Då detaljnivån i fallstudien har begränsats av dess omfång, begränsade tid och distansläget under covid-19 bör
de beräkningar som genomförts i fallstudien ses över och göras på en mer detaljerad nivå för att med större
säkerhet dra slutsatser kring långsiktiga fördelar med 4GDH och de kundfall som har studerats. Då ett förändrat
pumparbete är en faktor som identifierats som betydande vid omställning till 4GDH bör även detta undersökas
närmre. Vidare bör Borlänge Energi påbörja ett långsiktigt arbete mot 4GDH baserat på framtagen
handlingsplan.
För att kunna dra djupare slutsatser om hur olika fjärrvärmenät lämpar sig för 4GDH bör mer komplexa
simuleringar genomföras där nätens storlek och fjärrvärmebehov varieras baserat på faktiska fjärrvärmenät
och möjliga framtidsscenarion för dessa. Simuleringarna kan genomföras enligt samma grundmetodik som i
detta arbete men där fler indatavariabler tas hänsyn till och känslighetsanalyser genomförs.
Den presenterade metodiken för hur ett arbete mot 4GDH kan initieras i svenska fjärrvärmenät bör prövas på
faktiska fall för att sedan utvärderas och revideras baserat på erfarenheter. En tydlig utvecklingsmöjlighet för
den framtagna metodiken finns i att inkludera hur 4GDH kan spela en roll för andra system än
fjärrvärmesystemet, framförallt i elkraftsystemet. Genom ökad förståelse och erfarenhet kring detta kan
elproducenter och elnätsoperatörer komma att ha en betydande roll när ett arbete mot 4GDH initieras.
9 Referenser
Amiri, S. (2013). Economic and Environmental Benefits of CHP-based District Heating Systems in
Sweden.
Askeland, K., Rygg, B. J., & Sperling, K. (2020). The role of 4th generation district heating
(4GDH) in a highly electrified hydropower dominated energy system - The case of Norway.
International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, 27(Special Issue),
17–34. https://doi.org/10.5278/ijsepm.3683
Averfalk, H., & Werner, S. (2018). Novel low temperature heat distribution technology. Energy,
145, 526–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.157
Averfalk, H., & Werner, S. (2017). Essential improvements in future district heating systems.
Energy Procedia, 116, 217–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.069
Avfall Sverige. (2016). Svensk avfallshantering.
Bloess, A., Schill, W. P., & Zerrahn, A. (2018). Power-to-heat for renewable energy integration: A
review of technologies, modeling approaches, and flexibility potentials. In Applied Energy
(Vol. 212, pp. 1611–1626). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.12.073
Blomsterberg, Å. (2009). Energi och ByggnadsDesign Institutionen för arkitektur och byggd miljö.
Bolonina, A., Bolonins, G., & Blumberga, D. (2014). Analysis of the impact of decreasing district
heating supply temperature on combined heat and power plant operation. Environmental and
Climate Technologies, 14(1), 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1515/rtuect-2014-0013
Borglund, A.-S. (2020). Framtidens fjärrvärme tar form. Tidningen Energi: El, Värme Och & Kyla.
Borgström, K. M., & Werner, S. (2010). Distribution of heat use in Sweden. 273–276.
Börjesson, P., Hansson, J., & Berndes, G. (2017). Future demand for forest-based biomass for
energy purposes in Sweden. Forest Ecology and Management, 383, 17–26.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.09.018
Borlänge Kommun. (2020). Miljöstrategi 2021-2030.
Boverket. (2012). Handbok för energihushållning enligt Boverkets byggregler – utgåva två.
Boverket. (2017a). Legionella i vatten - PBL kunskapsbanken.
Boverket. (2017b). Öppna data - Dimensionerande vinterutetemperatur (DVUT 1981-2010) för 310
orter i Sverige. https://www.boverket.se/sv/om-boverket/publicerat-av-boverket/oppna-
data/dimensionerande-vinterutetemperatur-dvut-1981-2010/
Boverket. (2018). Boverkets byggregler (BBR).
Brand, L., Calvén, A., Englund, J., Landersjö, H., & Lauenburg, P. (2014). Smart district heating
networks - A simulation study of prosumers’ impact on technical parameters in distribution
networks. Applied Energy, 129, 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.04.079
Brand, M., Thorsen, J. E., & Svendsen, S. (2010). A Direct Heat Exchanger Unit used for Domestic
Hot Water Supply in a Single-family House Supplied by Low Energy District Heating (pp. 60–
68).
Brange, L., