peparttnent of Co erce WEATHER BUREAU WASHINGTON, D. C. Official Business
11
LI
Art .11,104.0111, ,1 .•••• a • 7/. - •*r.:FAF-37-7,"""*".1`rfftFRAIrt*,,,-PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVMs, PAYMENT OF POSrmn, $300
ADDRESS ALL COMMUNICATIONS To THE CHIEF ENGINEER
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ENGINEER
UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT
OF
THE
INTERIOR
BUREAU OF RECLAMATION
CUSTOMHOUSE
DENVER, COLORADO
Mr. Carl Rohwer, Irrigation Engineer, Soil Conservation Service,
Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado. Dear Mr. Rohwer:
JUL
20
1945
Reference is made to your letter of July 17 relative to data on concrete lining on Bureau of Reclamation projects.
The concrete lining on the Yakima, Central Valley, and Gila Projects was all placed by continuous lining machines, -While that for the Ogden River, Shoshone, and Boise Projects was placed by hand methods. Reasons for using hand placing on these last-mentioned jobs is that the lining
machine was still in the experimental stage when the Ogden River work was done, and that the other two jobs were too small to justify the investment.
Very truly yours,
alk,(4.4.Joe,
, Walker R. /Young, Chief Ei1gineer e4VICr°RY Tr, BUY STATES UNITED I # WAR i'fith)f."ONDS44!
STAMPS AND/70
MAMOR NDUM
INTERVIEW DECEMBER 28, 1923, WITH MR. R. G. SMITH, ASSISTANT MANAGER, Yut;L OIL & ASPHALT DIVISION, STANDARD OIL COMPANY, SAN FRANCISCO, CAI.
ASPHALT PREPARATIONS AS DITCIEI LININGS
It does not appear that the use of hot, mechanically mixed asphalt linings for irrigation ditches has advanced beyond the
experimental stage. Road Oil or liquid asphalts put on by spray
methods have been used for a considerable period of time. It is
claimed, however, that some of the points involved have been settled satisfactorily, but others, just as important, are still in abeyance.
The first experiment was undertaken in 1922, in the
Turlock Irrigation District. The experimental stretch of ditch
had been prepared and some of the asphalt mixture had been placed, when water was inadvertently turned into the ditch, causing the experiment at that place to be abandoned, for the time being.
In the fall of 1922 about one hundred lineal feet of ditch in the South San Joaquin Irrigation District was lined, at a point about four miles out of Manteca on the road to Stockton. I sign beside the road serves to call attention to the location. Various Mixes were used, and all except one or two of them seem to have came through the ensuing season of service and exposure in approximately equally good shape, without cracks and without flawing or creeping on the sides.
On the Wenatchee Project, in the State of Washington,
a length of canal was lined a few weeks ago. This will afford opportunity to observe the behavior of the lining under rigorous winter conditions.
The Modesto Irrigation District has finished five different stretches of asphalt lining in its ditches, the localities being so chosen as to afford opportunity to observe the adaptability of the lining to service in different earth materials. This District has also awarded a contract to the Pacific Ditch Lining Company for covering a cement mortar ditch, which is badly cracked, with a one inch asphalt hot mix lining.
The Turlock Irrigation District will put in about 0,9 mile of asphalt lining before the opening of the next irrigation season. The Merced Irrigation District will also give it a trial. An experi— ment by the Water biters Association at Phoenix, Arizona, has been arranged.
The South San Joaquin Irrigation District has been sufficiently impressed by the experiment on its canal to contract for about 50,000 square feet of lining, to be put in at an early date.
The mixture which has been adopted, for the time being, at least, is a modified paving mix. As compared with the paving mix,
it contains more asphalt, less filler, and coarser sand. The
percentage-gradation curve of the lining mix lies below that of the paving mix. Asphalt is used in the amount of 13 to 15 per cent of D grade, with about 60 penetration. Copper Sulphate is added in the
proportion of 17 lbs. to about 5,000 lbs. of the mix, in accordance
with tne Milt° process for hardening. The resulting mixture is
quite soft after being delivered from the asphalt plant at a
tem-perature of approximately 300°F. and when dumped into the truck
rides with its surface horizontal, or nearly so, as compared with the paving mix, which will heap.
The mix can either be made at a central plant and hauled to the point of use, or can be mixed with the plant at the side of the
ditch. It is dumped on canvas and shoveled from there on to the
bed and sides of the ditch. The bed and sides have had, in prepara— tion for this, a treatment with Cresoil, which puts the soil in condition to receive the asphalt mixture and is said to have, in addition, toxic properties which will prevent any plant growth
which might otherwise persist. Following the shoveling of the
mix on to the bed and sides of the ditch, it is raked and then rolled. The rolling thus far has been done by hand, but work is in progress
on a two—roller device, to be driven by gasoline engine. The
Cresoil is applied by hand sprinklers, but in the final development
of the plant it may be sprayed. The soft mix permits lighter rollers
to be used than in paving work.
No forms are used, and the lining is laid without joints. At the close of the day, or at any other time when work of placing
the lining is interrupted for a period, a rope is imbedded in the
edge of the lining, and when work is resumed this rope is ripped out in order to cause the lining to present a rough edge and form
3.
a good bond for the succeeding work, or the edges are cut back at the beginning of the day's work so as to present a surface
that can be easily bonded to the new mix.
A thickness of lining equal to 1 1/2 inches has been used, and it is considered that this can be furnished and placed at
present as cheaply as one of less thickness. It is anticipated,
however, that with the increased skill which the workmen will ac-quire with experience, the labor cost of a thinner layer will be no more than that of the thickness now used, so that the diminished
cost of materials will have its effect in decreasing the cost of
the lining. It is believed that a 1-inch thickness, properly laid,
will be adequate.
The Pacific Ditch Lining Company, 260 California St., San Francisco, is making a specialty of this work, and is doing the lining at the places mentioned.
The contract price for the work now in progress at Modesto is 8.46 cents per sq. ft. It is expected that the cohtractor will not quite break even at this price, but that in the future, with
the reduced cost of operations which will cove with experience in manipulations and improvements in equipment, and with the thickness of lining reduced to one inch, a fair price will be about nine cents
per sq. ft. The price for the work contracted for at this time by
the South San Joaquin Irrigation District is a little in excessof
nine cents. These prices do not include the trimming of the ditch
to form to receive the lining.
The question as to Whether the asphalt lining will stand up under exposure to the sun and heat of the summers of such places as the San Joaquin Valley is considered to have been settled favor-ably by the experiments which have been made. The experience of this winter is depended upon to answer the question as to whether
it will withstand the lower temperatures. The lining at Wenatchee
will probably be exposed to the conditions of a rigorous winter climate. As to permeability, experiments on somewhat similar preparation for reservoir linings forecast a favorable outcome for permeability exper-iments now in progress in the Standard Oil laboratory, the results of which will be furnished this office.
If the mix now in use Should be found deficient in ability to withstand the lower temperatures, an attempt to correct the shortcoming will be made by using coarser sand, more asphalt and less filler.
Slopes at least as steep as 1:1 are considered proper for the sides of ditches to be lined with the asphalt mixture.
0. V. P. Stout.
OpOW..
After 5 days, zeturn to STANDARD OIL COMPANY,
•••.•••••
Standard Oil Building, SA.N.TRANCISCD, CALIF.
4.0
.11.440it O. v.1. KOUT , liuteral
-tertian, uali for nia.
\At', 7 , • 4 f t c, i,
,
10 cr( 1FUEL OIL AND ASPHALT DIVISION L.J.K.FI PT H, L.1 R., MANAGER R.G.SMITH, ASSISTANT MANAGER INCORPORATED IN CALIFORNIA SALE S DEPARTMENT S N IIT) A R 1-3 0 I L BuiLDING SAN FRANCISCO . January 8th, 1924.
Lajor O.V.P. stout, rederal Building, Berkeley, kialifornia. Dear air:
We are sending you under separate cover today a sample of the asphalt lining as laid by the Pacific Ditch Lining kdo. in the Liodesto Irrigation District. This is the same sample which
you saw in LAI. u. omith's office.
If we can be of any further service kindly let us know.
AzN:IL
Yours very truly, OIL uOMPANY.
By
tiiii
iv10
E
STANDARD
"WAS
A
DARK
AND
STORMY
NIGHT"
ND
Oh! how welcome Pearl Oil's comfy warmth!Pearl Oil — because it keeps the air sweet and clean—heat by the roomful—and no one need to budge to keep up the cheerful, efficient, little flame. Ready at the touch of a match to go all day, all night—sure warmth for living-room, bath, hall—anywhere steady, cheering warmth is wanted!
To insure best results, use only Pearl Oil—the clean-burning, uniform kerosene—refined and re-refined by the Standard Oil Company's special process. "Coal oil" or "kerosene" may mean any kind of kerosene — say "PEARL OIL"—copyrighted for your protedion.
STANDARD
THE STANDARD
PUBLICATION PUBLISHED STANDARDOFFICEOIL
MONTHLYOIL
COMPANY
AND PRINCIPAL OIL BUILDING,SANBULLETIN
BY(CALIFORNIA)
PLACE OF FRANCISCO BUSINESS DIRECTORS K. R KINGSBURY President F. H. HILLMAN Vice-President R. J. HANNA Vice-President H. M. STOREY Vice-President H. T. HARPER Vice-President R. C. WARNER Treasurer A. B. BROOKS DirectorThe aim of the STANDARD OIL BULLETIN is to furnish first hand and authoritatively to the Company stockholders, employees, and patrons, as well as the general public,fafir concerning the Company's business and its methods.
Address all communications to STANDARD OIL BuLLE-TIN, Standard Oil Building, San Francisco, California.
NOTICE: Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the STANDARD OIL BULLETIN are not copyrighted, and other publications are at liberty to make use of same.
VOLUME XI OCTOBER, 1923 No. 6
A
FINE RESULT
FROM
ADVERTISING
T
HE season of summer travel and recre-ation on the Pacific Coast is passing with the advent of autumn, the flight of the summer tourist is ending. Soon will come the winter visitors.It has been a great tourist year on the Pacific Coast, from Canada to Mexico. The national parks have never been so well pat-ronized. Hotels and restorts have been filled. The railroads have brought more people to the great playgrounds of the Far West than ever before. Never have there been so many motor-cars fr6m the East, while the in-terstate travel up and down the coast has been much greater than in years gone by. Final estimates of travel have not been made, but we hear of increases of thirty, forty, and fifty per cent or more in the number of visi-tors to various points of interest over the number of last year. There is no reason to doubt that next year. will be greater than this, for it is well known that one satisfied tourist creates another.
The principal reason for the increase of tourists is advertising. Never before have the Pacific Coast and its attractions been so alluringly set before the rest of the nation, in advertisements in magazines and news-papers, in photographs, and in motion pic-tures. Organizations devoted to the develop-ment of. the several states have carried on extensive campaigns, while the railroads
which come to the Pacific Coast from the East have made great expenditures in at-tractive and effective advertising.
There is real gain to the Pacific Coast in all this. But not merely in the sums of money the tourists spend, although the aggregate of such expenditures is considerable, and adds to our prosperous condition. 'the real and lasting gain is in the direction bf in-creasing the permanent population of the Pacific Coast states, ultimately leading to the settlement of the great, empty; but fertile and valuable, areas which are crying for people. For it is experience that the tourist is a potential settler, and' the tourist wha is financially able to come to the Pacific Coast on pleasure bent, or as one who is looking over the field for a hew home, is probably the caliber of citizen the coast needs. Having great numbers of people more familiar with opportunities for business expansion in the Far West will also lead to' the establishment of new industries.,
Of course, of the tens of thousands of tourists who come from the East, a very large proportion will never leave their, pres-ent residences or businesses to come this way, but there is an appreciable percentage who can be induced to do so.
The experience of the year has proved the great worth of community advertising prop-erly done.
2 STANDARD OIL BULLETIN [OCTOBER
Richmond Refinery was one of the points visited by the Congressional party during its recent inspection tour conducted under the auspices of the American Petroleum Institute. This is the party; the background is
our cafeteria at this refinery, where the visitors were luncheon guests
DISTINGUISHED VISITORS
I
N full accord with a certain plan of theAmerican Petroleum Institute, ten mem-bers of the California Congressional delega-tion and one Representative from Virginia, a member of the Naval Affairs committee of the House of Representatives, recently toured the oil-fields of California. Besides the Congressmen and members of their fami-lies, the party included officials of several of the big oil companies operating in this state. The official host was President Thomas A. O'Donnell, of the American Petroleum In-stitute, the organization that conducted the tour.
The American Petroleum Institute is a national organization composed of leading oilmen, representing all phases of the in-dustry. California is the leading oil-produc-ing state of the Union. It occurred to the Institute that it would be an excellent plan to afford the state's Congressional Repre-sentatives an opportunity to gain first-hand information concerning this great industry of the state. The plan met with the Con-gressmen's hearty approval, and the.
inspec-tion tour, which began in the southern Cali-fornia fields and ended four days later at Richmond Refinery, on San Francisco Bay, was the result.
In all there were over forty members in the party. The Congressional guests were: Congressman and Mrs. Walter F. Lineber-ger, of Long Beach; Congressman and Mrs. James H. McLafferty, of Oakland;
Con-gressman Phil D. Swing, of El Centro;
Con-gressman Charles F. Curry, of Sacramento; Congressman and Mrs. H. E. Barbour, of
Fresno; Congressman and Mrs. A. M. Free,
of San Jose; Congressman and Mrs.
Clar-ence Lea, of Santa Rosa; Congressman John
D. Frederick, of Los Angeles; and
Congress-man P. H. Drewry, of Petersburg, Va.
German Beggar (pocketing marks): It used to be that when you asked for money you would only get some food; now when you ask for food you
only get some money.—Simplicissimus (Munich).
"I'm getting old." "Having rheumatism?" "Worse than that. I'm having reminiscences."— Cincinnati Tribune.
1923] STANDARD OIL BULLETIN 3
WATER
CONSERVATION
IN
CALIFORNIA
B
Y way of preamble, permission is asked here to mention a certainun-honored and unsung educator of a generation ago. She is to remain anonymous. It is not known that she ever was rewarded with any other title than the modest one by which she was known to her pupils, who were of the grammar-school grades. Whether death or matrimony eventually robbed the California public school system of her invaluable services this chronicler does not know. This, however, is recalled of her: it was her practice, when she desired to emphasize the importance of something, to ask her class to imagine that something as non-existent. "Children," she
would say, "if there wasn't a bit of water in the whole world, what would
happen?"
This might call forth answers to the effect that the flowers would wilt; that the little birds would die of thirst; that one wouldn't be able to take a bath, or go swimming; that there wouldn't be any rivers, or lakes, or ocean; that windmills, locomotives, and ships wouldn't be of any use; and that vegetables and fruit trees wouldn't grow. Eventually, through adroit questioning which inspired the answers given, it was firmly established in the minds of all in the class that without water there could be no life of any sort, and that, therefore, water was a most vital thing, and not to be wasted—which very thing someone had done by leaving a school faucet turned on.
In frank imitation of the foregoing method, the BULLETIN now puts the question: "What would California be—especially southern Califor-nia—without irrigation ?" It is not necessary to draw on the imagination for the picture, for it stands out hideously in the memory of many an old-time resident of this fruitful southland. Many of them can recall when irrigation was little practiced here, and that without much understanding. They can recall seasons when expected rainfall failed to materialize and the periods of drought that resulted; when stock by the thousands perished of starvation or were shot down because there was no feed. There were years when the season of tillage was not followed by one of harvest; south-ern California's famous asset, sunshine, threatened at times to ruin it, or at least to forestall all agricultural development, in those non-irrigating days.
Those days are past when the success of agriculture in southern Cali-fornia is left to nature's distribution of water, and they never will come back. Our question should have been put thus: "What will southern Cali-fornia be—especially San Diego County—with more irrigation?" For that is the prospect with which this BULLETIN is concerned, and in this issue will be found data relative to two outstanding projects in the several that make up San Diego County's present water conservation program. Also in this issue, for what interest they may have, are notes bearing on an irrigation system which antedated by more than half a century any other real attempt at irrigation in California.
4 STANDARD OIL BULLETIN [OCTOBER
The masonry dam built a century and a half ago by the neophytes from Mission San Diego de Alcala, working under the direction of the padres. It served to impound waters from the San Diego
River's flood discharges for use a,t the Mission
CALIFORNIA'S
FIRST
IRRIGATION SYSTEM
T
0 Padre Juan Garte belongs the creditand honor of being the first irrigation engineer to design and construct permanent works for the conservation and delivery of water in California, according to the city of
San Diego's hydraulic engineer, H. N.
Sav-age, who notes this fact in an article recently appearing in California Southland. This pio-neer irrigation project dates back approxi-mately to 1769, the year Mission San Diego de Alcala was founded, and antedates by more than half a, century any similar work in this state. The system included a strong masonry dam, eight to ten feet high, and several miles of conduit lined with hand-made cement slabs. Considerable portions of the dam in a good state of preservation and still in place, having withstood the winter floods of almost a century and a half, are mute testimony as to the quality of the work. Also remnants of conduits are to be seen, as shown in the accompanying photographs. Here, in part, is Engineer Savage's descrip-tion of this pioneer irrigadescrip-tion system:
"The Mission Fathers assigned to San
Diego, with their remarkable comprehensive knowledge and abilities, began the
construc-Here the structure of the conduit is shown. Many of the flat units now serve as flooring in
19231 STANDARD OIL BULLETIN 5
Olive and palm trees may be seen making their last stand where once were the fruitful gardens of Mission San Diego de Alcala. Sunshine alone won't make a garden
This conduit, about five miles in length, conduct-ed the water from the dam to the site of the
Mission
tion of a masonry dam across the San Diego River at the outlet of a natural reservoir basin, located about ten miles up the river from the Bay of San Diego. The dam was evidently intended for diversion and was ob-viously located where, by the smallest rela-tive expenditure, water could be impounded from the river's flood discharges, and con-tinue to be available throughout the summer season for domestic and irrigation use on the lands about the Mission.
"The missionaries burned the native lime-rock and produced a hydraulic cement which they used in constructing both the dam and the conduit, the latter five miles in length from the dam to the site of the old Mission, where the water was delivered for the many hundred neophytes' domestic requirements and for the irrigation of the gardens and vineyards and olive groves."
Mistress—You seem to have a good deal of company, Mary. Maid—Yas'm. Dey's what I call my rainbeaux. Seven different colored gentlemen. Yas'm.—Princeton Tiger.
6 STANDARD OIL BULLETIN [OCTOBER
The mixture was rich enough in asphalt to seal up thoroughly under the compression afforded by a light hand-roller
LINING
FOR
IRRIGATION CANALS
I
Nthe various irrigation districts of Cali-fornia are about thirty thousand miles of main canals and main laterals. It is esti-mated that only about two per cent of these waterways are lined, the remaining ninety-eight per cent being plain unlined earthen canals.
No one has ever questioned the fact that a
lined canal possesses many decided advan-tages over one that is not lined. Constant seepage from the canals year after year has resulted in raising the underground water-level until in many localities the water so closely approaches the surface that the condi-tions have become serious. Crops will not grow in water-logged land, and the danger of increasing the alkali content is great.
There are two methods of remedying this condition. One is to install large and
expen-sive pumping equipment and pump the water
from the land by means of deep-well pumps, which is costly, and usually is only partially successful, for often this does no more than relieve the situation in the immediate vicinity of the well.
The logical solution is obviously to pre-vent the leakage from the canals—to line
them so that the water cannot escape and cause the land to become water-logged. This also prevents the loss of a large volume of water through seepage, which is highly im-portant in districts where water is scarce, and therefore valuable. In many cases the value of water saved by lining would be sufficient to pay the cost of lining in a relatively short time. It is estimated that there is enough water in the State of California to irrigate all agricultural lands within her borders.
However, unless proper methods of
conserva-tion are undertaken, water will not be avail-able for more than half the total acreage.
When a canal is lined the hazard of breaks
is greatly reduced, which does away to a large extent with the necessity and expense of patrolling. Also, a lined canal can be built materially smaller than an unlined one, and yet carry the same amount of water.
With the obvious advantages of the lined irrigation canal over the unlined one, one may wonder why the percentage of unlined ones is so great.
It is the cost. The most successful linings heretofore available are most expensive of construction. To build them necessitates
1923] STANDARD OIL BULLETIN 7
This experiment in canal-lining was made by the South San Joaquin Irrigation District, on a lateral canal paralleling the Hogan Road, about four miles north of Manteca, California
heavy and burdensome bonds. Farmers as well as irrigation engineers have realized the need of lining canals, and, despite the heavy expenditures attendant on their construction, the mileage is increasing each year. And the plea of both farmers and engineers has been for a less costly lining.
As a result, asphalt linings have been
sug-gested, and are being tested, and there is every reason to believe that the experiments will prove that herein lies the solution to this outstanding problem confronting agri-culture in California.
It is estimated that asphaltic-concrete lin-ings from one inch to two and a half inches in thickness can be constructed for from six to ten cents per square foot, depending on the availability of aggregates, the location of the
work, labor conditions, and other factors.
In the experimental work here in Cali-fornia, as depicted in the two accompanying photographs, sand, limestone dust, and as-phalt, thoroughly heated, were mixed and spread over the graded earthen canal and rolled and compacted to a dense waterproof lining. It has been demonstrated that the high percentage of asphalt used not only seals the canal, but also reduces to a mini-mum the danger of cracking.
Present indications are that the demand of
the California irrigation districts for a cheaper canal lining will be met by asphal-tic lining.
Sales Force Changes
M R. H. B. FAIRCHILD, formerly Assistant District Sales Manager at Portland, has been appointed District Sales Manager at Sacramento, succeeding Mr. C. M. Harris, Jr.; the appointment effective October I, 5923. Mr. J. H. MacGaregill, formerly Assistant District Sales Manager at Fresno, has been appointed Assistant District Sales Manager at Portland, succeeding Mr. H. B. Fair-child; the appointment effective October 5, 1923.
Mr. E. H. Todd, formerly Substation Superintendent, Los Angeles, has been appointed Assistant District Sales Manager at Fresno, succeeding Mr. J. H. MacGaregill; the appointment effective October I, 1923.
Mr. E. M. Burnham, formerly Assistant District Sales Manager at San Francisco, has been appointed District Sales Manager at San Jose, succeeding Mr. C. 0. Van Valer; the appointment effective September 24, 1923.
Mr. L. L. Campbell, formerly Assistant District Sales Manager at Sacramento, has been appointed Assistant District Sales Manager at San Francisco, succeeding Mr. E. M. Burnham; the appointment effective October I, 5923. Mr. A. A. Cobb, formerly Assistant District Sales Man-ager at Spokane, has been appointed Assistant District Sales Manager at Sacramento, succeeding Mr. L. L.
