amaa Villages in Tanzania: iography

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amaa Villages in Tanzania:

iography

by

,

>

Dean E, McHenry, Jr.

Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala 1981

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U J T J A A VILLAGES IN TANZANIA:

A BIBLIOGRAPHY

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UJAMAA VILLAGES IN TANZANIA:

A BIBLIOGRAPHY

b y

Dean E. McHenry, J r . Brown U n i v e r s i t y

S c a n d i n a v i a n Institute o f A f r i c a n Studies, U p p s a l a 1 9 8 1

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The m o s t a m b i t i o u s e f f o r t o f a n y A f r i c a n c o u n t r y t o i n i t i a t e t h e e s t a b l i s h r f i e n t o f a s o c i a l i s t s o c i e t y i s T a n z a n i a ' s a t t e m p t t o c r e a t e u j a m a a v i l l a g e s . T h i s i s a b i b l i o g r a p h y o f b o o k s , a r t i c l e s and p a p e r s o n t h e s u b j e c t p u b l i s h e d up t o 1 9 8 0 . Most o f t h e m a t e r i a l s a r e i n E n g l i s h , s e v e r a l a r e i n S w a h i l i , some i n F r e n c h , a few i n German a n d s t i l l f e w e r i n o t h e r l a n g u a g e s . The w o r k s a r e o r g a n i z e d b y t h e i r d o m i n a n t theme i n t o s e c t i o n s w i t h i n f o u r b a s i c s u b j e c t c a t e g o r i e s : t h e e v o l u t i o n , f o r m a t i o n , c h a r a c t e r a n d e v a l u a t i o n o f u j a m a a v i l l a g e s o r e f f o r t s t o b u i l d u j a m a a v i l l a g e s . An a u t h o r a n d a s u b j e c t i n d e x a r e i n c l u d e d ' t o f a c i l i t a t e f u r t h e r t h e l o c a t i o n o f r e l e v a n t s t u d i e s .

ABBREVIATIONS

BRALUP CCM EALB EAPH ERB

FAO TANU TPH

B u r e a u o f R e s o u r c e A s s e s s m e n t a n d Land Use P l a n n i n g Chama c h a M a p i n d u z i ( R e v o l u t i o n a r y P a r t y )

E a s t A f r i c a n L i t e r a t u r e B u r e a u E a s t A f r i c a n P u b l i s h i n g House Economic R e s e a r c h B u r e a u

Food a n d A g r i c u l t u r e O r g a n i z a t i o n T a n g a n y i k a A f r i c a n N a t i o n a l Union T a n z a n i a P u b l i s h i n g House

ISBN 91- 7106- 187- 8

P r i n t e d i n Sweden by

O f f s ~ t c e n t e r a b , U p p s a l a 1981

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T h i s b i b l i o g r a p h y would n o t h a v e b e e n i n i t i a t e d o r c o m p l e t e d w i t h o u t t h e a s s i s t a n c e o f Y v e t t e S c h e v e n , t h e A f r i c a n a L i b r a r i a n a t t h e Uni- v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o i s . Her r e p e a t e d a d v i c e , c o u n s e l and e d i t o r i a l work were i n v a l u a b l e . The s t a f f s o f t h e l i b r a r i e s o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o i s , Brown U n i v e r s i t y , N o r t h w e s t e r n U n i v e r s i t y , B o s t o n Univer- s i t y , t h e L i b r a r y o f Congress a n d , i n t h e p a s t , t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam h a v e p r o v i d e d c o n s i d e r a b l e a s s i s t a n c e . And, many Tan- z a n i a n and non- Tanzanian s c h o l a r s who h a v e s t u d i e d ujamaa v i l l a g e s have d i r e c t l y gnd i n d i r e c t l y a s s i s t e d i n i t s c o m p i l a t i o n . The h e l p o f a l l t h e s e c o l l e a g u e s h a s made t h i s b i b l i o g r a p h y p o s s i b l e . D. ElcH

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A. Subject

1. Ujamaa villages

2.

Their significance

3.

Their literature B. Bibliography

1. Character of existing bibliographies

2.

Character of this bibliography

11.

REFERENCES

A. Evolution of the Ujamaa Village Strategy for Rural Development

1. Experiences and conditions in rural Tanzania

2.

Ideas defining the ujamaa village undertaking

B.

Formation of Ujamaa Villages

1. Establishment of villages

2.

Initiation of communal activities C. Character of Ujamaa Villages

1. Case studies

2.

Role of the government/party

3.

Agricultural activities

4.

Non-agricultural activities

5.

Villagers and village leaders

D. Evaluation of the Ujamaa Village Approach to Rural Development

1. Review of the effort

2.

Assessment of success

E. General Sources: Journals, Newspapers

8

Bibliographies 1. Journals

2.

Newspapers

3.

Bibliographies 111. INDEXES

A. Subject Index

B. Author Index

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1 ,

INTRODUCTION

A . The S u b j e c t

T a n z a n i a ' s e f f o r t t o b u i l d ujamaa v i l l a g e s h a s a t t r a c t e d t h e a t t e n t i o n of l e a d e r s and s c h o l a r s from t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r l d . I t h a s b e e n t h e k e y s t o n e of t h e c o u n t r y ' s s t r u g g l e f o r b o t h r u r a l development and s o c i a l i s t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n . As a r e s u l t , i t h a s been t h e f o c u s of many e m p i r i c a l s t u d i e s and much t h e o r e t i c a l d e b a t e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e con- t r i b u t i o n of t h e s e works t o t h e b u i l d i n ' j of b o t h s p e c i f i c and g e n e r a l knowledge o f t e n h a s been l i m i t e d by a l a c k of a w a r e n e s s of t h e r e - s e a r c h of o t h e r s . T h i s b i b l i o g r a p h y s e e k s t o p r o v i d e a r e l a t i v e l y comprehensive g u i d e t o t h e l i t e r a t u r e on ujamaa v i l l a g e s .

1. Ujamaa v i l l a g e s

The e x p r e s s i o n "ujamaa v i l l a g e " h a s assumed a wide v a r i e t y of meanings s i n c e i t was f i r s t u s e d by P r e s i d e n t J u l i u s N y e r e r e i n 1967 t o r e f e r t o s e t t l e m e n t s where p e o p l e would " l i v e and work t o g e t h e r f o r t h e good of a l l . " I n i t i a l l y , i t was a p p l i e d t o v i r t u a l l y e v e r y newly- formed v i l l a g e , r e g a r d l e s s of i t s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . I n some a r e a s o f f i - c i a l s c a t e g o r i z e d t h e s e ujamaa v i l l a g e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e g r e e of p r o g r e s s t h e y saw toward what t h e y c o n c e i v e d t o b e t h e i d e a l form.

Because p e r c e p t i o n s v a r i e d among o f f i c i a l s , a " s t a g e one" v i l l a g e i n one p a r t o f t h e c o u n t r y d i f f e r e d from a " s t a g e one" v i l l a g e i n a n o t h e r p a r t of t h e c o u n t r y . N e v e r t h e l e s s , a l m o s t a l l t h e new v i l l a g e s were c o n s i d e r e d ujamaa v i l l a g e s . By t h e e a r l y 1 9 7 0 s , t h o u g h , o f f i c i a l s began t o abandon t h i s p r a c t i c e . Some v i l l a g e s were s o d i f f e r e n t from t h e o r i g i n a l i d e a t h a t t h e y were c a l l e d "development v i l l a g e s " o r

"permanent v i l l a g e s " i n s t e a d of ujamaa v i l l a g e s . The p r a c t i c e was n o t u n i v e r s a l , f o r many o f f i c i a l s a r g u e d t h a t i t d i s c o u r a g e d e v o l u t i o n i n t o t h e v a g u e l y d e f i n e d i d e a l form. F i n a l l y , i n 1 9 7 5 , t h e c e n t r a l government a c t e d t o end t h e c o n f u s i o n by o b t a i n i n g p a s s a g e of t h e V i l l a g e s and Ujamaa V i l l a g e s Act. I t e s t a b l i s h e d f o r m a l p r o c e d u r e s f o r t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f s e t t l e m e n t s a s e i t h e r v i l l a g e s o r ujamaa v i l l a - g e s . A l l s e t t l e m e n t s had f i r s t t o b e r e g i s t e r e d a s t h e f o r m e r b e f o r e t h e y c o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d f o r t h e l a t t e r s t a t u s . The immediate e f f e c t was t h e d e j u r e a b o l i t i o n of ujamaa v i l l a g e s , f o r i t was s e v e r a l y e a r s b e f o r e any o b t a i n e d r e g i s t r a t i o n . Y e t , d e s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t s e t t l e - ments were no l o n g e r d e s i g n a t e d ujamaa v i l l a g e s i n law, i n common p r a c t i c e t h e e x p r e s s i o n c o n t i n u e d t o b e u s e d w i d e l y .

I n o r d e r t o a v o i d problems c a u s e d by changes i n c o n c e p t u a l i z a t i o n and t o make t h i s b i b l i o g r a p h y a s i n c l u s i v e a s p o s s i b l e , a b r o a d d e f i n i t i o n

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of "ujamaa village" has been employed. It is used to re£ er to all those settlements in Tanzania whose formation or reorganization is a consequence of either the ideas outlined in President Nyerere's poli- cy paper Ujamaa Vijijini or the subsequent modifications of those ideas in the process of their realization. Yost of the new rural settlements in Tanzania at least until the late 1970s fall within such a conceptualization.

2.

Their significance

In february 1967 the Arusha Declaration was adopted by the National Executive Committee of the sole political party in mainland Tanzania, the ~anganyika'African National Union (TANU). It called for a socie- ty based on principles President Nyerere labeled "ujamaa," usually translated "socialist" but more meaningfully translated "family." In September Nyerere published a subsidiary document titled Ujamaa Vijijini, meaning "Ujamaa in the Villages." He argued that to make the country socialist, the rural areas where 95 % of the population lived had to become socialist. That meant that peasants ought to live and work together for the good of all in settlements he called ujamaa villages. It was estimated at the time that 85 % of the rural popu- latlon of about 11 million people lived in scattered homesteads, so the task of creating villages that would develop along socialist lines was an immense one. At first peasants were merely encouraged to live in villages, but compulsion soon began to be applied. Following the President's declaration late in 1973 that everyone would have to live in villages by December 1976, massive operations were organi- zed throughout the country. By 1977 about 90 % of the rural population was living in villages. These were to be the foundation for all future rural development in Tanzania. No rural development undertaking whether directed toward socialist or non-socialist goals has directly affectzd the lives of as many Africans as the ujamaa village undertaking in Tanzania. And, no development effort has attracted as many leaders and delegations from all parts of the world seeking to examine what might be a model applicable to their own countries which would facilitate rapid rural development and/or socialist transformation.

3. Their literature

There is an extensive literature, both descriptive and theoretical, on the formation and nature of ujamaa villages. It has been written by people of a variety of nationalities with a variety of ideological viewpoints employing a variety of analytical skills. Tanzanians

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have produced or helped produce a substantial proportion of the stu- dies. One reason is the decision of the party in 1967 to involve students more directly in socialist development. As a result, many university students have conducted field research as part of their course work or have assisted faculty members in on-going research.

Most of the primary research by non-Tanzanians has been undertaken by those employed at the University of Dar es Salaam or in govern- ment ministries.

Many of the studies of ujamaa villages contain "ideological" or

"theoretical" components. That is, they seek to suggest how what they see fits-within the general process of socialist transformation.

Several of them make suggestions of what should be done to overcome particular problems.

The quality of the studies varies considerably. Whether or not a particular work has been published is much less correlated with its substantive contribution in the case of this body of literature than in the case of that on many other subjects. For example, important works prepared by students such as Henry Mapolu's M.A. thesis, remain unpublished. Significant Ph.D. dissertations, such as those by Justin Maeda and Frances Hill, have not been published yet. And, only re- cently did any of Michaela von Freyhold's works appear in print, though insightful studies of hers have existed in mimeographed form for many years.

Most of the literature on ujamaa villages is in English. A high pro- portion of relevant government publications, though, are in Swahili.

There are some secondary studies in French, a few in German and still fewer in other languages. The spectrum of interpretations of the ujamaa village effort does not appear to be very closely correlated with the language used in the study. One can find in English, for example, virtually the entire range of perspectives.

B.

The Bibliography

Partly because much of the literature on ujamaa villages is in mimeo-

graphed form, standard bibliographies fail to include a substantial

proportion of the studies which have been written. A lack of infor-

mation about what research already has been done adversely affects

the quest to build knowledge. For example, there are several case

studies of ujamaa villages which make no reference to previous work

which has been done in the village under consideration. The findings

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of a study in one village have seldom been used as hypotheses in studies of other villages, probably because of a lack of awareness of them. As a consequence, the contribution that research might make to understanding the specific case of ujamaa villages and the general case of the transition to socialism is limited. There is, then, a clear need for a bibliography on the subject.

1. Character of existing bibliographies

There are several bibliographies that appeared during the 1970s which contain references to works on ujamaa villages. Citations can be found scattered through the standard Africana bibliographies. And, others can be found in bibliographies dealing specifically with Tanzania (see items nos. 478 to 486). Tanzania Notes and Records has a section each year titled "Tanzania Bibliography" which lists under subject headings materials on Tanzania. Although there is no subject heading

"ujamaa villages," some relevant items appear under such topics as

"Agriculture ,(' "Sociology" and "Political Science." M. Sumar and

E.

McGee's bibliography, National Policies of Tanzania, contains a section headed "Ujamaa Villages" (pp. 19-24) which consists of citations of a few journal articles and several newspaper reports and news re- leases on ujamaa villages. The Deutsches Institut fir Afrika-Forschung bibliographies compiled by Ties Moller in 1972 and by Ties Moller and Anne Jansen in 1974 do not have an index heading for ujamaa villages, but do have one for "ujamaa" with 30-40 items listed under each, several of which are relevant to ujamaa villages. Volkhard Hundsdorfer and Wolfgang Kuper's bibliography published in 1974 contains a sub- section on ujamaa villages containing 44 items (pp. 141-144 and 146).

A bibliography of studies that are not widely available is that compiled bv Ibrahim Kai-Samba, et al., Development for Self-Reliance, published by the Faculty of Agriculture Library. It contains a subject index which lists many items on ujamaa villages. Some of these items are duplicated by James De Vries' Selected Bibliography on Agri- cultural Extension in Tanzania published in 1978 by the Department of Rural Economy at the Faculty of Agriculture. It is simply a listing of materials without a subject index to ujamaa villages. Finally, James Kocher and Beverly Fleisher compiled A Bibliography on Rural Development in Tanzania and published it in 1979. Although it contains no subject index, it lists about 75 relevant items under the subject heading "Ujamaa, Villagization and Planned Settlement." None of these bibliographies contains more than a small proportion of the works dealing with ujamaa villages.

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2.

Character of this bibliography

This bibliography contains most of the works relevant to ujamaa villa- ges produced'up to 1980. It is based on materials collected in Tan- zania by the compiler during several years of research on the subject, studies identified by colleagues, works cited in bibliographies and collections held by major libraries in the United States and Tanzania.

Most of the materials have been examined by the compiler, though a few have been included if they were cited repeatedly in other sources.

Some of the works may be obtained only in Tanzania, though most of them are available in at least some major libraries abroad. It is likely that more and more of the items contained in this bibliography will become available outside Tanzania as library collections grow.

The dominant theme of each work has been used to classify it into one of four major and then one of several minor categories, as shown in the table of contents. The four major subdivisions group materials that deal with the evolution of the strategy, the formation of villa- ges, the character of the villages and evaluations of the undertaking.

Some of the more comprehensive works contain information about all

the major and the minor categories. Nevertheless, they have been

classified into only one on the basis of the compiler's subjective

assessment of the major theme. In order to help the user find mate-

rials that are relevant to, yet excluded from, these categories, a

subject index is included. The subject index does not include topics

only briefly mentioned in a given work. For example, village organi-

zation may be dealt with briefly in a case study but not included in

the subject index. The subject index does contain a listing of most

villages studied and, wherever possible, the districts in which they

are found. Because some district names and boundaries have changed

over the years, the district at the time of the most recent study is

given. District and regional subject headings are also used to direct

the user to materials on villages within those areas. The combination

of categorization by dominant theme and a subject index should facili-

tate the user's identification of relevant materials. Finally, an

author index is included to aid in the location of works known to the

user only by the author's name.

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I I REFERENCES

There are a few variations from normal forms of citation in the following list of references. Mimeographed material is not distinguished explicitly from printed material, because the distinction is of limited significance to the user. The country of publication is not identified for those cities whose locations are widely known or are found in Tanzania for the sake of simplicity. The cities in which the main campuses of the University of Dar es Salaam and the University of Nairobi are located are not given to avoid redundancy. The Facul- ty of Agriculture of the University of Dar es Salaam, though, is located at i4orogoro.

Following main citations, other sources of the items are listed. In the case of the frequently republished writings of President Nyerere, only the volume of his collected works in which the article appears is given following the main citation. For the few items which have not been examined by the compiler/author, the source of the citation is listed in a comment following the reference. Other relevant information about citations is included where appropriate in similar comments.

A. Evolution of the Ujamaa Village Strategy for Rural Development Works whose major theme concerns the evolution of the ujamaa village strategy are divided into two parts: the first includes those related to the experiences of, or conditions in, rural Tanzania that shaped the ujamaa village approach; the second includes those related to the philosophy behind, or proqram of, that approach. The list of references pertaining to the former is relatively selective; that pertaining to the latter is relatively exhaustive.

1. Experiences and conditions in rural Tanzania

1. BRAIN, JAi4ES. "Is transformation possible? Styles of settlement in post-independence Tanzania.

"

Af rican 3.f fairs 76, no. 330 (1977): 231-245.

2. CHIMOTO,

N. N.

0. "Ruvuma Development Association (R.D.A. )

.

"

Student paper, Department of Sociology, University of Dar es Salaam, 1974. 81 p.

In

Field Research in Tanga ujamaa villages, DeparLiment of Sociology, University of Dar es Salaam, 1975.

3. CLIFFE, LIONEL. "Traditional ujamaa and modern producer cooperatives in Tanzania." In cooperatives and rural development in East Africa, edited by Car1 Gi5sta Widstrand, pp. 38-60.

?Jew York: Africans, 1970.

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CLIFFE, LIONEL and GRIFFITHS CUNNINGHAM. " I d e o l o g y , o r g a n i z a - t i o n a n d s e t t l e m e n t e x p e r i e n c e i n T a n z a n i a . " I n S o c i a l i s m i n T a n z a n i a , V o l . 2 , e d i t e d by L i o n e l C l i f f e and J o h n S a u l , pp. 131- 140. Dar e s S a l a a m : EAPH, 1 9 7 3 .

C U N N I N G H A M , GRIFFITHS. "The Ruvuma D e v e l o p m e n t A s s o c i a t i o n , a n i n d e p e n d e n t c r i t i q u e . " I 4 b i o n i 3 , n o . 2 ( 1 9 6 6 ) : 44- 55.

DUMONT, RENE. T a n z a n i a n a g r i c u l t u r e a f t e r t h e A r u s h a D e c l a r a t i o n : a r e p o r t . Dar e s S a l a a m : Government P r i n t e r f o r M i n i s t r y of Economic A f f a i r s a n d Development P l a n n i n g , 1 9 6 9 . 62 p . P r e - p a r e d i n 1 9 6 7 .

ELLVAN, ANTONY. " K i t e t e : a l a n d s e t t l e m e n t scheme i n n o r t h e r n T a n z a n i a . " Land r e f o r m , n o . 1 ( 1 9 6 7 ) : 12- 21.

GEORGULAS, NIKOS. " S e t t l e m e n t p a t t e r n s a n d r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t i n T a n g a n $ i k a . " ( O c c a s i o n a l p a p e r n o . 2 9 ) . Program of E a s t e r n A f r i c a n S t u d i e s , S y r a c u s e U n i v e r s i t y , New York, May 1 9 6 7 . 40 p . A b s t r a c t e d i n E k i s t i c s 2 4 , n o . 4 1 ( 1 9 6 7 ) : 180- 192.

GUNZA, J . K . F. "Rwamkoma p i l o t v i l l a g e s e t t l e m e n t scheme: a c a s e s t u d y . " S t u d e n t d i s s e r t a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t o f P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 1 . 24 p .

IBBOTT, RALPH. "The Ruvuma Development A s s o c i a t i o n . " M b i o n i 3 , n o . 2 ( 1 9 6 6 ) : 3- 43.

KATES, R. W . , J . NcKAY a n d L . BERRY. "Twelve new s e t t l e m e n t s i n T a n z a n i a : a c o m p a r a t i v e s t u d y o f s u c c e s s . " P a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f E a s t A f r i c a s o c i a l s c i e n c e s c o u n c i l c o n f e r e n c e , Eim,pala, 30 December 1 9 6 8

-

5 J a n u a r y 1 9 6 9 . I n U n i v e r s i t y o f ~ a s t A f r i c a s o c i a l s c i e n c e s c o u n c i i c o n f e r e n c e

1 9 6 8 / 6 9 , G e o g r a p h y p a p e r s p u b l i s h e d by Y a k e r e r e I n s t i t u t e of S o c i a l R e s e a r c h , p p . 63- 100.

KAWAWA, R. M . "New a p p r o a c h e s t o r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t , " N b i o n l 2 , n o . 11, ( 1 9 6 6 ) : 4- 15.

KONTER, J . H . "Economic i m p e r a t i v e s f o r a s o c i a l i s t d e v e l o u m e n t i n ' t h e r u r a l economy o f Nyakyusa ( T a n z a n i a )

. ^"

c u l t u r e s

L

e t d e v e l o p p e m e n t 1 0 , n o . 3 ( 1 9 7 8 ) : 409- 427.

LANDBEXG, LEIF C . W. " U jamaa v s . Udugu a n d Umo j a , i n s t i t u t i o n a l o p p o s i t i o n and i d e o l o g i c a l c o n g r u e n c e w i t h i n a T a n z a n i a n f i s h i n g c o o p e r a t i v e . " P a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t t h e a n n u a l m e e t i n g o f t h e A f r i c a n S t u d i e s A s s o c i a t i o n , S y r a c u s e , New Y o r k , November 1 9 7 3 , 1 9 p .

McKAY, J O H N . " A r e v i e i ; o f r u r a l s e t t l e m e n t s t u d i e s f o r T a n z a n i a . "

E a s t A f r i c a n g e o g r a p h i c a l r e v i e w , n o . 6 ( 1 9 6 8 ) : 37- 49.

MWANSASU, BISMARK U . "TYL s e t t l e m e n t s c h e m e s , t h e whys and where- f o r e s o f s u c c e s s . " K i v u k o n i C o l l e g e , 1 9 6 6 .

NELLIS, J . R . " P r e l u d e t o A r u s h a : a s t u d y o f p r o d u c t i v i t y p r o - b l e m s o n a r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t scheme i n T a n z a n i a . " J o u r n a l of a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o v e r s e a s 11, n o . 3 ( 1 9 7 2 ) : 1 6 9 - 1 8 1 .

NEWIGER, NIKOLAUS. " C o o p e r a t i v e v i l l a g e s e t t l e m e n t s i n T a n z a n i a . "

P a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t t h e r e g i o n a l s e m i n a r on c o o p e r a t i v e f a r - m i n g , FAO, New D e l h i , I n d i a , May 1 9 6 6 . 1 3 p .

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1 9 . NEWIGER, NIKOLAUS. " V i l l a g e s e t t l e m e n t s c h e m e s : t h e p r o b l e m s o f c o o p e r a t i v e f a r m i n g . " I n S m a l l h o l d e r f a r m i n g and s m a l l - h o l d e r d e v e l o p m e n t i n T a n z a n i a , e d i t e d by Hans R u t h e n b e r g , p p . 251- 273. Munich: I n f o - I n s t i t u t f u r W i r t s c h a f t s f o r s c h u n g , 1 9 6 8 .

20. NG'ASI, A. P. " K i j i j i c h a u j a m a a c h a L i t o w a . " [The u j a m a a v i l l a - g e of L i t o w a ] . U j a m a a , no. 4 ( 1 9 6 8 ) : 19- 28.

21. PITBLADO, J . ROGER. " A r e v i e w o f a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d u s e and l a n d t e n u r e i n T a n z a n i a .

"

(BRALUP r e s e a r c h n o t e s n o . 7 )

.

^Uni-

v e r s i t y of Dar e s S a l a a m , J u n e 1 9 7 0 . 4 1 p .

22. SAUL, J O H N S . " M a r k e t i n g c o o p e r a t i v e s i n T a n z a n i a : a c a s e s t u d y i n r e s o u r c e a l l o c a t i o n and i n e q u a l i t y . " P a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t t h e E a s t A f r i c a n u n i v e r s i t i e s s o c i a l s c i e n c e c o n f e r e n c e , N a i r o b i , December 1 9 6 9 . 16 p . R e v i s e d and p u b l i s h e d a s "Mar- k e t i n g c o o p e r a t i v e s i n a d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r y : t h e T a n z a n i a n c a s e " i n T a a m u l i

1,

no. 2 ( 1 9 7 1 ) : 30- 50; i n P e t e r W o r s l e y , e d . , Two b l a d e s o f q r a s s : r u r a l c o o p e r a t i o n i n d e v e l o p i n s o c i e t i e s ( M a n c h e s t e r : M a n c h e s t e r U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1971):

p p . 347- 370.

23. TANZANIA, RURAL SETTLEMENT COiVIMISSION, A r e p o r t o n t h e v i l l a g e s e t t l e m e n t programme from t h e i n c e p t i o n o f t h e r u r a l s e t t l e - m e n t c o m m i s s i o n t o 3 1 a e c e m b e r , 1 9 6 5 . Dar e s S a l a a m : Govern- m e n t P r i n t e r , 1 9 6 6 . 49 p .

24. TEMU, PETER E. " T a n z a n i a n e x w e r i e n c e w i t h r u r a l s e t t l e m e n t s c h e - mes o v e r t h e p a s t two d e c a d e s . 'I S o u t h A f r i c a n j o u r n a l of A f r i c a n a f f a i r s 3 , n o . 2 ( 1 9 7 3 ) : 33- 36.

2 . I d e a s d e f i n i n g t h e u j a m a a v i l l a g e u n d e r t a k i n g

25. BULEGI, S . A. " S h e r i a y a v i j i j i y a 1 9 7 5 n a s h e r i a y a m a d a r a k a m i j i n i y a 1 9 7 6 . "

h he

v i l l a g e s l a w o f 1975 and t h e u r b a n d e - v e l o p m e n t l a w o f 1 9 7 6 1 . Ujamaa, n o . 52 ( 1 9 7 7 ) : 28- 40.

26. KIMITI, P . K. S i a s a a Tanu k a t i k a k i l i m o : t w e n d e n i v i ' i ' i n i . [ p o l i c i e s of Tan: i n a g r i c u l t u r e : l e t ' s g o t o t h e l v : l l a g e s l . Dar e s S a l a a m : W i z a r a y a K i l i m o , C h a k u l a n a U s h i r i k a , n . d . 4 1 p .

27. AAPUNDA, G . "Ujamaa n i s i l a h a kubwa y a k u p i g a n a n a u m a s k i n i , u j i n g a n a magonjwa." [ s o c i a l i s m i s a n i m p o r t a n t weapon i n t h e b a t t l e w i t h p o v e r t y , i g n o r a n c e a n d d i s e a s e ] . Ujamaa, n o . 4 ( 1 9 6 8 ) : 14- 18.

28. MSAMBICHAKA, L. A. "A t h e o r e t i c a l a n a l y s i s o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l s o f a g r i c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t i n a n o n - c a p i t a l i s t d e v e l o p i n g T a n z a n i a i n t h e s t a t e s e c t o r a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c e r c o - o p e r a t i v e s . " P a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t t h e a n n u a l E a s t A f r i c a n u n i v e r s i t i e s s o c i a l s c i e n c e c o n f e r e n c e , Dar e s S a l a a m , De- cember 1 9 7 3 . 4 1 p .

29. MSEKWA, PIUS. "Towards p a r t y s u p r e m a c y : t h e c h a n g i n g p a t t e r n o f r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n t h e N a t i o n a l Assembly a n d t h e N a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e Committee o f TANU b e f o r e a n d a f t e r 1 9 6 5 . " M a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , D e p a r t m e n t o f P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 4 .

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3 0 . MUSHI, SAiiUEL S. " M o d e r n i z a t i o n b y t r a d i t i o n a l i z a t i o n : u j a m a a p r i n c i p l e s r e v i s i t e d . ^"T a a m u l i 1 , n o . 2 ( 1 9 7 1 ) : 13- 39.

3 1 . NYERERE, JULIUS K. "The A r u s h a D e c l a r a t i o n . ^"I n Ujamaa, e s s a y s on s o c i a l i s m b y J u l i u s N y e r e r e , pp. 13- 37. Dar e s S a l a a m : O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t v P r e s s . 1 9 6 8 . R e p r i n t e d i n J u l i u s N v e r e r e , Freedom and s o c i ~ l i s m (Dar e s s a l a a m : O x f o r d u n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 6 8 ) , p p . 231- 250.

32. NYERERE, JULIUS K . " H o t u b a y a r a i s wa chama kwenye m k u t a n o mkuu wa TANU wa 1 6 . ^" [ S p e e c h of t h e p r e s i d e n t of t h e p a r t y a t t h e 1 6 t h b i e n n i a l coAf e r e n c e o f

TAN^] .

I n M a e n d e l e o

n i

k a z i , e d i t e d by I d a r a y a H a b a r i , Makao Makuu y a TAW, pp. 1- 27.

Dar e s Salaam: TANU, 1 9 7 3 .

33. NYERERE, JULIUS K. " P r e s i d e n t i a l c i r c u l a r no. 1 of 1 9 6 9 . " I n R u r a l . c o o p e r a t i o n i n T a n z a n i a , e d i t e d by L i o n e l C l i f f e , a l . , pp. 27- 34. D a r e s Salaam: TPH, 1 9 7 5 .

-

3 4 . NYERERE, JULIUS K . P r e s i d e n t ' s r e p o r t t o t h e TANU c o n f e r e n c e , S e p t . 1 9 7 3 . Dar e s S a l a a m : Government P r i n t e r , 1 9 7 3 . 22 p.

R e p r i n t e d a s " P r o g r e s s comes w i t h p r o d u c t i o n " , The A f r i c a n r e v i e w 3 , no. 4 ( 1 9 7 3 ) : 519- 539.

5. NYERERE, JULIUS K . " P r o g r e s s i n r u r a l a r e a s . " I n Ujamaa, e s s a y s o n s o c i a l i s m by J u l i u s N y e r e r e , pp. 178- 186. Dar e s Salaam:

O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 6 8 . R e p r i n t e d i n a l m o s t i d e n t i c a l form a s " I m p l e m e n t i n g r u r a l s o c i a l i s m " i n J u l i u s N y e r e r e , Freedom a n d d e v e l o p m e n t (Dar e s S a l a a m : O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 7 3 ) , pp. 5-11.

3 6 . NYERERE, JULIUS K. S o c i a l i s m and r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t . Dar e s S a l a a m : Government P r i n t e r , 1 9 6 7 . 3 1 p. R e p r i n t e d i n J u l i u s N y e r e r e , F ~ ~ ~

. .

( D a r e s S a l a a m : O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 6 8 ) , pp. 337- 366. S w a h i l i v e r s i o n o f t h i s p a p e r was p u b l i s h e d u n d e r t h e t i t l e Ujamaa v i j i j i n i . ( S e e i t e m no. 3 8 ) .

37. NYERERE, JULIUS K. "Ujamaa: t h e b a s i s o f A f r i c a n S o c i a l i s m . " I n Freedom a n d U n i t y by J u l i u s N y e r e r e , p p . 162- 171. London:

O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 6 7 . Originally p r e p a r e d i n 1962.

38. NYERERE, JULIUS K . U jamaa v i j i j i n i . [ s o c i a l i s m i n t h e v i l l a g e s ] . Dar e s S a l a a m : Government P r i n t e r , 1 9 6 7 . 33 p . E n q l i s h v e r - s i o n o f t h i s p a p e r was p u b l i s h e d u n d e r t h e t i t l e S o c i a l i s m and r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t . ( C e e i t e m n o . 3 6 )

39. " S a b a S a b a Day: Mwalimu s p e a k s t o A f r i c a n d e v e l o p m e n t . " A f r i c a n d e v e l o p m e n t 8 , no. 7 ( 1 9 7 4 ) : T7-T8.

40. TANZANIA. IDARA YA MAENDELEO YA UJAMAA NA USHIRIKA. OFISI YA

WAZIRI MKUU NA i4AKAMU WA P I L I WA RAIS. = i a y a k u a n d i k i s h a v i j i j i n a v i j i j i v y a u j a m a a .

h he

l a w f o r r e g i s t e r i n g v i l l a - q e s and u i a m a a v i l l a q e s l . Dodoma: O f i s i v a W a z i r i Mkuu na

~ a k a m u w a - ~ i l i wa ~ a i s , ' 1 9 7 5 . 52 p. c o n t a i n s t h e l a w ,

Kawawa's e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e l a w , f o r m s and s u b s i d i a r y l e g i s - l a t i o n .

41. TANZANIA. LAWS, STATUTES, ETC. "The V i l l a g e s a n d Ujamaa V i l l a g e s ( R e g i s t r a t i o n , D e s i g n a t i o n and A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ) A c t (No. 2 1 o f 1 9 7 5 ) . " I n A c t s o f T a n z a n i a , 1 9 7 5 , pp. 305-312, The Re- g u l a t l o n s , O r d e r , N o t i c e and D i r e c t i o n s i s s u e d u n d e r t h i s a c t a p p e a r i n s u p p l e m e n t No. 38 ( S u b s i d i a r y L e g i s l a t i o n t o

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t h e G a z e t t e o f t h e U n i t e d R e p u b l i c o f T a n z a n i a , V o l . 5 6 , No. 3 5 , 22 A u g u s t , 1 9 7 5 , pp. 1 8 3 - 2 0 6 ) . B o t h t h e E n g l i s h and S w a h i l i v e r s i o n s w e r e r e - p u b l i s h e d i n T a n z a n i a , I d a r a y a M a e n d e l e o y a Ujamaa n a U s h i r i k a , O f i s i y a W a z i r i Mkuu n a Makan~u wa P i l i wa R a i s , S h e r i a y a k u a n d i k i s h a v i j i j i na v i j i j i v y a u j a m a a , pp. 23-34 and 34- 48, r e s p e c t i v e l y . ( S e e i t e m n o . 4 0 . )

B. F o r m a t i o n of Ujamaa V i l l a g e s

The o r i g i n a l c o n c e p t i o n o f a n u j a m a a v i l l a g e a s a p l a c e w h e r e p e o p l e l i v e d a n d worked t o g e t h e r f o r t h e good o f a l l r e q u i r e d two s t e p s : t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a v i l l a g e and t h e i n i t i a t i o n o f communal a c t i v i t i e s . An u j a m a a v i l l a g e r e q u i r e d t h e c o n j u n c t i o n of t h e s e two a c t i v i t i e s .

1. E s t a b l i s h m e n t o f v i l l a g e s

42. BAKULA, B. B. "The e f f e c t o f t r a d i t i o n a l i s m on r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t : t h e c a s e o f Ornurunazi u j a m a a v i l l a g e , Bukoba." S t u d e n t d i s s e r t a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t o f P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y o f D a r e s S a l a a m , 1 9 6 9 . 40 p. R e v i s e d and p u b l i s h e d i n J . H . P r o c t e r , e d . , B u i l d i n g u j a m a a v i l l a g e s i n T a n z a n i a (Dar e s S a l a a m : D e p a r t m e n t o f P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 1 ) , pp. 15- 32.

43. BANDUKA, N. M . "The a s p e c t s o f e s t a b l i s h i n g u j a m a a v i l l a g e s i n P a r e d i s t r i c t , T a n z a n i a . " S t u d e n t d i s s e r t a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t o f P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y of D a r e s S a l a a m , 1971.

45 p.

44. BOESEN, J A N N I K . " D e v e l o p m e n t a n d c l a s s s t r u c t u r e i n a s m a l l - h o l d e r s o c i e t y a n d t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r u j a m a a . " ( R e s e a r c h p a p e r A . 72.16 )

.

Copenhagen: I n s t i t u t e f o r Development Re- s e a r c h , 1 9 7 2 . 100 p .

4 5 . BOESEN, JANNIK. " T a n z a n i a : from u j a m a a t o v i l l a g i s a t i o n . " (Re- s e a r c h p a p e r A . 7 6 . 7 ) . Copenhagen: I n s t i t u t e f o r Development R e s e a r c h , 1 9 7 6 . 25 p . R e p r i n t e d i n B i s m a r c k Mwansasu and C r a n f o r d P r a t t , e d s ;

,

~ o h a r d s s o c i a l i s m i n T a n z a n i a ( T o r o n t o : U n i v e r s i t y of T o r o n t o P r e s s , 1 9 7 9 ) , p p . 125- 144.

46. BOESLN, J A N N I K ; BIRGIT STORGAKD MADSEN and TONY XOODY. Ujamaa:

s o c i a l i s m from a b o v e . U p p s a l a : S c a n d i n a v i a n I n s t i t u t e of A f r i c a n S t u d i e s , 1 9 7 7 . 186 p .

47. CUNNINGHAM, GRIFFITHS. "The u j a m a a v i l l a g e movement i n T a n z a n i a . "

R u r a l A f r i c a n a , n o . 1 3 ( 1 9 7 1 ) : 28- 35.

48. CUNNINGHNq, GRIFFITHS. "The U jamaa v i l l a g e p l a n s of T a n z a n i a . "

I n I n t e r m e d i a t e t e c h n o l o g y and i n t e g r a t e d e x t e n s i o n , con- f e r e n c e r e p o r t , C h r i s t i a n R u r a l F e l l o w s h i p o f E a s t A f r i c a , M o s h i , S e p t e m b e r 1 9 6 9 , p p . 1 4 - 1 8 .

49. DABANA, A. P. " P o s s i b i l i t i e s of s o c i a l i s m i n a G e i t a t r a d i n g s e t t l e m e n t . " S t u d e n t d i s s e r t a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t o f P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s S a l a a m , 1970. 42 p.

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50. HAULLE, D . M . and WACHIYE-MUNYASIA. " B u i l d i n g s o c i a l i s m i n L u s h o t o : t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f M a l i b w i u j a m a a v i l l a g e . " 25 p . I n F i e l d r e s e a r c h i n Tanga u j a m a a v i l l a g e s , D e p a r t m e n t of S o c i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y o f D a r e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 5 . W r i t t e n i n 1 9 7 4 . 51. HIRST, M. " R e c e n t v i l l a g i z a t i o n i n T a n z a n i a . " G e o g r a p h y 6 3 , p a r t

2 , no. 279 ( 1 9 7 8 ) : 1 2 2 - 1 2 5 .

5 2 . IBBOTT, RALPH. "The d i s b a n d i n g o f t h e Ruvuma Development A s s o c i a - t i o n i n T a n z a n i a . " A mimeographed l e t t e r , War on Want, Lon- d o n , November 1 9 6 9 . 5 p .

53. JAMES, R. W . " I m p l e m e n t i n q t h e A r u s h a D e c l a r a t i o n : t h e r o l e of t h e l e g a l s y s t e m . "

he

A f r i c a n r e v i e w 3 , n o . 2 ( 1 9 7 3 ) : 178- 208. R e p r i n t e d i n t h e Dar e s Salaam U n i v e r s i t y l a w

j o u r n a l 5 ( 1 9 7 3 ) : 1- 37.

5 4 . KAVURA,DICKY. " P r o b l e m s a n a p r o s p e c t s o f e s t a b l i s h i n g ulamaa v i l l a g e s i n Kibondo d i s t r i c t . " S t u d e n t d i s s e r t a t i o n , D e p a r t - m e n t o f P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 0 . 9 p .

55. K A Z I , CONSTANTINE MASHENENHE. " I m p l e m e n t i n g u j a m a a v i l l a g e p o l i - c y i n Morogoro d i s t r i c t : a s t u d y o f t h e p r o b l e m s of s o c i a - l i s t c o n s t r u c t i o n a t Mkata u j a m a a v i l l a g e . " M a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , D e p a r t m e n t of P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s S a l a a m , 1975. 1 1 6 p .

56. KAZIMOTO, A . A . " P r o s p e c t s f o r b u i l d i n g u j a m a a v i l l a g e s . " Mbioni 5 , n o . 3 ( 1 9 6 8 ) : 3- 12. R e p r i n t e d i n L i o n e l C l i f f e and J o h n S a u l , e d s . , S o c i a l i s m i n T a n z a n i a , Vol. 2 ( D a r e s S a l a a m : EAPH, 1 9 7 3 ) , p p . 186- 188.

5 7 . KISULA,

P.

A. " P r o s p e c t s of b u i l d i n g u j a m a a v i l l a g e s i n Mwanza d i s t r i c t . " S t u d e n t d i s s e r t a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t o f P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y o f D a r e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 3 . 3 1 p.

5 8 . LUTTERELL, WILLIA?? L. " V i l l a g i s a t i o n , c o o p e r a t i v e p r o d u c t i o n and r u r a l c a d r e s : s t r a t e g i e s and t a c t i c s i n T a n z a n i a n s o c i a l i s t r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t .

"

(ERB p a p e r 7 1 . 1 1 . ) U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 1 . 8 1 p .

5 9 . LYIMO, FRANCIS FANUEL. " P r o b l e m s and p r o s p e c t s of u j a m a a d e v e - l o p m e n t i n Moshi d i s t r i c t . " M a s t e r ' S t h e s i s , D e p a r t m e n t of S o c i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s S a l a a m , J u n e , 1 9 7 5 .

6 0 . MAGATTI, J . 0 . " O p e r a t i o n V i j i j i : t h e e f f e c t o f t h e d e l i v e r y of s o c i a l s e r v i c e s : T a r i m e d i s t r i c t . " S t u d e n t p a p e r , D e p a r t m e n t o f R u r a l Economy, F a c u l t y of A g r i c u l t u r e , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 6 . 97 p .

