KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

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(1)QIUCHEN WANG & SANTIAGO MOMPO. DEGREE PROJECT IN LOGISTICS STOCKHOLM STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2014. Electric-road freight transport, Arlanda-Rosersberg Logistic flow and environmental analysis. Electric-road freight transport, Arlanda-Rosersberg Logistic flow and environmental analysis QIUCHEN WANG SANTIAGO MOMPO. KTH 2014. KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT.

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(3) Thesis Title: “Electric freight transport, Arlanda – Rosersbergsvägen” Key words: Rosersberg Logistics area, Arlanda airport, Cargo City, Gavle Container terminal, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), decision tree analysis, GHG emissions, logistic flow, electric trucks. Authors:. Qiuchen Wang MSc. in Transport Science Department of Transport Science Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH) qiuchen@kth.se. Authors:. Santiago Mompo Erasmus exchange-MSc. in Transport Science Department of Transport Science Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH) mompo@kth.se. Thesis Supervisor:. Björn Hugosson WSP Sverige AB, WSP Analys & Strategi. Group Manager External & Development, Division of Traffic & Infrastructure, WSP Transport Policy Consultant, Adress: 121 88 StockholmGloben, Arenavägen 7, Tel +4610-722 86 63, bjorn.hugosson@wspgroup.se. Thesis Supervisor:. Sofia Lundberg WSP Sverige AB. Group manager, transport and logistics, WSP Ananlysis and strategy, Adress: 121 88 Stockholm-Globen, Arenavägen 7 Tel +4610-722 8634, sofia.lundberg@wspgroup.se. Thesis Examiner. Sebastiaan Meijer Associate professor of Transport Systems. Division of Traffic and Logistics Department of Transport Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology +4687908071, smeijer@kth.se.

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(7) Abstract The expected economic and social growth, joint with the increase on the demand of services and goods that this will cause, will become an environmental problem (emissions and noise) as well as a logistical problem (congestion) that needs to be solved. The transport sector has to reduce drastically the use of fossil fuels and Sweden’s goal is to achieve a fossil independent vehicle fleet by 2030. It is expected that 2/3 of the traffic volume of trucks in Sweden will be performed along electrified roads. The most efficient way to achieve this is to use electricity and now that the technology to power trucks without the need of huge batteries has been tested and approved, is time to develop the infrastructure needed and study its impact in transportation and logistics. An electric road is planned to be operative around 2020 from Rosersberg logistics hub to Arlanda airport cargo city. The objective is to transfer goods from the logistic area to the freight terminal by the use of electric trucks. It will optimize the transit of logistics flow in the area, reduce emissions and release the traffic pressures on E4 at the same time. Arlanda airport used to have a restriction on the emission rate of all the companies operating inside Arlanda, the emissions of the trucks that drive the cargo outside Arlanda was also taken into account. This means that in order to be below the maximum levels, the high ground transport emissions limited the number of planes that could fly. Affecting therefore the capacity of handling bigger volumes and passengers. So in order to prevent this situation from happening again in the future (more environmental restrictions will appear) the best solution for all the parts involved is to give priority to sustainability in transport planning. The aim of this project is to come up with conclusions and forecasts of the whole transportation network according to the logistics needs, by analysing the economic, environmental and logistic impacts of using the El-road. The result expected is to provide a clearer overall picture of the logistic flows between Rosersberg, Arlanda Airport, Gavle container and nearby locations, such as Stockholm or Uppsala. As well as analyse the possible scenarios that might develop once the El-road is operating. Due to the nature of our data we decided to use qualitative and subjective methods rather than quantitative ones. AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process, Saaty 1970), will enable us to derive ratio scales from paired comparisons by defining the different criteria (cost, time, operations and sustainability) and assigning values to their respective sub criteria. These values will be assigned by each of the companies working inside Arlanda, since the goal is to define the best possible scenario for them in the future. The other method we will use is the decision tree analysis, this model of decisions and possible consequences that can occur will show a graph of all the variables that must be taken into account while defining the issues that will lead to one scenario or another. We consider it the best method to analyse and show how many facts can affect the final scenario outcome of this project..

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(11) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to thank KTH University and specially our examiner Sebastiaan Meijer for giving us the chance of working in such an interesting and innovative project, as well as for his advice, support and help during our work. We also appreciate the opportunity WSP has given us of working in such a professional and experienced company, their treat and facilities provided have been of great help. Special thanks to our supervisors, Bjorn Hugosson and Sofia Lundberg, for making us feel as part of the consortium, their continuous feedback and support has made our work easier and helped us to enjoy even more our research. The main sources of this project have been the different stakeholders involved directly or indirectly on the use of the El-road, without the information, data, advice and thoughts they provided us either by personal interviews or emails this project would have never been possible. So thanks to all the companies mentioned in the project, especially to Owe Eklund (kylenkrysset), Erik Trautmann (DHL supply chain), Ulf Muhr and Fredrik Ronnqvist (Gavle container terminal), Anders Brag (SAS), Bo Lundberg (Cargo Centre) and Henrik Boding (Postnord). Last but most important of all, we are extremely thankful to Karsten Bjarbo (Swedavia), the main source in our research, who has been able to transmit us some of his professional and personal knowledge and experience to help us understand the possibilities and importance of this project.. Qiuchen Wang & Santiago Mompo June 2014.