Camp-bell; the appointment effective October I, 1923. Mr. T. G. Travis, formerly Substation Superintendent at Los Angeles, has been appointed Assistant District Sales Manager at Spokane, succeeding Mr. A. A. Cobb; the ap-pointment effective October 1, 1923.
Henshaw Dam was created by making a "dry fill" on either side and a "hydraulic fill" in
the center
At times both wagon and mules threatened to be-come part of the
dam
Transporting "hy-draulic fill"; water was the vehicle in which earth was moved by pump up to the settling-basin
This is the settling-basin on top of t the mud was pump
HENSHAW
DA
MAKIN
HIS great earthen dam, located 1
/4.1 the historic Warner Ranch, in S
fornia, is now hastening toward compl will form will supply water for several irrigation over 30,000 acres of dry-far
For further details see text on
Above (the left half of the photo) is shown the valley which Henshaw Dam will transform into an inland sea. The high ground in the center
In six months' time 235,000 cubic yards of "dry fill" and 200,000 of "hydrau-lic fill" were moved into the canyon
ling-basin on top of the dam into which the mud was pumped
JAW
DAM
IN THE
MAKING
len dam, located on the western edge of irner Ranch, in San Diego County, Cali-rung toward completion. The inland sea it y water for several towns and place under o acres of dry-farming and grazing lands. details see text on following page.
Here is shown ex-cavation work at-tendant on the con-struction of the Henshaw Dam
spillway
This is the lower end of the tunnel through which Lake Henshaw will dis-charge. The iron barrels are evidence of Standard Oil participation in this
great work
This section of the photograph affords an excellent pictorial explanation of the methods of construction employed, showing the settling-basin into which the mud was pumped,
10 STANDARD OIL BULLETIN [OCTOBER
In this manner material was obtained for the hydraulic fill. The mixture of earth and water, otherwise mud, was pumped up to the settling-basin at the top of the dam
HENSHAW
DAM
AND
LAKE
HENSHAW
F
opment of Rancho Santa Fe, describedOLLOWING in the wake of thedevel-elsewhere in this BULLETIN, another great irrigation project is now hastening toward completion in San Diego County, California. As the first step in this development, Hen-shaw Dam has been constructed. This huge barrier, which is located at the western edge of the famous Warner Ranch, at the mouth of a great mountain valley, creates an im-mense storage reservoir, known as Lake Henshaw.
Water from this inland sea will irrigate lands adjacent to and above Rancho Santa Fe and northward in the vicinity of Escon-dido, Fallbrook, Oceanside, and Vista. Hen-shaw Dam will impound 165,000 acre-feet, or 66,000,000,000 gallons, of water—almost as much as the combined capacity of all the other dams in San Diego County, of which there are many. It will place under irriga-tion and make adaptable for intensive culti-vation from 30,000 to 35,000 acres of dry-farming land and grazing area, and furnish water to several municipalities. Also, the de-velopment of hydro-electric power to the
ex-tent of 4000 H.P. is incidental to this
con-struction program.
Henshaw Dam is of dirt construction, 600
feet through at its base and 117 feet high, with a crest line extending 1600 feet across the canyon's mouth. During the period of its construction, 235,000 cubic yards of dry fill and 200,000 of hydraulic fill were moved
into the canyon in the space of six months.
The site of the dam, with its 400 workmen,
its uncanny mechanical giants, the steam-shovels, tractors, motor-trucks,
rock-crush-ers, cranes, pumps, and never-ending stream
of wagons carrying earth to the heightening crest, presented a scene of ant-like activity which attracted many a sight-seeing motorist from the regular routes of travel.
Standard Oil products, lubricating oils and fuels, have been factors in the construc-tion and development of both the Lake Hen-shaw and Lake Hodges projects, and are still doing their part toward bringing them to successful completion. The magnitude of these two projects may be better realized when one learns that their full. development will add approximately 'mow acres to San Diego County's area of irrigated lands. That Standard Products and Standard Service are taking part in these splendid undertakings is a fact highly gratifying to the Company, distinct and apart from the business angles of the service.
1923] STANDARD OIL BULLETIN 11
OIL FIELD NEWS*
ACCORDING to figures collected by the American Pe-troleum Institute, Pacific Coast Office, the total pro-duction of crude oil in California for August amounted to 26,440,005 barrels, an average of 852,903 barrels per day-an increase of 37,997 barrels per day over July production. Stocks increased during the month 4,468,231 barrels. The total stocks at the end of the month were 83,123,835 barrels. The total stock increase for 1923, up to August 31st, was
21,938,907 barrels. Indicated consumption for August was 21,071,774 barrels, an average of 708,767 barrels per day. This is an increase of 88,005 barrels per day over July consumption.
Sixty-one wells were completed during the month, with an initial daily production of 118,433 barrels, compared with 95 wells completed during July, with an initial daily production of 161,500 barrels.
DISTRICT
UCTION DEVELOPMENT
(-PROD
Barrels (42 gals.) Daily Per Month Average
New Rigs Up
Active Drilling
Daily Initial Completed Output Active
Producing Abandoned Kern River McKittrick Midway-Sunset Elk Hills 600,899 184,305 2,296,565 686,195 19,384 5,945 74,083 22,135 8 1 443 9 I , 0 .4 0 2,189 279 2,130 84 Lost Hills-Belridge 115,575 3,728 2 251 Coalinga 446,586 14,406 12 681 2 Wheeler Ridge 13,009 420 2 2 275 4 Watsonville 1,783 58 • • 6 Santa Maria Summerland 266,679 4,516 8,603 146 .3 • 327 135 2 Ventura-Newhall 319,096 10,293 34 500 539 2
Los Angeles-Salt Lake 100,906 3,255 635
Whittier 52,653 1,698 175 Fullerton 359,921 11,610 5 384 Coyote Santa Fe Springs 67,881 9,998,169 2,190 322,522 .. 16 1964 21 , • 04,578 103 193 3 Montebello 332,268 10,718 *; 7 123 Richfield 508,509 16,404 10 100 177 Huntington Beach 3,242,053 104,582 3 96 7 6,197 212 Long Beach 6,659,351 214,818 11 264 18 45,743 227 2 Torrance (Redondo) 183,086 5,996 20 35 28 Compton 5 7 Miscellaneous Drilling 6 64 Total (August) 26,440,005 852,903 75 803 61 118,433 8,882 16 July 25,262,082 814,906 121 812 95 161,599 8,808 29 Increase 1,177,923 37,997 '9 • • 74 Decrease 46 34 43,166 1.3
Average for Year 1922 115 605 67 43,700 9,410 17
Average for Year 1921 90 536 57 15,631 9,425 14
Average for Year 1920 77 403 49 14,125 9,299 13
Average for Year 1919 58 340 47 9,572 8,774 18
Average for Year 1918 50 362 50 10,577 8,210 13
FIELD, REFINERY, PIPE-LINE AND TANK-FARM STOCKS OF CRUDE, RESIDUUM AND TOPS Aug. 31, 1923 J013'31,1923 Aug. Stock Increases Aug. 31, 1922 Heavy Crude, heavier than 20° A. P. I., including Residuum
Refinable Crude, 20° A. P. I., and lighter
43,696,865 29,029,198 41,669,822 27,576,263 2,027,043 1,452,935 39,124,761 t 15,147,433 Tops 10,397,772 9,409,519 988,253 Total 83,123,835 78,655,604 4,468,23, 54,272,198
Aug. 31, July 31, Aug. 31,
1023 1923 1922
Total quantity of above products held at refineries 21,953,777 20,254,683 9,194,678 Total quantity of above products held in Fields, Pipe-Lines and Tank-Farms 61,170,058 58,400,921 45,077,516
Total Stocks, as above 83,123,835 78,655,604 54,272,194
*Compiled by American Petroleum Institute. tincludes Tops.
CRUDE OIL PRICES AT
THE WELL
SAN FRANCISCO, October 9, 1923
Effective October 9, 1923, the following are the current prices offered by Standard Oil Company for crude oil at the well: San Joaquin Valley, Los Angeles and Orange County Fields
140 to and including 19.9° gravity
200 to and including 20.9° gravity 21° to and including 21.9° gravity 22° to and including 22.9° gravity 23° to and including 23.9° gravity 24° to and including 24.9° gravity 25° to and including 25.9° gravity 26° to and including 26.9° gravity 27° to and including 27.9° gravity 28° to and including 28.9° gravity 29° to and including 29.9° gravity 30° to and including 30.9° gravity 31° to and including 31.9° gravity 32° to and including 32.9° gravity 33° to and including 33.9° gravity 34° to and including 34.9° gravity 35° gravity and above
Per bbl., $ .60 .62 .63 64 44 44 44 46 44 Ad 44 44 44 44 .64 .65 .66 .67 .68 .69 .70 •71 .72 •73 •74 •75 Per bbl., .76 44 CI 46 46 II 66
LAKE HODGES DAM, SAN DIEGO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
Of the multiple-arch type, this dam is a most imposing structure when viewed from the front. What is of vastly greater importance, however, is that it forms Lake Hodges, a reservoir seven and a half
[OCTOBER, 1923] STANDARD OIL BULLETIN 13
A glimpse of Rancho Santa Fe's civic center, keynote of the colony architecture. Garage, shops, and all other commercial buildings are built along the same lines. If home-builders have ideas of their own, their plans
are submitted to the colony architects for approval—in accord with a clause in the deed that makes one a landholder here
RANCHO
SANTA
FE
DEVELOPMENT
T
IME was when mere mention of cli-mate in connection with southern Cali-fornia was more than likely to provoke a smile. Alive to this fact, newspaper humor-ists, vaudeville entertainers, lecturers, and after-dinner speakers narrated California-climate jokes for national consumption. This did not hurt the climate any, nor the state, though it did perturb highly .sensitive south-land residents who didn't like to be laughed at, and many in consequence developed a habit of talking about "the sunshine here," instead of "our climate." A rose by any other name is just as sweet, and climate, or sun-shine, whichever you prefer, continues to be southern California's most valuable asset. Indeed, the passing of the years has seen it enhance in value, due to man's development of what the region most lacked—water.Sunshine combined with water—that is what has made possible southern Califor-nia's amazing agricultural development, and all else that has come because of it. Men of vision are now devoting their financial re-sources toward making one vast winter gar-den of the mesa-lands along the seacoast in San Diego County, from the Mexican border north to the old Mission town of San Juan
Capistrano. Outstanding among these pro-jects is the Rancho-Santa Fe—one more ex-ample of development based on highly favor-able climate and an irrigation system.
Rancho Santa Fe was originally known as Rancho San Dieguito, a famous land grant whose history dates back to the earliest Spanish occupancy of California with its wealth of romantic associations. Here, amid remnants of old adobe buildings, relics of that colorful past, is developing a colony that promises to become. famous as a com-munity of country homes.
To provide the life-giving water for this great expanse of fertile soil, a million and a half dollars were spent to build Lake Hodges Dam, a magnificent structure towering more than io feet above its bedrock base, form-ing a lake seven and a half miles in length, where 37,700 acre-feet of water are held in storage. This immense reservoir, also a sub-sidiary lake known as San Dieguito Reser-voir, and an elaborate system of conduits, both surface and underground, make possi-ble the conversion of the arid lands into orchard and garden.
Rancho Santa Fe's modern irrigation sys-tem stands in sharp contrast to the primitive
14 STANDARD OIL BULLETIN [OCTOBER
La Mirada, Rancho Santa Fe's new hotel, recently opened. Here names as well as architecture are pleasing echoes of the California that was a provice of Spain
efforts of the Mission padres, described else-where in this issue, yet the two have much in common.
Viewing either, one's thoughts are apt to fly back to the California that was once a province of Spain; and when one enters Rancho Santa Fe's civic center they are cer-tain to do so. Thick-walled, with deeply recessed windows and iron-studded doors, this group of adobe buildings is
unmistak-ably of Spanish-Californian descent. But if your thoughts have flown back into the past because of this quaint and beautiful archi-tectural display, just as quickly do they re-turn to the present when you discover that what you might have mistaken for the town well or town pump is a gasoline-filling sta-tion; these town-builders have not over-looked the importance of the motor-car as a factor in American life today.
A few acres of winter peppers under way at Rancho Santa Fe. Citrus fruits and alligator-pears are to be specialties—but they don't come in a season
1923] STANDARD OIL BULLETIN 15
A tractor supply-point. Frequent deliveries of Standard Oil Products are made from our Oceanside substation to various points of activity on Rancho Santa Fe
The growth of the Rancho Santa Fe colony will be guided by technically trained men—soil experts, architects, and engineers of judgment and experience—to take full advantage of what nature has contributed,
and to create what is lacking; that is the plan
of the colony's sponsors. With plenty of
sun-shine, otherwise climate, and plenty of water, things grow amazingly fast. It will be inter-esting to see what the passing seasons bring, agriculturally and otherwise, at Rancho Santa Fe, even if circumstances or inclina-tion preclude one's becoming party to the de-velopment.
In the foreground is evidence of activities conducted by men working with mattock and axe; in the back-ground the first plowing is in progress. Had nature supplied much water here, this
16 STANDARD OIL BULLETIN [OCTOBER, 1923]
The Standard Oil boys in action. This team was the winner of the first annual California industrial first-aid contest, held in Sacramento last Labor Day
A
STATETAIR
CONTEST
A
, the recent California State Fair, heldat Sacramento, the biggest pumpkin was awarded a prize for being bigger and handsomer than all other pumpkins shown in competition with it; and the fastest horses likewise won awards for showing their heels to others who proved less speedy. The fair, in fact, is built around contests and competi-tive exhibits, the idea being to afford oppor-tunity for displays and demonstrations ex-emplifying human progress in California, through mediums that may vary in their na-ture as greatly as do silkworms and tractors.
Thus it happened that the California State
Fair this year was the scene of the "First Annual California Industrial First-Aid Con-test," conducted under the auspices of the So-ciety of Safety Engineers of California. And it was won by "the boys from Standard Oil." Ten teams competed, representing five in-dustries, a police force, and a fire depart-ment. The Fresno Fire Department took second place, and the Empire Mines Com-pany, of Grass Valley, third. The meet was hotly contested, the three highest scores be-ing close, the Standard Oil Company's team receiving 99 per cent.
To the Standard Oil team goes, besides the championship of the state, the Perpetual
Cup, presented by E. D. Bullard Company,
of San Francisco, and a silver trophy offered by our own Company for first prize. Each of the five members of the winning team received a silver medal from the National Safety Council, a bronze medal from the American Red Cross, and a twenty-dollar gold piece and a five-dollar gold piece.
The Standard team was chosen from em-ployees at the Wait Pump Station because these men had had the advantage of two periods of training from the Bureau of Mines in the last two years, besides practice work among themselves between times. The team
was composed of M. A. Nee (captain), S. R.
Bauman, A. L. McGinnis, M. P. Shea, and
A. Nelson (patient). Martin Thu and Charlie Garing were substitutes.
To date over one thousand Company em-ployees have been trained in first-aid work conducted under the direction of the Bureau
of Mines. The Company considers this
train-ing a most valuable safety carrier; the men trained appreciate safety measures and do much toward furthering the Company's efforts to make safety-first a habit in the organization. First-aid training has enabled employees to give assistance to injured per-sons outside as well as within the Company.