61. MATANGO, R. R. " F o r m a t i o n o f uiarnaa v i l l a c r e s amono t h e semi- p a s t o r a l i s t s o f N o r t h Mara:" 1 8 p . l n d F i e l d r e s e a r c h i n Tanga u j a m a a v i l l a g e s , D e p a r t m e n t o f S o c i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 5 . W r i t t e n i n 1 9 7 4 .

62. MBOYA, G . R. " F e a s i b i l i t y o f u j a m a a v i l l a g e s i n K i l i m a n j a r o . "

S t u d e n t d i s s e r t a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t o f P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , Uni- v e r s i t y o f D a r e s s a l a a m ; 1 9 7 0 . 1 3 p . S l i g h t l y r e v i s e d and p u b l i s h e d i n J . H . P r o c t e r , e d . , B u i l d i n g u j a m a a v i l l a g e s i n T a n z a n i a ( D a r e s Salaam: TPH, 1 9 7 1 ) , p p . 64- 69.

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63. McHENRY, DEAN E . , JR. " P o l i c y i m p l e m e n t a t i o n i n r u r a l A f r i c a : t h e c a s e o f u j a m a a v i l l a g e s i n T a n z a n i a . " P a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t t h e a n n u a l m e e t i n g o f t h e A f r i c a n S t u d i e s A s s o c i a t i o n , S y r a c u s e , November 1 9 7 3 . 22 p .

64. McHENRY, DEAN E . , JR. T a n z a n i a ' s u j a m a a v i l l a g e s : t h e implemen- t a t i o n o f a r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t s t r a t e g y . ~ e r k e 1 e y : I n s t i t u t e o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l S t u d i e s , U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l y f o r n i a , 1979.

65. MCHUMO, ALI S. " S h e r i a n a mahakama kama mojawapo y a vyombo muhimu v y a k u t e k e l e z a s i a s a y a u j a m a a . " [ T h e l a w and t h e c o u r t s a s o n e o f t h e i m p o r t a n t t o o l s i n t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of t h e p o l i c y o f u j a m a a ] . Ujamaa, no. 50 ( 1 9 7 6 ) : 1 - 3 2 .

6 6 . MESAKI, SIMEON. " O p e r a t i o n P w a n i , X i s a r a w e d i s t r i c t : i m p l e m e n t a - t i o n p r o b l e m s . " M a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s S a l a a m , J u n e 1 9 7 5 .

67. MISSANA, S. M. " P r o b l e m s of i m p l e m e n t i n g u j a m a a i n Bunda a r e a : a c a s e s t u d y o f I g u n d u u j a m a a v i l l a g e . " 1 5 p . I n F i e l d r e - s e a r c h i n Tanga u j a m a a v i l l a g e s , D e p a r t m e n t of S o c i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s S a l a a m , J u n e 1 9 7 5 .

68. MUSHI, S. A. SANGALE. "The y r o b l e m s o f s t a r t i n g u j a m a a v i l l a g e s i n K i l i m a n j a r o d i s t r i c t . " S t u d e n t p a p e r p r e p a r e d f o r t h e I n s t i t u t e o f A d u l t E d u c a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y o f D a r e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 2 ? 7 p.

69. MUSOKE, I . K . S. "The e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f u j a m a a v i l l a g e s i n Bukoba:

R u g a z i ( N y e r e r e ) v i l l a g e , a c a s e s t u d y . " S t u d e n t d i s s e r t a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t o f P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y C o l l e g e , Dar e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 0 . 45 p . R e v i s e d and p u b l i s h e d a s " B u i l d i n g s o c i a l i s m i n Bukoba: t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f R u g a z i ( N y e r e r e ) U jamaa v i l l a g e " i n J . H . P r o c t e r , e d .

,

B u i l d i n g U jamaa v i l l a g e s i n T a n z a n i a , ( D a r e s S a l a a m : TPH, 1 9 7 1 ) , pp. 1 - 1 4 ; a n d i n I n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f p o l i t i c s 4 , no. 4 ( W i n t e r 1 9 7 4 / 7 5 ) : 102- 118.

70. MWAPACHU, JUMA VOLTER. " O p e r a t i o n p l a n n e d v i l l a q e s i n r u r a l Tan- z a n i a : a r e v o l u t i o n a r ; s t r a t e g ; f o r d e v e l o p m e n t . " M b i o n i 7 , no. 11 ( 1 9 7 5 ) : 5- 39. R e p r i n t e d i n The A f r i c a n r e v i e w 6 , n o . 1

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7 1 . NDUNGURU, K. K . " P o s s i b i l i t y f o r t h e g r o w t h of u j a m a a v i l l a g e s a l o n g Lake Nyasa: a c a s e s t u d y o f Ngumbo s u b d i v i s i o n , Mbinga d i s t r i c t . " S t u d e n t d i s s e r t a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t of P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 1 . 47 p .

7 2 . PIPPING, KNUT. " C o o p e r a t i o n . " I n L a n d h o l d i n g i n t h e Usangu P l a i n : A s u r v e y o f two v i l l a g e s i n t h e s o u t h e r n h i g h l a n d s of Tan- z a n i a by Knut P i p p i n g , pp. 72- 90. ( R e s e a r c h r e p o r t n o . 3 3 ) . U p p s a l a : The S c a n d i n a v i a n I n s t i t u t e of A f r i c a n S t u d i e s , 1 9 7 6 . 73. POMJEE, C . K . J . "The s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g

e s t a b l i s h m e n t and v i a b i l i t y of a n u j a m a a v i l l a g e i n Morogoro d i s t r i c t . " S t u d e n t p a p e r p r e p a r e d f o r t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f R u r a l Economy, U n i v e r s i t y of D a r e s S a l a a m . Morogoro, 1 9 7 3 . T y p e s c r i p t . 36 p . C i t e d i n I b r a h i m B. Kai- Samba, e t a l . , D e v e l o p m e n t f o r s e l f - R e l i a n c e . ( I t e m n o . 480 ) .

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74. " P r o b l e m s o f r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t : t h e c a s e of Elbaga, Same-tfbaga d i v i s i o n , P a r e d i s t r i c t . " 32 p . I n A c o l l e c t i o n of e s s a y s o n u j a m a a v i l l a g e s , by E.O. Kayombo, e t a l . F o u r s t u d e n t d i s s e r t a t i o n s . D e ~ a r t m e n t _. L o f P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i - t y o f Dar e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 1 .

7 5 . PROCTOR, J . H . , e d . B u i l d i n g u j a m a a v i l l a g e s i n T a n z a n i a . Dar e s S a l a a m : TPH, 1 9 7 1 . 69 p . P a g i n a t i o n i s s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t o n

t h e 1974 r e p r i n t i n g , s o t h a t i t c o n s i s t s o f o n l y 68 p . 7 6 . RALD, JORGEN. "Ujamaa, p r o b l e m s of i m p l e m e n t a t i o n ( e x p e r i e n c e s

f r o m West L a k e ) .

"

(BRALUP r e s e a r c h r e p o r t n o . 1 0 . ), U n i v e r s i - t y o f Dar e s S a l a a m , May 1970. 37 p.

7 7 . RUGEMARILA, R. H . "The e c o n o m i c i m p a c t o f O p e r a t i o n Kigoma: C a s e s t u d y , Kibondo d i s t r i c t , t h e Waha." S t u d e n t p a p e r , D e p a r t - m e n t - o f R u r a l D e v e l o p m e n t , I n s t i t u t e o f Development Manage- m e n t , Mzumbe, 1 9 7 6 . 96 p .

78. SAIBUL, S. A. OLE. " S o c i a l c h a n g e among t h e p a s t o r a l M a a s a i i n T a n z a n i a i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e u j a m a a v i j i j i n i p o l i c y of TANU s i n c e t h e A r u s h a D e c l a r a t i o n o f 1 9 6 7 . " M a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , De- p a r t m e n t o f P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 4 . 99 p .

79. SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT. " S o c i a l i s t l a n d r e f o r m i n T a n z a n i a . "

The

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80. " T a n z a n i a : c o l l e c t i v i s i n g t h e v i l l a g e r s . " A f r i c a c o n f i d e n t i a l 1 5 , n o . 1 ( 4 J a n u a r y 1 9 7 4 ) : 6- 8.

8 1 . WKOVIC, BMNISLAU. " I n v o l v e m e n t o f t h e n a t i o n i n b u i l d i n g u j a m a a v i l l a g e s .

"

M b i o n i 5 , n o . 9 ( 1 9 7 0 ) : 5- 11.

8 2 . WAGAO, JUMANNE I I . " O p e r a t i o n Kigoms: Kibondo d i s t r i c t , p h a s e two

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p r o g r e s s . " S t u d e n t p a p e r , D e p a r t m e n t o f E c o n o m i c s , U n i v e r s i t y of D a r e s S a l a a m , December 1975. 19 p .