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(15) Table of Contents CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HG 1.1 BACKGROUND::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HG 1.2 A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF TECHNICAL CHARACTERS:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HI 1.2.1 ELWAYS::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HI 1.2.2 E-TRACTION::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HK 1.3 PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HL 1.4 DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HL CHAPTER2: LITERATURE REVIEW:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HM 2.1 AHP METHOD::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HM 2.2 DECISION TREE METHOD::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HM 2.3 GHG CALCULATION:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HN CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HP STEP 1::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HP STEP 2::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::IG STEP3:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::IG 3.1 AHP METHOD::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::IG 3.1.1PROBLEM DECOMPOSITION::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::IH 3.1.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::IJ 3.1.3 DETERMINATION OF LOGISTIC ISSUES::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::IJ 3.2DECISION TREE METHOD::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::IK 3.2.1 PROBLEM DECOMPOSITION:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::IK 3.3 GHG CALCULATION::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::IK 4. DATA COLLECTION:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::IK 4.1 ARLANDA AIRPORT:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::IK 4.1.1BACKGROUND:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::IK 4.1.2 FREIGHT::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::IL 4.1.3 COMPANIES INSIDE CARGO CITY::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::IM 4.1.4 GROWTH. BOEING REPORT::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::IM A. INFRASTRUCTURE:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::IO B. HIGH-SPEED RAIL:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::IO C. ENVIRONMENT::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::IO D. FORECAST INDICATORS::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::IP 4.1.5 AIR CARGO MARKET:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::JG 4.1.6 FORECAST:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::JI 4.1.7 CONCLUSIONS:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::JN 4.2 ROSERSBERG:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::JO 4.2.1BACKGROUND:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::JO 4.2.2COMPANIES OPERATING IN ROSERSBERG:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::JO A.COMPANIES WITH KNOWN FLOW OF GOODS::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::JO B.COMPANIES WITH UNKNOWN FLOW OF GOODS:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::KJ 4.2.3 POTENTIAL USERS OF AIR FREIGHT/EL-ROAD::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::KJ 4.2.4 COMPANIES NOT LIKELY TO HAVE AIR FREIGHT:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::KK 4.2.5 CONCLUSIONS:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::KK 4.3 SURVEY ARLANDA CARGO CITY CHECK-POINT:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::KL 4.3.1PURPOSE::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::KL 4.3.2 CHALLENGES::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::KM 4.3.3 RESULTS::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::KM 4.3.4 CONCLUSIONS:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::LI 4.4 ARLANDA CARGO CITY COMPANIES::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::LI 4.4.1 INTRODUCTION:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::LI.

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(19) . 4.4.2 COMPANIES DETAILS::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::LJ A.SAS/SPIRIT AIR CARGO:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::LJ B.CARGO CENTER::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::LL C. UPS::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::LM D. APHL:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::LM E. DHL EXPRESS::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::LN F. FEDEX::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::LO 4.4.3CONCLUSIONS:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::LP 4.5 POSTEN:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::MG 4.5.1BACKGROUND:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::MG 4.5.2 ANALYSIS ROSERSBERG-ARLANDA AIRPORT CONNEXION::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::MK 4.5.3 CONCLUSIONS:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::MM 4.6 GÄLVE::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::MM 4.6.1BACKGROUND:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::MM 4.6.2 OPERATIONS:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::MN 4.6.3KOMBITERMINAL IN ROSERSBERG::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::MO 4.6.4CURRENT FREIGHT AND FORECAST:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::MO 5. SCENARIOS ANALYSIS:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::NH 5.1 AHP METHOD::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::NH STEP1- DEFINE THE CRITERIA AND ALTERNATIVES:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::NH STEP2- CRITERIA COMPARISON:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::NI STEP 3::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::NN STEP4- WEIGHTS AND CONSISTENCY CHECK:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::NO STEP5- RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::NO 5.1.2 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF THE AHP CRITERIA TO SOCIETAL SCENARIOS:::::::::::::::::::::::::::OG 5.2 DECISION TREE ANALYSIS:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::OH 5.2.1 INPUT VARIABLES AND PARAMETERS::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::OH 5.2.2 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::OI 5.2.3 CONCLUSIONS:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::OJ 5.3 EMISSIONS ANALYSIS::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::OK 5.4. GRAPHS:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::PG CHAPTER 6. OVERALL PERSONAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS21

(20) . 6 CHAPTER7. FUTURE WORK::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HGJ REFERENCES:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HGK :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HGN 1.MAP OF ROADS CONNECTING TO ARLANDA. IN RED THE ROAD CHOSEN FOR THE PROJECT.:HGN 2. SURVEY DONE AT ARLANDA CARGO CITY CHECKPOINT (SWEDISH)::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HGO 3. SURVEY DONE AT ARLANDA CARGO CITY CHECKPOINT.( ENGLISH.)::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HHG 4. HISTORICAL DATA ARLANDA AIR CARGO VOLUMES. 2006-2013.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HHH 5. HISTORICAL DATA AND FORECAST BY MONTH.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HHJ 6. FORECAST 5% INCREASE (BOEING REPORT) BY YEARS. 2013-2030.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HHJ 7. FORECAST BY MONTHS REFLECTING SEASONALITY. DECEMBER 13- DECEMBER 30.::::::::::::HHK 8. DATA GATHERED DURING SURVEY AT SECURITY GATE OF CARGO CITY.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HHO 9. DECISION TREE ANALYSIS EXCEL SHEET.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HJH.

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(39) <+((-'-#%(0-%(2::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HGI. List of Tables %H &#,,#('"'!,+(&IGGL@HA::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HN %I(&)+#,('(I&#,,#(',(+('1'-#('%!,(%#'(&0,-#(''!#',1"#%,7 #(0%,('1'-#('% ',#'+%-#('-(-"%-+##-4&#3@JA::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HO %J(&)+#,('&-+#31%0,::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::II %K1+!1+#-#(')+&('-"-2'IGGM<IGHJ@NA:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::JK %L1+!1+#-#(')+&('-"IGHK:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::JL %M!#,-+#'(&(1"#%,::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::KM %N(-$'-(+%')'#'!('+*0'4::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::KN %O+#),)++(:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::KO %P+#!#'(1"#%,)'#'!('+*0'4::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::KP %HG0&+(-+#),+(&"(+#!#':::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::LG %HH0&+(,-(),:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::LG %HI,-#'-#('(1"#%,)'#'!('+*0'4:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::LH %HJ0&+(-+#),-(",-#'-#('::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::LH %HK('-#'+%(2-7)+#%IGHJ@JOA::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::MP %HL0+14,+,0%-()#+2#,+'$#'!>+#-+#1,:+#-+#?:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::NI %HM#!'&-+#3'2#!"-,(+"+#-+#:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::NI %HN0<+#-+#(&)+#,('4

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(44) %IK(',#,-'4+-#("$::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::NO %ILContainer truck dimension (Source: http://elarum.com/info/references/containerdimensions/)::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::OL %IMConversion factors used (EU-27 mix 2010 means 27% Nuclear 20% Renewable 53% Fossils)::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::OL %INCO2 on 10 km of El-road::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::OL %IO+!(#-4(&)'#,0++'-%(!#,-#,%(2-)+2$>%0,"(2,"(2

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(47) <+()(-'-#% (&)'#,?::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::OM %JHCargo city EL-road CO2 emission saving in 2015, 2020, 2025 and 2030::::::::::::::::::ON %JIRosersberg companies EL-road CO2 emission saving in 2015, 2020, 2025 and 2030. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::OO %JJIGHK0++'-+%'+%(!#,-#,%(2:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::PH %JKIGHK

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(60) by a special design of the contact that makes it survive a collision, this has been tested at full speed and works satisfactorily. Rainwater will enter into the track, but at peak traffic and not too intense rain this is not a big problem as contacts are designed to throw the water outside the track. With a rain intensity of one millimetre per hour (a normal intensity in Sweden) the track could be filled with around 100 mm per hour, but during that hour many vehicles will have passed and thereby emptied almost all the water. The same problem will appear when snowing, so a special device will be installed in the snowplough cars. In very cold places ice can appear on the road, just when the traffic intensity is low enough ice could form on the conductors and isolate the conductor from the contact. To prevent this, the track will be equipped with electrical heating that can be used during exceptional conditions. The final version works under very severe winter conditions also without the heating of the rail.. +(H)**(! $("$ (&%(*. 1.2.2 E-TRACTION The technology developed by E-traction, combined with the electric road technology of Elways is what will power the electric trucks that will be used in the El-road. The target of E-traction is to lower the environmental impact and energy consumption of mobility by creating the most efficient electric drive train solutions. The electrification of heavy vehicles by e-Traction is based on a solution with the wheel motors. Wheel motors can be used for both buses and trucks. The system eliminates about 80% of the variable portions of the powertrain. The developed solution is the leader in overall efficiency (battery-to-wheel), audio features (reduced noise) and maintenance costs. The module offers a maximum drive power of 364 kW per axis, a continuous output of 226 kW and an overall efficiency of 90% (battery to wheels). The energy used to brake can be reused thanks to regenerative brakes..

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(65) Unfortunately, despite our efforts and all the data collected, there are still a few companies in Rosersberg that didn’t provide us with their goods flow and logistic information. These are mainly small companies that don’t handle big amounts of goods and we considered that their strategies will be very similar to those companies with similar volumes and type of goods of which we did gather the data. Concerning the survey we did at Arlanda airport, results might not be as accurate as we would wish but they are still representative, since despite only doing the survey three different weekdays not to disturb the checkpoint security gate more than strictly necessary, we noticed that most trucks arrive or leave Arlanda several times a week, meaning we got almost all the weeks flow in those three days.. Chapter2: Literature review 2.1 AHP method In the thesis paper [2], the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is applied to analyse potential locations evaluation for logistics hubs. The author shows why that AHP method is especially suitable for multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) problems, in which performance criteria plays a vital role. In this paper, a case study is conducted by evaluating the four major potential locations of logistics hubs in Sweden using AHP method. The result shows that AHP method will benefit similar decision-making problems. The AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) multi criteria decision making method was developed by Thomas L. Saaty in 1980. Its main function is to come up with ratio scales referred to a series of alternatives by measuring different criteria, this method is a structured way to evaluate the alternatives priority from the knowledge, experience and intuitiveness of an evaluator, both quantitative and qualitative criteria are compared, forming a hierarchical structure of multi criteria decision-making problems. This method has been applied in many different areas of research such as alternatives evaluation, resource allocation, planning and development, priority and ranking, and performance benchmarking. It was developed to optimize decision making when one is faced with a mix of qualitative, quantitative and sometimes conflicting factors.. 2.2 Decision tree method In this literature, the decision tree will describe graphically the decisions to be made, the events that may occur, and the outcomes associated with combinations of decisions and events. The example introduces the design of nodes, branches, terminal values, probabilities, rollback method and optimal strategy. A decision tree is a very useful tool that can be used as a model to solve sequential decision problems under certain uncertainty. The tree-like graph shows all the possibilities or scenarios, it describes graphically the decisions that are to be made, the events that may occur and the outcomes associated with combinations of decisions and events. Each event is assigned a probability of occurring and for each outcome one value is obtained. An expected cost (usually money but in our case trucks) is also assigned to each decision and event that occurs, showing the negative or positive effects of each step. The tree will help to identify and analyse the optimum decisions that should be done as well as the events that would help reach our major goal and the probabilities that exist for the appearance of each scenario.

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(72) operations we were able to analyse the impact of this new intermodal connexion between Gavle and Rosersberg. Based on their historical growth and future expectations we did a forecast of the flow of goods through Gavle in the coming years. But the most important agents in the future scenarios are the companies operating inside Arlanda, so we met them to figure out their current and future operation strategies and needs, their thoughts about the El-road and its possibilities, their concerns of what could change in the future and all the agents, policies, regulations or strategies that will define their optimum location and strategy in the coming future. Especial attention was given to Postnords current and future operations and strategies, since they will become one of the major users of the road between Rosersberg and Arlanda, our goal was to study their flow thoughts about using electric trucks to transport their mail to and from Arlanda.. Step 2 Once we had gathered the information and made a forecast of the future volumes and strategies of all the stakeholders involved in the project, we had to come up with a method to study the future scenarios that will develop once the El-road is operating. We know that many companies will move their operations towards Rosersberg in the future, but this will barely vary the potential users of the El-road compared to the key agents of this project, air freight companies, since they will handle the biggest volumes and the opportunity of lowering emissions and costs thanks to the El-road, makes them our highest priority to study and understand their necessities and future strategies. Air freight is a very time sensitive market, with high operation costs and strict environmental goals to achieve. The problem is, too many variables and uncertainties appear around the potential benefits of using the El-road. Therefore we decided to use a multi criteria decisionmaking method such as AHP, where the input is more qualitative data rather than quantitative to obtain a ratio value of the key factors when designing their whole operation, transportation and distribution planning. This values were given by the air freight companies themselves, to obtain a more representative and trustworthy result. However, this method would give us the result of the most suitable scenario based on each scenarios advantages and disadvantages, but we also needed to take into account all the multiple events and decisions that might take place in the near future when the El-road starts operating and what the impact of each one of this paths will have in the number of final users of the El-road. In order to do so, we decided the best method would be to use a decision tree analysis, where every issue that might lead to one or other scenario is taken into account.. Step3 Implementation of the methods:. 3.1 AHP method The AHP method has four steps, first the hierarchy structure is done (define the main goal, criteria, sub criteria and alternatives), second is the criteria comparison, third is the weight values calculation and consistency check of alternatives, the last one is the ranking of the alternatives based on the scores obtained.

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(77) +(CC*(+*+(% #*%. So knowing all the variables that are directly or indirectly affected by the location of their operations, we defined the criteria and sub criteria that compose the other levels in the structure. Next phase is to obtain decision makers, people that understand the complexity of the analysis, and by their judgement determine the relative importance of each criteria in each level by pairwise comparison. The chosen decision makers will provide numerical values that reflect their preferences or priorities when comparing every two criteria. Once they have given weights to each comparison, this data is input into a reciprocal pairwise comparison matrix, so that the element in row i column j is the reciprocal of the row j column i. "E%#&( )%$#*( .,"+). The next step is to figure out the eigenvector of each matrix, which will tell us the weights obtained for each criteria. This vector is obtained by normalizing the matrix, which can be done with the following equation:.