THERE IS A
DIFFERENCE
IN GASOLINES
ASOLINES— good, fair and poor— are on the market. They give good, fair and poor results. However, it is not difficult to choose among them.
This Company's high-quality RED CROWN GASOLINE will give you all that you desire —easy starting with no sacrifice of power in the cool of the day or night, the full power and flexibility of your engine always, and pro-tection against the difficulties, dangers and repair expenses attendant upon the use of in-ferior gasolines.
The experience of motorists shows that it pays to fill the tank with "Red Crown" and nothing else. Fill at Standard Oil Service Sta-tions, or at garages or other dealers displaying the Red Crown sign.
STANDARD OIL COMPANY (CALIFORNIA) THE GASOLINE OF QUALITY Easy starting with no sacrifice of power
CONSERVING THE WEALTH
IN MACHINES
Z
EROLENE oils and greases are morethan high-quality petroleum products made from the world-famous Western Naphthenic Base Crude Oil ; they are scientific achievements of this Company, worked for and attained to reduce friction and wear to the very lowest degree in automobiles, trac-tors, pumping and other engines and machines. They make available for useful work the max-imum power of these mechanisms, and con-serve the wealth represented in them by keeping them fit for the longest possible time. You can buy no better lubricants thanZer-olene oils and greases—even if they do cost less. •
STANDARD
OIL
COMPANY
January 2, 1924.
Mr. J. K. Firth, Jr.,
Manager louel 011 and Asphalt Division, Standard 011 Gompsny,
Standard Oil auilding, San Sreacisa°, Goliforais. Dear
Ars-Herewith I hand you oopy of memorandum of interview of
Major Stout with Mr. R. G. Smith of your Division on Deoember 28.
It will be npprooisted as a favor if you or Mr. Smith will glanoe over this memorandum sad advise of any desirable modifioationso
Very truly yours,
Associated Jhief, Division of Acricultural .agineeriac.
FUEL OW AND ASPHALT DIVISION J.K.FIRTH,JR., MANAGER R.G.SMITH, ASSISTANT MANAGER
iA
jagtIMPANIVA
INCORPORATED IN CALIFORNIA SALES DEPARTMENTSTA N C)A F 113 01 L BUILDING
SAN FRANCIS C 0 , CAL . December 29th, 1923. Mr. 0. V. P. stout, U. b. Department of Agriculture, rederal Building, Berkeley, %,alifornia. vear sir:
We are sending you the October, 1923 issue of the standard Oil Bulletin, containing an article on Asphalt as used. in irrigation canal linings.
I he particular section in question is the south an Joaquin irrigation District, which you asked us about.
vie would be glad to supply you with any other information that we may have.
4Ltil\T:IL
yours very truly,
tr:
4.
triork
c7/
7_9
bPECIFICATTON FOR ASPHALTIC CANPL LINING GENERAL
Sec. 1 (a) General Descrintion of Specifications. This specific-ation covers the construction of an asphaltic canal lining and applies only when the materials used meet the requirements of the standards specified. It is the intent and purpose of this specification to cov-er specifically the standards of matcov-erials to be used and the arrange-ment thereof in such a manner as to furnish a dense and compacted
as-phaltic canal lining and to a compacted thickness of one and one-half".
a-2- ) inches. Ti-is specification does not comprehend the preparation
of the subrade, terms under which this specification is executed, nor anyting extraneous to the actual preparation and construction of the *asphaltic canal lining.
(b) Composition of Mixture. The asphaltic mixture shall consist of approximately 76cf/C sand and approximately 10% mineral filler uniformly rilxel with approximately 14% asphalt and laid to a compacted
thickness of one and one-half (1P) inches upon the previously
pre-pared bottom and side slopes of the canal which shall previously be sprinkled with one-half (1/2) gallon per square yard of two (2) per cent Cresoil. (Cresoil may be obtained through Howard and Beal, 112 I,Jarket Street, San Francisco.)
MATERIALS
Sec. 2. Sand (a) The sand for the asphaltic mixture shall con-sist of hard, uncoated, sharp, durable grains, free from clay, loam or other foreign material.
(b) When tested by means of laboratory screens, the -7 sand shall consist of one or more comrercial products and shall pass
the openings of a sieve having 10 meshes to the linear inch.
Sec. 3. Mineral Filler. The mineral filler shall consist of thoroughly dry limestone dust or Portland Cement, free from clay, loam or other foreign materials, and when tested by means of
labora-tory sieves shall meet the following requirements:
Passing 30 mesh sieve ---10
Passing 200 mesh sieve - - not less than 651
Sec. 4. Asphalt. The asphalt used unier these specifications shall be Calol Asphalt "D" Grade. It shall be homogeneous, free from water and shall not foam when heated to 175° C. (347° F.). It shall meet the following requirements for Physical and chemical properties:
1. - Purity. It shall be not less than ninety-nine (99) per cent soluble in cold carbon disulphide (CS2).
2. - Penetration. The penetration at twenty-five (25) degrees Centigrade (770 F.) 100 g. 5 sec. shall
2
be be -Lien the limits of four (4) millimeters and six (6) millimeters.
3. - Ductility. The ductility at tirenty-five (25) de7roes Cmtirade (770 F.) shall be not less than 100.
4. - Volatility. The loss on heating at one hundred sixty-three CI63) degrees Centigrade (329c F.) for five hours, shall not be more than 14.Penetration of the residue at twenty-five (25) de-Trees Centigrade (77° F.) 100 g. 5 sect shall not be less than fifty (50 per cent of the original penetration.
5. - Flash Point. The flash point shall not be less than one-hunred seventy-five (175) degrees Centigrade (5470 F.).
6. - Solubility, The solubility in cold carbon
tetrachlor-ide (CC141 ) shall not be less than ninety-nine (99) per
cent.
- fletho'is of Testing'. Methods of testing shall be as
follows: (a) Sand:
I. Sieve test for sand, Standard Method D7-19, Amer-ican Society for Testing Materials.
(b) 7Iineral Filler:
II. Sieve test for mineral filler, Standard Method D7-18, American Society for Testing Materials.
(a) .Asphalt:
I. Solubili v in carbon disulphide (052) Starvlarl
Test, D4-11, American Society for T,..stin6 Materi-als.
IT. Penetration, Standard Test D5-16, Pmerican Soci-ety for Testing Materials.
III. Ductility, Tentative Test D113-21T., American Society for Testing Materials.
TV. Volatilization Test. Standard Test D6-20, Amer-ican Society for Testing Materials.
7. Flash Point (Open Cup). U.S.Dept. of Acf;riculture,
Bulletin 314, Page. 17.
VI. Solubility in carbon tetrachloride (0014) U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Bulletin 314, Page 30. PREPARATION MID COMPOSITION OF MIXTURE.
Sec. S - Prenaration of Asphalt. The asphalt shall be heated in kettles or tanks designed to secure uniform heating of the entire contents, and shall be brought to a tempera-ture of 200° F. to 3000 F.
Sec. 7 - Prenaration of Sand and Mineral Filler. (a). The send for the asphaltic mixture shall be thoroughly I.ried and heated to a temperature of 300° F. to 3505 F. When a
mixture of two Or more sands is required in order to
produce a material conforming to the requirements of Sec. 8. such combination shall be made either before
_ 3_
the sand is fed into the drier or by simultaneously feeding the individul sands into the drier in proper proportions.
(b). The mineral filler for the asphaltic mixture shall be stored separately and shall not be heated with
the sand but shall be thoroughly mixed with the send for from ten (10i to fifteen (15) seconds before the asphalt is added.