83. WILLIAMS, D A V I D . "Law and s o c i a l i s t r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t . " E a s t e r n A f r i c a l a w r e v i e w 6 , n o . 3 ( 1 9 7 3 ) : 193- 213. P r e s e n t e d a t t h e E a s t A f r i c a n u n i v e r s i t i e s s o c i a l s c i e n c e c o n f e r e n c e , Dar e s S a l a a m , December 1 9 7 3 . 34 p .

2 . I n i t i a t i o n o f communal a c t i v i t i e s

8 4 . BUGENGO, JAMES and J-. P. B. MUTANGIRA. "The N y a r u b a n j a s y s t e m and bot'n d e v e l o p m e n t a l a n d u j a m a a v i l l a g e s i n West Lake r e q i o n , T a n z a n i a . " P a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t a n ERB s e m i n a r , Uni- v e r s i t y o f D a r e s S a l a a m , November 1 9 7 5 . 23 p .

8 5 . BUGENGO, JAMES, J . P . B. MUTANGIRA and J . B. K . RWELENGERA. "The N y a r u b a n j a s y s t e m a n d u j a m a a v i l l a g e s d e v e l o p m e n t i n West Lake r e g i o n . " (ERB p a p e r 7 6 . 1 ) . U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 6 . 72 p . An e s p a n s i o n and r e v i s i o n of James Bugengo and J . P . B . M u t a n g i r a , "The N y a r u b a n j a s y s t e m and b o t h d e v e l o p - m e n t a l and u j a m a a v i l l a g e s i n West Lake r e g i o n , T a n z a n i a "

( I t e m no. 8 4 )

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86. BUNDAKILA, J . T. "The r o l e of c o o p e r a t i v e s i n r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t : a comment." I n A g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n i n u j a m a a v i l l a g e d e v e - l o p m e n t : p a p e r s and p r o c e e d i n g s of a w o r k s h o p , e d i t e d by Hermann H a n s e l , e t a l . , pp. 70- 75. 18orogoro: U n i v e r s i t y of D a r e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 5 .

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CHALE, HARRY F. " E m e r g e n t l a r g e f a r m e r s a n d t h e p r o b l e m s of im- p l e m e n t a t i o n o f u j a m a a v i j i j i n i p o l i c y i n Usangu (Mbeya d i s t r i c t )

."

S t u d e n t d i s s e r t a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t of P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s Salaam,, 1 9 7 3 . 45 p .

COOPERATIVE U N I O N OF TANGANYIKA. S h u g h u l i z a vyama v y a u s h i r i k a k a t i k a v i j i j i v y a u j a m a a . [The work o f c o o p e r a t i v e s o c i e t i e s i n u j a m a a v i l l a g e s ! , Dar e s S a l a a m : IJnion o f T a n g a n y i k a ,

b1UUNGANO WA VYxL"lA VYA USHIRIKA TANGANYIKA. IDARA YA ELIIIU NA UTANGAZAJI. U s h i r i k a w e t u . l o u r c o o p e r a t i v e s ] . Dar e s Sa- l a a m : C o o p e r a t i v e Union o f T a n g a n y i k a P r e s s , 1 9 7 7 . 92 p . FELDMAN, D A V I D . " I s m a n i and t h e r i s e of c a p i t a l i s m : I d e o l o g y and

p r a c t i c e and T a n z a n i a n r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t . " P a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t t h e s e m i n a r on c h a n g e s i n T a n z a n i a n r u r a l s o c i e t y and t h e i r r e l e v a n c e f o r d e v e l o p m e n t p l a n n i n g , A f r i k a - S t u d i e - c e n t r u m , L e i d e n , N e t h e r l a n d s , December 1970. 3 8 p .

FELDMAN, DAVID. " P r o b l e m s i n a c h i e v i n g r u r a l s o c i a l i s m i n Tan- z a n i a . " ( M i m e o - s e r i e s 1 4 ) . I n s t i t u t e of Development S t u d i e s , U n i v e r s i t y o f S u s s e x , B r i g h t o n , J u l y 1 9 6 8 . 3 5 p . R e p u b l i s h e d a s " L e s p r o b l e m s d e l a r e a l i s a t i o n du s o c i a l i s m e r u r a l e n T a n z a n i a " , E t u d e C o n g o l a i s e s 11, n o . 4 ( 1 9 6 8 ) : 105- 135.

FELDMAN, DAVID and RAYAH

,

FELDMAN. " C o o p e r a t i o n and t h e p r o d u c - t i o n e n v i r o n m e n t : some e x p l o r a t i o n s among s o c i a l and econo- m i c f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l c o o p e r a t i o n . " (ERA p a p e r 6 9 . 1 2 ) . U n i v e r s i t y C o l l e g e , Dar e s S a l a a m , 1 9 6 9 . 20 p . Pub- l i s h e d i n Kwan S . Kim, R o b e r t B. M a b e l e a n d M i c h a e l J.

S c h u l t h e i s , e d s . , P a p e r s o n t h e p o l i t i c a l economy o f Tanza- n i a ( N a i r o b i : IIeineman, 1 9 7 9 ) , p p . 14- 23.

FELDMAN, RAYAH. "Custom a n d c a p i t a l i s m : c h a n g e s i n t h e b a s i s o f l a n d t e n u r e i n I s m a n i , T a n z a n i a . " (ERB p a p e r 7 ) . U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 1 . 45 p . P u b l i s h e d i n t h e J o u r n a l of d e v e l o p m e n t s t u d i e s 1 0 , n o . 3 ( 1 9 7 4 ) : 305- 320.

FELDMAN, RAYAH. " R u r a l s o c i a l d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n and ~ o l i t i c a l g o a l s i n T a n z a n i a . " I n Beyond t h e s o c i o l o g y o f ~ d e v e l o p n e n t : economy and s o c i e t y i n L a t i n America a n d A f r i c a , e d i t e d by T v a r O x a a l ; Tony B a r n e t t and D a v i d B o o t h , pp. 1 5 4 - 1 8 2 . London: R o u t l e d g e and Kegan P a u l , 1 9 7 5 .

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^MICHAELAVON. " R u r a l d e v e l o p e n t t h r o u g h u jamaa v i j i ji- n i (some c o n s i d e r a t i o n s b a s e d o n e x p e r i e n c e s i n T a n g a ) . "

D e p a r t m e n t o f E c o n o m i c s , U n i v e r s i t y of D a r e s S a l a a m . 1 9 7 2 . 36 p. Based on r e s e a r c h c o n d u c t e d i n t h e f i r s t h a l f of 1 9 7 1 i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h K . R . K i r a v u , G . K r e u t e r , E.N. M a k e r e , and D . C . X b e z i .

FUMBUKA, S . a n d H . MAPOLU. "U jamaa v i l l a g e s and c o o p e r a t i v e s . "

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HYCZN, GORAN, e d . C o o p e r a t i v e s i n T a n z a n i a : p r o b l e m s o f o r g a n i - s a t i o n b u i l d i n g . Dar e s S a l a a m : TPH, 1 9 7 6 . 93 p . The L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s e n t r y f o r t h i s v o l u m e i s C o o p e r a t i v e s i n Tanza- n i a : p r o b l e m s o f o r g a n i s a t i o n b u i l d i n g / A . Z . M u t a h a , e t . Dar e s S a l a a m : TPH, 1 9 7 6 . I t n e g l e c t s t o i d e n t i f y Gi5ran Hy- d6n a s t h e e d i t o r .

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9 8 . KIKWETE, JAKAYA M . " B u l u l u - v i s - a - v i s u j a m a a v i l l a g e : a compara- t i v e s t u d v o f t h e t r a d i t i o n a l v i l l a a e s v s t e m of t h e Wakwere > L

w i t h t h e u j a m a a v i l l a g e . " I n F i e l d r e s e a r c h i n Tanqa u j a m a a v i l l a g e s , D e p a r t m e n t of S o c i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s Sa-

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99. K I N Y O N D O , S . R. "The b u i l d i n g o f s o c i a l i s m i n T a n z a n i a : Katoma t r a d i t i o n a l v i l l a g e , a c a s e s t u d y of p r o b l e m s and p o s s i b i - l i t i e s o f t r a n s f o r m i n g a t r a d i t i o n a l v i l l a g e i n t o a n u j a m a a v i l l a g e . " S t u d e n t d i s s e r t a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t o f P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 1 . 140 p .

1 0 0 . MAHECHA, M. A. C . "Forms o f c o o p e r a t i o n a s a p o t e n t i a l b a s e f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f u j a m a a l i v i n g : Hongi v i l l a g e e x p e r i e n c e . "

1 7 p . I n F i e l d r e s e a r c h i n Tanga u j a m a a v i l l a g e s , D e p a r t m e n t o f S o c i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 5 .

