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Assessment of Pulmonary Blood Flow in Heart Failure. Using Novel and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods

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(1)Assessment of Pulmonary Blood Flow in Heart Failure. Using Novel and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods. Al-Mashat, Mariam. 2021. Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication. Citation for published version (APA): Al-Mashat, M. (2021). Assessment of Pulmonary Blood Flow in Heart Failure. Using Novel and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods. Lund University, Faculty of Medicine.. Total number of authors: 1. General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.. L UNDUNI VERS I TY PO Box117 22100L und +46462220000.

(2) NORDIC SWAN ECOLABEL 3041 0903 Printed by Media-Tryck, Lund 2021. Photographer: Sarah Khafagi. Department of Clinical Physiology. 2021:01. Lund University, Faculty of Medicine Doctoral Dissertation Series 2021:01 ISBN 978-91-8021-007-2 ISSN 1652-8220. 9 789180 210072. “Spring’s breaths” Artist: Mona Taqi. Assessment of Pulmonary Blood Flow in Heart Failure. Mariam Al-Mashat is born on April 6th, 1990. She was raised together with her two younger brothers in a very caring and loving family. She graduated from Malmö University, Sweden in 2011 as a Biomedical laboratory scientist with a specialization in Clinical physiology (Technologist). Two years after, Mariam graduated from Örebro University, Sweden with a master’s degree in Medicine. Mariam started to work at the department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine at Skåne University Hospital in Lund Sweden in 2011 and became a member of the research group, Lund Cardiac MR group, in 2012. In this group, Mariam’s journey towards accomplishing her dream of obtaining a PhD degree started.. MARIAM AL-MASHAT  . About the author. Assessment of Pulmonary Blood Flow in Heart Failure Using Novel and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods MARIAM AL-MASHAT DEPARTMENT OF CLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY | FACULTY OF MEDICINE | LUND UNIVERSITY.

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References

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