Sec. 8. - Preparation and Composition of Asphaltic Mixture.
The sand for the asphaltic mixture shall be measured separately for each batch. The mineral filler shill be added from sacks of definitely known weight. The sand and mineral filler shall be mixed in accordance with the quantities and. sizes shown in Sec. 8 (b). The required quantity of hot asphalt for each batch shall be measured by actual weighing with scales attached to the asphalt bucket. The mixture shall be made in an approved mixer by first charging with the sand and the mineral filler, and then adding the asphalt. It is the intent of this specication to provide for toroughly mixing the sand and mineral filler with asphalt. Such a mixture can be secured in an approved mixer in approximately one (1) minute. There a homogeneous mixture in which all part-idles of sand and filler are uniformly coated is obtain-ed in less than one (1) minute, the time of mixing may be varied at the direction of the engineer.
(b). The constituents of the asphaltic mixture shall be combined in such proportions as to produce a mixture conforming to the follo -ing composition limits by weight: Passing a sieve having 10 meshes to the linear inch,
re-tained on a sieve having -meshes to the linear
inch 20 to 40%
Passing a sieve having 40 meshes to the linear inch, re-tained on a sieve having 80 meshes to the linear
inch .. 35 to 504
Passing a sieve having 80 meshes to the linear inch, re-tained on a sieve having 200 meshes to the linear
inch 15 to 25%
Passing the 200 mesh sieve 10 to 154
Asphalt 13 to 154
The proportions shall be varied within the limits designated as directed by the engineer.
Sec. 9. - Pavino' Plant Inspection. The engineer or is authorized representatives shell have access at any time to all parts of the plant for the verification of weights or proportions and character of materials, and determina-tion of temperatures used in the preparadetermina-tion of the mixture.
4
-Sec. 10. -Transportation of Mixture. The asPhaltic mixture shall
be transported from the plant to the work in tight con-veyances previously cleaned of all foreign materials, and when directed by the engineer, each load shall be covered with canvas or other suitable material of
sufficient size to protect it from weather conditions. In case oil is used to prevent the adhesion of the mix-ture to the bed of the ecnveYance, an excess of oil shall not be permitted. No leads shall be sent out so late in the lay as to interfere with spreading and com-pacting the mixture during the daylight unless arti-ficial light satisfactory to the engineer is provided.
CONSTRUCTION
Sec. 11.- Cresoil kenlicatien. A 2% solution of Cresoil shall be applied at the rate of one-half (1/2) gallon per square yard upon the previously prepared bottom and side slopes of the canal. Sufficient time shall be allowed for the penetration of the Cresoil before the application of the asphaltic mixture.
Sec. 12.- Placing' ;,sphaltic Mixture. Prior to the arrival of the
asphaltic mixture on the work the prepared base and sides shall be cleaned of all loose and foreign mater-ials. The mixture shall be delivered at a temperature of 275° F. to 325° F. Upon arrival on the work it shall be at once uniformly spread by means of shovels, forks, or mechanical spreaders in a loose layer and raked to correct depth over the area designated by the engineer. No mixture shall be spread when the base is wet or when weather conditions are unsuitable.
Sec. 13.- Compacting Hixture. (a) While still hot the asphaltic mixture shall be thoroughly aril uniformly compressed
;:ith hand roller as anproved by the engineer. In rolling the side slopes t.'-;e rollers shall be drawn up the slope over the loose asphaltic mixture, and no rolling down the slope shell be permitted until the roller has male at least one trip up the slope over the loose asphaltic mixture. Rolling shall continue at right angles to the center line of the canal overlapping on successive trips by at least one-half the width of the roller, until suit-able compaction is obtained. The motion of the roller shall at all times be slo- enough to avoid displacement of the hot mixture, and any displacement occurring, as the result of thc reversing of the direction of the roller, or from any other cause, shall at once be corrected by the use of rakes and of fresh mixture where required. The wheels of the roller shall be properly moistened to prevent adhesion of the surface of the mixture to the roller, but an excess of water or other materials for this use shall not be permitted.
•MIL
(b) Along headers, joints, structnres, and places not accessible to the roller, the asphaltic mixture shall be thoroughly compacted with hot tz_rpers to produce sealed
ejoints.
(c) The surface of the mixture after compression shall be true to the established grade. Any mixture which dur-ing construction becomes loose or broken and mixed with
-lirt or in any way defective shall be immediatelly remediel_ by removing the asphaltic mixture at such spots and by re-placing, it 7ith hot fresh asphaltic mixture, which shall he immediately compacted to conform with the surfourling area. Sec. 14. - Joints in Surface Course. 7"-le placing of the asphaltic
mixture shall be as nearly continuous as possible, and the roller shall nass over the unprotected end of the freshly laid mixture only when the laving is to be discontinued for such a length of time as to permit the mixture to be-come chilled. In such cases nrcvision shall be made for proper bond with new asphaltic mixture bv cutting or trim-ming back the joint while the material is still hot, so as to expose an unsealed or granular surface for the full specified depth of the mixture. At the end of each day's work, joints shall be formed by laying and rolling against boards of the thickness of the compacted mixture, or by such other method as may be approved by the engineer. When the laying of the asphaltic lining is resumed, the exposed edge of the joint shall be painted -ith a thin coat of hot asphalt and fresh mixture shall be raked against the joint, thoroughly tamped with hot tampers and rolled. Hot smooth-ing irons may be used for sealsmooth-ing joints, but in such cases extreme core shoull be el-.ercise':1 to avoi -T overl-leatin;-, the surface. In cases where joints are made between the
asphaltic mixture and other structures or linings, the ex-posed ed,cre of these structures or linings shall be painted as specified above.
Sec. 15. - Protection of Lining. Where the transverse edge of the as-phaltic lining does not terminate against other structures
or linings, this edge shall be curved and buried to
a
depth.of one foot below the surface of the lining. Sections of ,
newly compacted asphaltic lining shall be
nrotecte,774-
t,
lest six hours, or until the asphaltic mixture has became properly hardened by cooling.
FUEL OIL AND ASPHALT DIVISION PT H, J R., MANAGER R.G.SMITH, ASSISTANT MANAGER
j
igigIMPANCO
INCORPORATED IN CALIFORNIA SALE S DEPARTMENT STANIDAF20 OIL BIJILOI NOSAN FRAwcisco,CAL. January 3rd, 1924
mr.Samuel Fortier,
Associated lhief, Division of Agricultural -nngineerinr,, Federal Buildinr', Berkeley, Oalifornia.
Dear Sir:
I received your letter of January ,and, 1924, enclosing cory of interview of Major Stout with Mr.R.I.Smith, Assistant Manager of this Division, on December 2Eth.
mr.Smith has checked this interview, and it is essentially correct. There are, however, one or two minor points that right be further explained.
In the first paragraph on Pare 1, it is suggested that it read as follows:
It does not arpear that the use cf hot, mechanically mixed asrhalt linings for irrirat ion ditches has advanced beyond the experimental stage. :load cil or liquid asphalts rut on by
spray methods have been used for a considerable reriod. of time. On Page 2, paragraph
1,-The Modesto irriri..ation District has finished five different stretches of a,srhalt lining in its ditches, the localities being so chosen as to affo xd. oportunity to observe the adaptability of the lining to service in dif:erent earth materials. This District has also awarded a ccntract to the Pacific Ditch Lining :3orrrany for covering a cement
mortar ditch, which is badly cracked, with a one inch asphalt hot mix lining.