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(82) emissions and green cargo policies. All the information and data obtained in the interviews about the logistic activities is clearly detailed for each company in the report of Arlanda Cargo City.. 3.2Decision Tree method 3.2.1 Problem decomposition Our major goal when using the decision tree method is to define all the possible scenarios that could appear in the future based on the multiple events or decisions that can influence the final outcome. We tried to define the key issues in this project, which will definitely be the emission restrictions and the costs for the companies of adopting one scenario or another. So the problematic considered in the method is how will emission restrictions affect the current regulations, policies and taxes in Arlanda, the possible benefits that might appear for the users of the El-road and how will the different companies react to this changes. All these events and decisions altogether will define the picture of the future for air freight in Arlanda and the flow on the El-road to Rosersberg. As we explain in the report of the companies working inside Arlanda, due to their tight schedules and their need to reduce lead-times it is not feasible for any of them to move all their operations outside Arlanda. This means their only options are to keep all operations inside Arlanda airport, move some operations (goods that are not air freight but still handled in Arlanda) outside Arlanda, leave Arlanda completely and let a competitor take their market or become a user of the El-road, either by moving some operations to Rosersberg or by using Rosersberg as a transit point from where they can distribute their goods.. 3.3 GHG calculation In order to show the El-road positive effect on CO2 exhaust emission aspects, from the potential users of the El-road and the g/km a 40 tons truck produces, we calculated the CO2 emissions produced by trucks powered by diesel, Biofuels and electricity. We defined the potential users of the El-road in this calculation as the number of trucks that each company now located inside Arlanda will use in the El-road based on our forecasts, done specifically for each company based on the interviews with their respective Cargo Managers. As for the emissions of the companies in Rosersberg, we only took into account those companies with a significant flow towards Arlanda, since the rest is too low to have an impact in the final results.. 4. Data collection 4.1 Arlanda Airport 4.1.1Background Arlanda Airport is an international airport located in the Sigtuna Municipality of Sweden, near Marsta, 37km north of Stockholm, 40km south of Uppsala, 147km south of Gavle container terminal and 10km north of the logistic hub of Rosersberg. It is the largest airport in Sweden and the third largest in the Nordic countries. Swedavia is the company in charge of managing the airport, which has four terminals, two for international flights and two for domestic flights.

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(86) Arlanda has an extensive cargo flight activity, in the south part of the airport there is a cargo area (“Cargo City”) with warehouses, cargo terminals and cargo transit facilities. Regarding environmental issues, one of the main goals is to limit Arlanda’s negative impact on the environment. The take-off charges for aircraft are partly based on the environmental performance of the aircrafts. Arlanda airport had until last December a restriction on the level of emissions, this emissions included those created in the transportation of the cargo until Arlanda, which made the use of an electric road until the airport even more interesting. This way, by reducing truck emissions to cero, cargo companies would be able to increase the number of flights and therefore the cargo. This law has been recently removed, so currently there are no emission limits, but this hasn’t stopped Swedavia and the different cargo companies from reducing emissions as much as possible [7]. 4.1.2 Freight As explained before, Arlanda is much more than a passenger airport, its Cargo City has become an important logistics hub for many companies to connect fast and efficiently with all the markets around the world and the largest air cargo market in the Nordics. It’s the airport in Sweden with most freighters, located where the bulk of Sweden’s export cargo originates, and strategic point to serve Sweden, Norway and Finland [7].. +(CD%*(%+-$ )*)*)*-/%(*-%("- #(!*. . Most important of all, nowadays suppliers and manufacturers are moving towards East Asia, having to create long-haul routes between east and west. The shortest way is to fly through Stockholm, making Arlanda and strategic airport that will gain great importance in the coming years as a connexion point in the world-wide market. Air cargo is a good fit in modern logistics (built to order, just in time) with its delivery and traceability. Despite an unusually challenging environment over the past several years, air cargo remains indispensable for a variety of industries that require transport of time-sensitive commodities. These commodities include perishables; high-value, low-weight goods including consumer electronics; high fashion apparel; pharmaceuticals; industrial machinery; and highvalue intermediate goods such as auto parts. The speed and punctuality advantages of air freight ensure that it will continue to play a significant role in the global economy. Nowadays, 90% of cargo all over the world is transported by boat and just a 3% is air freight, but what makes it so important is that due to the high value materials transported, that 3% covers 35% of the total value of the cargo [7]. 50% of the volumes of air freight are planned

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(90) logistics and 50% are unplanned emergency broadcasts, and 50% of the cargo that is loaded on the planes is approximately 40% of the cargo that arrived by truck [7]. From Arlanda, all major cities in Denmark, Finland and Norway can be reached by truck in less than 12 hours. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and western Russia are reached within 24 hours. 40% to 50% of air cargo enters and leaves using trucks to and from airports in Europe where the cargo connects to a flight, which means that freight is still in need of growing air cargo levels and optimizing routes [7]. Sweden is an exporting country, 50% of its GDP is linked to export (nearly double that of the global average), so there are many more goods that are exported by plane than imported and then distributed by trucks. 4.1.3 Companies inside Cargo City The companies that are settled in the cargo area are SAS, cargo centre, Spirit air cargo, APH logistics, FedEx, UPS, Posten, Jetpak and DHL express. These companies insource logistics (to maintain control of their critical competencies) and have increased in the past years their focus on logistics and in-house logistics skills to improve efficiency. Most of them are following a green transport plan to cut emissions, generated mostly by the planes. All of them work on the clock with the pressure of very tight schedules, having to meet their costumers demand. Their lead-times, operating methods, transportation routes and flow of goods will be analysed later in the project when we describe the different scenarios and the possible functions of these companies on each of them. 4.1.4 Growth. Boeing report The global economic downturn, rising fuel prices, and improving surface transport mode options have dampened air cargo growth. On the other hand, long-term projected economic and international trade growth, the continuing globalization of industry, increasing adoption of inventory-reduction strategies, and ongoing renewal of the world freighter fleet with more efficient capacity will help world airs cargo traffic growth. Commercial aviation has weathered many downturns in the past. Yet recovery has followed quickly as the industry reliably returned to its long-term growth rate of approximately 5 percent per year. Despite uncertainties, 2012 passenger traffic rose 5.3 percent from 2011 levels. This trend is expected to continue over the next 20 years, with world passenger traffic growing 5.0 percent annually. Air cargo traffic has been moderating after a high period in 2010. Air cargo contracted by 1.5 percent in 2012. Expansion of emerging-market economies will, however, grow a need for fast and efficient transport of goods. Boeing estimates that air cargo will grow 5.0 percent annually through 2032 [8]. New airplanes will replace older, less efficient airplanes, reducing the cost of air travel and decreasing carbon emissions..

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(94) +(CE%("(%-*(*);D<. +(CF!/ $ *%();J<. . . Aviation is a dynamic industry that continuously adapts to various market forces. Key market forces that impact the airline industry are fuel prices, economic growth and development, environmental regulations, infrastructure, market liberalization, airplane capabilities, other modes of transport, business models and emerging markets. Each of these forces can have both positive and negative impacts on the industry. Fuel is now the largest component of an airlines cost structure. This has driven manufacturers to produce more efficient airplanes, while encouraging airlines to pursue cost reductions and revenue enhancements in other areas in order to maintain profitability, even with higher fuel costs. Airlines continue to adapt to the dynamic business environment. Operating statistics suggest that airlines are deploying capacity strategically to help boost yields and cover higher fuel expenses. Fuel prices continue to challenge profitability, volatile oil prices have been the greatest challenge to airline profitability apart from the weak economy. Fuel costs have surpassed labour as the largest segment of airline operating cost. Fuel costs, approximately 13%

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(98) of total costs in 2002, are closer to 34% today. One way of reducing costs is to increase airplane utilization. The steadily rising load factor is another way airlines are increasing efficiency. Average load factor reached a record high of 79% in 2012 [8]. a. Infrastructure Sustained investment in aviation infrastructure is crucial to the continuing growth of commercial aviation. Boeing analysis indicates that congestion at certain airports around the world will increase over the next 20 years as projected commercial air traffic growth drives demand for take-offs and landings to reach or surpass airport capacity. The world’s busiest airports, have already reached their limits for hourly airplane movements, even with slot controls. Many airports have capacity to meet projected traffic growth. Other airports have the capacity to handle demand efficiently during off-peak hours, but are constrained during morning and/or evening hours when demand is highest. Airport authorities around the world are investing in large capital projects, including new or improved runways, terminal expansions, and entirely new airports. These investments can significantly increase airport capacity, but community noise and environmental concerns often stretch development times further and may limit the scope of expansion. b. High-speed Rail As far as its competition with aviation goes, in 2010, worldwide railways carried 45% less passenger traffic, but 45 times more cargo traffic than commercial aviation. The total distance covered by railway networks was just 2.5% that of the aviation network [8]. Analysis shows that railways are well suited for carrying passengers over relatively short distances, whereas aviation excels for longer journeys; railways are an efficient mode for overland cargo transport; and aviation is very effective for creating large transportation networks without heavy investment in infrastructure. Being aware, the main cargo transported by plane, perishable and urgent goods, will never be on time if transported by train. Intermodal strategies HSR could compete with some airlines in high-volume, high-yield markets. Yet, the relatively short routes where HSR excels represent only a small portion of the market served by commercial aviation. Airline assets are highly flexible, because airplanes can be easily redeployed to more lucrative markets. In addition, the infrastructure investment for a comprehensive aviation network is much lower than for ground modes of transport. Aviation’s network connectivity simply cannot be replicated by ground-based modes. Opportunities to develop intermodal solutions can potentially combine the advantages of both HSR and aviation. c. Environment For both economic and environmental reasons, airline customers demand ever-increasing fuel efficiency. Boeing and the aviation industry have committed to ambitious carbon dioxide emissions targets to achieve carbon-neutral aviation growth beyond 2020 and halve net carbon emissions by 2050 (compared to 2005). This long-term approach will enable the aviation industry to meet its environmental targets and retain its license to grow. Increasing the availability of sustainable aviation fuel is a critical component of aviation’s strategy to reduce emissions. Meeting airline fuel demand at price points comparable to those of petroleum-based fuels requires continued investment [8]..

