE INFLUENTIAL PARTICIPATIVE EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITIES

JOIN COMMON INTERESTS

LINKS BETWEEN ACTORS

AWARE OF IMPACT AND POWER

social participation

strengthens the economy improves the environment

decreases the risk of flooding

LEAD FOR NEW URBAN GROWTH HOUSES RESISTANT TO FLOODING. ECO-TOURISM TEMPORARY ACOMMODATION

$

_$

$

SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE LINEAR AGRICULTURE education policies for land access planned growth to safer areas church as social space recreational activ. for kids

training young farmers

quality public and recreational space maintenance of green areas attracts tourism supports tourism and enhances preserves the existing ecosystem use of local material resistant to water efficient use of local resources agriculture can be

expanded into yards offers land for farmes

that have no access

promotes self-construction NEW TYPOLOGIES FLOOD PARK LINEAR AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE SCHOOL SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE

NEW TYPOLOGIES FLOOD-PARK TOURISM Church as

participatory space

Local

$

_$

$ SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE LINEAR AGRICULTURE education policies for land access planned growth to safer areas church as social space recreational activ. for kids

training young farmers quality public and recreational space maintenance of green areas attracts tourism supports tourism and enhances preserves the existing ecosystem use of local material resistant to water efficient use of local resources agriculture can be

that have no access

promotes self-construction NEW TYPOLOGIES FLOOD PARK

IMPLEMENTATION

(38)

LINEAR AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE

SCHOOL

SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE

NEW TYPOLOGIES FLOOD-PARK TOURISM Church as

participatory space

Local

$

_$

$

SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE LINEAR AGRICULTURE education policies for land access planned growth to safer areas church as social space recreational activ. for kids

training young farmers

quality public and recreational space maintenance of green areas attracts tourism supports tourism and enhances preserves the existing ecosystem use of local material resistant to water efficient use of local resources agriculture can be

that have no access

promotes self-construction NEW TYPOLOGIES FLOOD PARK

PR

OPOSAL

IMPLEMENTATION

(39)

R E F E R E N C E S

.CDX (2008) What is community empowerment? (online) Available at: <http://www.londoncivicforum.org.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/downloads/programmes/lep/cdnl/cdx-doc-uments/community-empowerment.pdf> [Accessed August 2012]

.WMO/GWP (2008) Urban Flood Risk Management – A Tool for Integrated Flood Management Version 1.0(online) Available at: <http://www.apfm.info/pdf/ifm_tools/Tools_Urban_Flood_ Risk_Management.pdf> [Accessed March 2012]

.Urban Age (2009) Istanbul, City of intersections, p.19 (online) Available at: <http://reclaimistanbul.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/urban-age-2009.pdf> [Accessed March 2012]

.OCHA (2008) Impact of Natural Disasters in Colombia (online) Available at: <hhttp://www.colombiassh.org/site/IMG/pdf/Situacion_enero_2_a_febrero_26_de_2008_con_2007_Ing-2. pdf> [Accessed March 2012]

.Hoyos, H (2005) Flood management and slums formation in Magdalena? (online) Available at: <http://www.monografias.com/trabajos43/magdalena-river-basin/magdalena-river-basin2. shtml> [Accessed March 2012]

.PAHO Colombia (1998) Colombia: Secciones del país por estratos del NBI 1995 (online) Available at: <http://www.disaster-info.net/desplazados/informes/pobreza/mapa1.htm> [Accessed March 2012]

(40)