In the fourth rararra,.ph on pare 2, Willite is the correct spelling,- and the following sentence should read as follows:
The resultinr, mixture is quite soft after being delivered from the asphalt _plant at a temperature of arproximately 3CC•F, and when dumped into the tr, ck rides with its surface horizontal, or nearly so, as con-tired with the paving mix,which will heap.
rr.a,-ruel 2ortier -2- 1/3/1924
In the last rarar,rarh, rare
2,-The mix can either be rade at a central rlant and hauled to the roint of use, or can he rixed with the rlant at the side of the ditch.
On Page 3, line 1, cresolite shia211 read (;resoil. In raragrarh 2 on Pare 3, following rararrarh 3 should
be,-or the edges are cut back at the beginning of the day's work so as to rresent a surface that can be easily bonded to the new rix.
ylaced in.
am sendirg you the remerandr with these correctiors
lt,
LIT3MC -.3•1-NDUM
INTHVIV DECa!59R 28, 1923, 1ITE ASSISTANT 17.NUTIM, FUEL OIL & ASPHALT DIVIFIIC/I,STA/TDARD OIL ?,OTTPA.117,SAN FRAICT;ISIC,CAL.
ASPITALT PiTTICIATIC/Ts AS DITCH LINIMS
It does not appear that the use of hot, mechanically mixed asphalt linings for irrigation ditches has adw.i.rned beyond the experimental stage. Road Cii or liquid asphalts put on by spray 'methods have been used fcr a considerable reriod of time. It is claimed, however, that some of the points involved have been settled. satisfactorily, but
others, just as important; are still in abeyance.
The first exreriment was undertaken in 1922, in the Tilrlock Irrigation District. The experimental stretch of ditch had been prepared and some of the asphalt 7-ixture had been placed, when water was inadvertently turned into the ditch, causing the experiment at that place to be abandoned, for the time being.
In the fal: of 1922 about one hundred lineal feet of ditch in ti e South San Joaquin Irrigation District was lined, at a point about four miles out of Manteca on the road to Stockton. A sign beside the road serves to call attention to the location. Various mixes were used, and all except one or two of them seer to have core through the ensuing season of service and exposu.re in approximately equally good shape, without cracks and without flowing or creeping on the sides.
On the ',1enatchee Project, in the State of ',Vast ington, a length of canal was lined a few weeks ar7o. This will afford opportunity to observe the behavior of the lining under rigorous winter conditions.
The Modesto irrigation District has finished five different stretches of asphalt lining in its ditches, the locali ties being so chosen as to afford. opportunity to observe the adaptability of the lining to service in different earth materials. This
-2-District has also awarded a contract to the pacific Ditch :,ining lompany for coverincr a cement mortar ditch, which is badly cracked, with a one inch asphalt hot nix lininr.
The Turlock Irrization District will rut in about (.9 mile of asphalt linincr before the opening o -t* the next irri-ation season. The Merced IrriPation Districtwill also P7ive it a trial. An experiment by the ',later Users Association at Phoenix, Ari:-ona, has been arrancred.
The South San Joaquin Irripat ion District has been sufficiently impressed by the experiment on its canal to contract for about 50,000 square feet of lininr, to be put in at an early date.
?he mixture which has been adopted, for the time being, at least, is a rodified ravin ix. As compared with the paving mix, it contains more asphalt, less filler, and coarser sand. The percentaPe-P.radation curve of the 1 ininc, mix lies below that of the ray in mix. Asphalt is used in the amount of 13 to 15 rer cent of D prade, with about 60 penetrat ion. 7,loprer Sulphate is added
In the proportion of 17 lbs. to about 5,00C lbs. of the mix, in accordance with the 1illite process for hardening. The resulting mixture is quite soft after beinr, delivered from the asphalt plant at a temperature of approximately 300°F. and when dumped into the truck rides with its surface horizontal, or nearly so, as compared with the pavinr . nix, which will hear.
'2he mix can either be made at a central plant and hauled to the point of use, or can be mixed with the plant at the side of the ditch. It is dumped on canvas and shoveled from there
-3-on to the bed and sides of the ditch. The bed and sides have had, in prTa:ration for this, a treatment with oresoil, which puts the soil in condition to receive the asphalt mixture and is said to have, in addition, toxic rroperties which will prevent any plant growth
which might otherwise rersist. Following the shoveling of
the
mix on to the bed and sides of the ditch, it is raked and then rolled. The rolling thus far has been done by hand, but work is in rrogress on a two-roller device, tc be driven by gasoline engine. The ',resell is a1-lied by hand sprinklers, but in the final
develop-ment of the plant it nay be srrayed. The soft
rix
permits lighterrollers to be used than in raving work.
No forms are used, and the lining is laid without joints. At the close of the day, or at any other time when work of
rlacing the lining is interrupted for a
r
nod, a rore is imbeddedin the edge of the lining, and when work is resumed this rope is rirred out in order to cause the lining to present a rough edge and form a good bond for the sacceeding work, or the edg s are cut back at the beginning of the day's work so as to present a sarface that can be easily bonded to the new mix.
A thickness of lining equal to 1 1/2 inches has been used, and it is considered that this can be furnished and 'laced at present as cheaply as one of less thickness. It is anticipated, however, that with the increased skill which the workmen will acquire with experience, the labor cost of a thinner layer will be no more than that of the thickneas now used, so that the diminished cost
-.4--of materials will have its effect in decreasinp the cost -.4--of the lininR. It is believed that a 1-inch thickness, prnperly laid, will be adequate.
The Pacific Ditch Lining Oorrany, 260 lal;folinia St., San Francisco, is making a srecialty of this work, and is doincr the lining at the places r-antioned.
The contract price for the work now in proPress at Modesto is 8.46 cents per s .ft. It is expected that the contractor will not quite break even at this price, but that in the future, with the reduced cost of operations which will cre7dth experience in
manipulations and improvements in equipment, and with the thickness of lining reduced tc one inch, a fair price will be abou, nine cents per sq.ft. The price for the work contracted for at this time by the
South Sal. Joaquin Irric-ation District is a little in excess of nine
cents. These prices dc not include the trnrins. of the ditch to form to receive the lining.
'he question as to whether the asphalt lininp will stand
up under exposure to the sun and heat of the summers of such places as the San Joaquin Valley is considered to have been settled favorably by the experiments which have been made. The exrerience of this winter is derended upon to answer the question as to whether it will withstand the lower temperatures. The lininP at wenat hee will probably be ex-posed to the conditions of a rir‘orous winter climate. As to
permeability, experiments on somewhat similar preparation for reservoir lininrrs forecast a favorable outcome for permeability eiperiments now In proPress in the Standard cil laboratory, the results of which will be furnished this office.
-13-If the mix now in use should be found deficient in ability to withstand the lower terreratures,an atterrt to correct the shortcorinr will be rade by usinr, coarser stnd, r.or'e i.srhalt and less filler.
Slores at least as steep as 1:1 are considered proper for the sides o-r ditches to be lined with the asrhalt mixture.
C.V.P.STOUT Berkeley, Dec.29,19 23.
The question to whether the asphalt lininc; will stand up under exposure to the sun and neat of the warriors of such places ;is the jaa Joaquin Valley is coasidered to have been settled fuvor. .ibly by the experiments which have been made. The experience of
this winter is depended upon to answer the question as to Whether
it will withstand tie lower temperatures. The lining at 7;enatohee
will probably "A) ,::x-posed to trio 3onditions of a rigorous winter climate. As to permeability, experiments on somewhat similar preparation for reservoir linings forecast a favorable outcome for permeability expor-imente now in 1,ro.ress in the Standard Oil laboratory, the results of Iclich will be furnished this office.
If the mix now in use Should be found deficient in bility to withstand the lower temperatures, an attempt to correct the shortcoming will be made by using coarser sand, more asphalt and less filler.
Slopes at least as steep as 1:1 are considered .proper for the sides of ditcaes to be lined with the asphalt mixture.
0. V. P. Stout.