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(103) 4.1.5 Air Cargo Market Both dedicated freighters and passenger airplane lower holds carry air cargo. Cargo capacity on passenger flights has been expanding as airlines deploy new jetliners, that have excellent cargo capability. Dedicated freight services, however, offer shippers a combination of reliability, predictability, and control over timing and routing that lower-hold cargo operations can’t often match. Thus, freighters consistently account for roughly 60% of global air cargo traffic. Air cargo traffic, as measured in revenue tonne-kilometres (RTK), is projected to average 5.0 percent growth per year over the next 20 years, as global GDP and world trade return toward historic growth rates [8]. This freighter market is driven by express carriers that mitigate the lower economic efficiency of medium widebodies with higher yields. Competition from less expensive surface transport and passenger airplane lower-hold capacity constrains the use of medium widebody freighters in regional markets. The performance, efficiency, and reliability of new, purpose- built freighters outweigh the lower purchase prices for converted large freighters, especially for intercontinental operations, where high cargo density, larger payloads, and extended range are crucial [8].. +(CI*/&%(%&"$)?(%-*% ((%#(!*;J<. . Europe The European aviation market remained strong in 2012, despite uncertainties from the sovereign debt crisis and recessions in some economies. Europe’s GDP was flat in 2012 and is forecast to grow by 1.8 percent annually through 2032 [8]. Aviation growth is expected to continue over the next 20 years. Airline operations continue to evolve with the launch of new ventures and new business models. Long-haul service by European low-cost carriers (LCC) is becoming a reality in 2013 with the delivery of the 787 to LCC Norwegian Air Shuttle. The next 20 years are expected to bring additional mergers and acquisitions, along with increased collaboration with alliance partners around the world. Large Middle East carriers have captured significant long-haul share from European network carriers by providing one-stop service from Europe to markets such as India, Australia, and Southeast Asia. Large network airlines are tending to shift away from short-haul traffic, which is targeted by LCCs, and towards flowing passengers through their hubs on longer itineraries. Smaller flag carriers and charter airlines will be challenged to compete in an environment where LCCs dominate short-haul, point-topoint service, and large network carriers and their alliance partners exploit the cost advantages of mega-hubs for long-haul traffic [8]..

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(117) This is one of the issues we will analyse when we explain the different scenarios that might appear once the El-road joining Arlanda airport with Rosersberg logistic hub is operating. Since obviously a big investment and expansion is needed in warehouses, an increase in efficiency, lower lead-times and lower sorting and transportation costs. Besides the environmental problem that will cause such an increase in air traffic. Unless important changes towards green transportation are done it won’t be possible to keep emissions below maximum limits if companies attempt to meet the forecasted demand. A possible solution to all this could be a relocation from Arlanda to Rosersberg, where taxes are lower, the square meter is cheaper, the transportation to and from the warehouse wouldn’t create any emissions and goods could be carried directly from the warehouse to the plane. This means companies will still be able to deliver express goods on time while lowering costs, increasing capacity and reducing emissions.. 4.2 Rosersberg 4.2.1Background The location of a logistic hub is what will determine its potential for economic growth in the logistics sector, since it concerns investors, politicians, infrastructure providers, employees and the community surrounding. Its growth potential and logistic impact is mostly based on the access it has and the different mode of transportations connected to it. The full success of a logistic hub depends on the location, efficiency, financial sustainability and level of services (price, punctuality, reliability, transit time). Rosersberg logistic hub is located in Sigtuna Municipality, in Stockholm County, and is part of a logistic area that already has an established and diversified economy. Rosersberg has all the characteristics mentioned above so more and more companies are choosing to place their operations there. It’s connected to one of the biggest motorways in Sweden, the E4, from North and South, just 30km outside Stockholm and 10 km away from Arlanda Airport. Becoming a perfect spot for companies that have air freight and make deliveries (import) or pick-ups (export) from companies of Stockholm, Uppsala or Marsta. Furthermore, the construction of the new kombiterminal is going to enable all the companies located in Rosersberg to lower their transportation costs and get the advantages of inter-modal transport, both railway and boat. Since it will be possible to take containers by train directly from Rosersberg to the ships in Gavle container terminal.. 4.2.2Companies operating in Rosersberg a.Companies with known flow of goods Mitsubishi Mitsubishis volumes to and from the airport today is 0, which is not usual for a car company, since the transport of spare parts for cars is a great piece of todays air freight..

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(121) As for the volumes they handle in Rosersberg today, they receive 1 trailer per day from Holland and various minor supplies of about 4 small trucks or 2kbm per day. Their export flow is 2 small trucks of about 30kbm per day and 1 trailer [9]. Industriverktyg They deliver industrial tools from their central warehouse in Rosersberg to the rest of Sweden, Finland, Norway and Poland. Transport to costumers in Sweden and Norway is done by truck during the night and delivered in the morning. For Finland and Poland there is one day time delivery since it is transported by boat. They receive a bulk by truck of 40 stools per week, from Sweden and elsewhere in Europe. By boat coming from Asia or Europe they receive 1 container per week, but they don’t have any flow of goods from Arlanda airport. Like most of the companies, their forecast is to increase their volumes in 3-5% in the next five years [10]. Dustin Dustin has a surface in Rosersberg of 38.000 m2, of which 20.300 m2 is the area of their warehouse, with 100 employees running it. They ship all kind of electronic products to all over Sweden, Norway and Denmark. Currently they have no volumes between Rosersberg and Arlanda today, but since electronics form part of the worldwide market it could be that they have some air freight going to Arlanda in the future. Their raw materials are bought mainly from Swedish distributors all around the country and their costumers are both companies and private consumers. Dustin sends around 1.2 million packages/pallets per year from Rosersberg to their costumers in Sweden, Norway and Denmark. All the shipments go by truck directly to these places [11]. Förlängda Armen Logistik AB This is a company that also handles packages, from standard to express deliveries. So far they have no air freight, all their packages are delivered by truck so the flow to and from the airport is non-existent. They have 8 employees in Rosersberg. In Rosersberg, they receive and send about 1000 pallets per month [12]. Which considering each truck carries 25 pallets, results in 10 trucks arriving and leaving Rosersberg each week. This is assuming trucks are always fully loaded, which won’t be the case, so the flow of trucks is probably higher. Nowadays Forlangda Armen just handles packages around the Stockholm area but if it continues growing, in the future they could start sending packages by plane to cities in Sweden too far to be driven to or abroad. Therefore the possibility of using El-trucks to Arlanda in the future exists. Linde-mh Linde material handling manufactures trucks used to handle and transport pallets and other type of packages inside warehouses. They have 10 employees in Rosersberg.