1 0 1 . IWUYA, MAX. " ' B e g a kwa b e g a ' , n a f a s i y a k e k a t i k a wa u j a m a a . "

lock

f a r m s ' , i t s p o t e n t i a l i n t h e b u i l d n i g o f u j a m a a ] . Ujamaa, n o . 5 1 ( 1 9 7 7 ) : 23- 43.

1 0 2 . MODERNE, FRANK. " E v o l u t i o n e t p e r s p e c t i v e s d e l a c o o p e r a t i o n a g r i c o l e e n T a n z a n i e . " L E v o l u t i o n and p e r s p e c t i v e s o f a g r i - c u l t u r a l c o o p e r a t i o n i n ~ a n z a n i a ] . Revue F r a n ~ a i s e d ' e t u d e s p o l i t i q u e s A f r i c a i n e s , n o . 59 ( 1 9 7 0 ) : 65- 90.

1 1 3 . MOHAN, RAKESH. "On t h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r s u c c e s s f u l c o o p e r a t i o n i n

U jamaa v i l l a g e s i n . T a n z a n i a . " D e v e l o p m e n t S t u d i e s , U n i v e r s i - t y o f Dar e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 0 ? 26 p .

1 0 4 . MWAKISYOABE, J . S . E. " U t e k e l e z a j i Wa O p e r e s h e n i Maduka." [The i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of O p e r a t i o n Maduka!. Ujamaa, no. 49 ( 1 9 7 6 ) : 1 - 2 4 .

105. N I N D I , B . C . "The a r t i c u l a t i o n o f I s m a n i s o c i a l e c o n o m i c s t r u c - t u r e and i t s i m p l i c a t i o n f o r u j a m a a v i j i j i n i p o l i c y . "

M a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , D e p a r t m e n t of S o c i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s S a l a a m , J u n e 1 9 7 5 .

1 0 6 . NTIRUKIGWA, ESPERIUS N . "The i m p a c t o f t r a d i t i o n a l l a n d t e n u r e s y s t e m o n u j a m a a v i l l a g e s : a c a s e s t u d y of K a l e b e z o Buchosa i n G e i t a . " S t u d e n t d i s s e r t a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t o f P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s S a l a a m , March, 1 9 7 0 . 34 p.

P u b l i s h e d i n a s l i g h t l y r e v i s e d f o r m a s "The l a n d t e n u r e s y s t e m and t h e b u i l d i n g o f u j a m a a v i l l a g e s i n G e i t a : a c a s e s t u d y of R a l e b e z o " i n J . H . P r o c t e r , e d . , B u i l d i n g u j a m a a v i l l a g e s i n T a n z a n i a . ( D a r e s S a l a a m : TPH, 1 9 7 1 ) , p p . 33-47 107. PLESKAC, J I R I

.

" D i v i s i o n of l a b o u r a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n of o u t p u t .

"

M b i o n i 6 , n o . 1 ( 1 9 7 0 ) : 1 2 - 2 4 .

1 0 8 . RUGUMISA, S . M . " l 4 u t u a l a i d g r o u p s and t h e i r p o t e n t i a l f o r a g r i - c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t i n Bukoba d i s t r i c t w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e - r e n c e t o Bukabuye v i l l a g e . " P a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t t h e E a s t A f r i c a n u n i v e r s i t i e s s o c i a l s c i e n c e c o n f e r e n c e , Dar e s Sa- l a a m , December 1 9 7 3 . 20 p .

1 0 9 . SAUL, J O H N S . "From m a r k e t i n g c o o p e r a t i v e t o p r o d u c e r c o o p e r a - . t i v e . " I n R u r a l c o o p e r a t i o n i n T a n z a n i a , e d i t e d by L i o n e l C l i f f e , e t a l . , p p . 287-307. Dar e s S a l a a m : TPH, 1 9 7 5 .

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1 1 0 . SAWE, L. M . M . " L i n k a g e of g o v e r n m e n t and l o c a l p e o p l e i n p o s t e - r i n g c o l l e c t i v e p r o d u c t i o n i n c e n t r a l H a i . " M a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , D e p a r t m e n t o f P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y of D a r e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 5 . 93 p .

111. TANU. t l w e l e k e o wa m a e n d e l e o y a k i jamaa m k o a n i K i l i m a n j a r o . [The e f f o r t t o d e v e l o p s o c i a l i s m i n K i l i m a n j a r o r e g i o n ] . Dar e s Salaam: bIakao I.lakuu y a Chama y a Mkoa wa K i l i m a n j a r o , March 1 9 7 4 . 6 9 p .

1 1 2 . TANU. "Ujamaa i n Sukumaland

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a n e s s a y i n c o o p e r a t i v e d e v e l o p - m e n t . " I n R u r a l c o o p e r a t i o n i n T a n z a n i a , e d i t e d b y L i o n e l C l i f f e , e t a l . , p p . 428-454. Dar e s S a l a a m : TPH, 1 9 7 5 . 113. THODEN VAN VELZEN, H . U. E. "Some s o c i a l o b s t a c l e s t o u j a m a a : a

c a s e s t u d y from Rungwe." I n R u r a l c o o p e r a t i o n i n ~ a n z a n i a , e d i t e d . b y L i o n e l C l i f f e , e t a l . , p p . 346- 359. Dar e s Salaam:

TPH, 1 9 7 5 . W r i t t e n i n 1 9 7 0 .

1 1 4 . THODEN VAN VELZEN, H . U . E. " S t a f f , k u l a k s and p e a s a n t s . " I n S o c i a l i s m i n T a n z a n i a , V o l . 2 , e d i t e d by L i o n e l C l i f f e and J o h n S a u l , p p . 1 5 3 - 1 7 9 . Dar e s S a l a a m : EAPH, 1 9 7 3 .

1 1 5 . "Tobacco p r o d u c t i o n i n T a b o r a d i s t r i c t : c a s e s t u d y of T u t u o s c h e m e . " 2 1 p . I n A c o l l e c t i o n of e s s a y s o n u j a m a a v i l l a g e s , by E.O. Kayombo, e t a l . , Four s t u d e n t d i s s e r t a t i o n s , D e p a r t - m e n t o f P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 1 .

C . C h a r a c t e r of U jamaa . V i l l a g e s

The l i t e r a t u r e d e s c r i b i n g w h a t u j a m a a v i l l a g e s a r e a n d how t h e y work i s e x t e n s i v e . A l t h o u g h n o t e a s i l y c a t e g o r i z e d , i t c a n b e g r o u p e d u n d e r f i v e h e a d i n g s : c a s e s t u d i e s , t h e r o l e of t h e g o v e r n m e n t / p a r t y i n t h e v i l l a g e s , a g r i c u l t u r e i n t h e v i l l a g e s , n o n - a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e v i l l a g e s a n d v i l l a g e r s a n d t h e i r l e a d e r s . I n c l u d e d i n t h i s l i s t i n g a r e g o v e r n m e n t p u b l i c a t i o n s m e a n t f o r u s e i n , a s w e l l a s g e n e r a l s t u d i e s o f , U jamaa v i l l a g e s .

1. C a s e s t u d i e s

1 1 6 . BAMUGAYA, P . A. and G . KINDAMBA. " A s t u d y t o u r r e p o r t on Tumba- k o s e u j a m a a v i l l a g e . " S t u d e n t p a p e r , I n s t i t u t e of A d u l t Edu- c a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s S a l a a i n , 1 9 7 2 ? 4 p .

1 1 7 . "A b r i e f summary a b o u t t h e s t u d y of M s e t a u j a m a a v i l l a g e , "

S t u d e n t p a p e r , I n s t i t u t e of A d u l t E d u c a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 2 . 3 p .

1 1 8 . BUGENGO, JANES. "Ujamaa i n Mara R e g i o n . " A p a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t t h e E a s t A f r i c a n u n i v e r s i t i e s s o c i a l s c i e n c e c o n f e r e n c e , December 1 9 7 3 , D a r ec S a l a a m . 1 8 p .

1 1 9 . BULIGA and A . J . KIMOLA. "Ujamaa t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n r u r a l Tan- z a n i a : a c a s e s t u d y of Kabuku Ndani u j a m a a v i l l a g e , T a n g a . "

S t u d e n t p a p e r , D e p a r t m e n t of S o c i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y o f D a r e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 4 . 20 9. I n F i e l d r e s e a r c h i n Tanga u j a m a a v i l l a g e s , Departme115 o f S o c i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s S a l a a m , 1 9 7 5 .

amaa Villages in Tanzania: iography