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(125) They don’t have any flow of goods to Arlanda or Gavle, so we can assume they just supply companies in the Stockholm area and surrounding cities by truck [13]. Their product is not the classical type of air freight good so we don’t expect them to use the Elroad in the future. Morgan E.Service This company sells warehouse accessories, fridges and spare parts of refrigeration machinery, both new and used. Therefore we can assume that they are not interested in being part of the flow to Gavle or in air freight, probably just concerned about the local market around the area of Stockholm. In fact, they have 5 transports per week going to Stockholm and their warehouse is operated by 15 workers [14]. Bystronic Spareparts Bystronic is a worldwide company that provides solutions and machinery to work metal sheets, they provide machinery, software and spare parts to all the Nordic and Baltic countries. Their costumers vary between local companies and big multinationals, so they deliver their products all around the world. In Rosersberg they have machinery in stock ready to be delivered throughout the whole year. The warehouse has 500 m2 and is run by 4 workers. They located themselves in Rosersberg in order to be close to Arlanda, due to the necessity of delivering the product to their costumers as fast as possible (spare parts are one of the most common goods that are send by air freight). They send one container every day to Arlanda [15] and since their growth forecast is quite optimistic, Bystronic spareparts is definitely a potential user of the El-road.. J-Kem International J-Kem is a leading manufacturer of high quality chemical products and processes for the PWB industry. Their warehouse in Rosersberg is operated by 8 workers and has an area of 4.000 m2. They are a worldwide company that manufactures high-value chemical components [9] so they obviously have air freight going to Arlanda. They use intermodal transport (train, truck, boat and plane) to get to their costumers [8], so they are also potential users of the El-road. As for the boat shipments, they truck their containers either to Goteborg or to Gavle harbour [16]. Nokiantyres Nokiantyres produces all kind of tyres and for all kind of vehicles (cars, trucks, industrial machinery), but they are specialised in the Nordic and Eastern Europe market. Since they make tyres that adapt to extreme weather or surface conditions. Currently they have 50 employees [17]..

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(130) IL Recycling IL Recycling is a company that handles paper, plastic, electronics, scrap metals, combustible materials or even hazardous waste and transforms it into valuable raw materials to be reused. They take care of everything that is left and create value by recycling as much as possible. The final product is the valuable commodity that recycling supplies to the industry [21]. With their new facility in the expanding industrial area of Rosersberg, IL Recycling delivers even more efficient and sustainable recycling solutions to its customers. Their position along the E4 highway, near Arlanda, Stockholm and Uppsala gives them logistic and resource advantages in the work of both the collection and transportation. Their new warehouse has 50.000 m2 and 60 employees. The construction is completed with high environmental goals and the facility is one of the first eco-labelled industrial buildings. The Group, which has 700 employees, has nationwide operations in Sweden and Poland [21] but due to the nature of the products they handle, we don’t think they will have a considerable flow of goods towards Arlanda. The only product that could be necessary to transport by air freight is hazardous waste, since it needs to be treated in special plants and transported under very strict security measures. So their flow of goods in the El-road would be mainly occasional shipments. DHL Freight DHL is a huge logistic company that delivers freight of any kind, to anywhere in the world, via sea, railway, truck or air and adapts its transportation to each costumer needs. By delivering products to the market fast and efficiently, they allow their costumers to gain competitive advantage and improve their transportation networks. With 12% of the total worldwide market they are the global leaders in air freight transportation. They have both scheduled flights (for regular importers and exporters) and special charter flights for urgent deliveries so that costumers keep to the minimum shortages or costly backlogs [22]. DHL has an extensive network of domestic road freight services within Sweden and they handle any kind of loads (pallets, small packages, LTL or full truck loads) [22]. Obviously, they also have international trucking services to any place in Europe. DHL tries to transport goods in the most efficient way possible to keep freight costs down and that’s way they try to combine the use of faster modes of transport (air and road) with not as fast but much cheaper ones (sea and railway). In Rosersberg, DHL freight has a flow of 1 truck going to Arlanda every morning and 1 truck coming from Arlanda every afternoon [23]. This means currently 14 trucks per week go and come from Arlanda airport, so in the future with the forecasted growth of air freight, the growth of export and import volumes in Sweden and the use of the kombiterminal in Rosersberg, this numbers could easily double once the El-road is operating. Due to the fact of having a DHL terminal inside Arlanda (even if it operates separately), such specific air freight services and green transportation policies we certainly expect DHL freight to become one of the major users of the El-road..

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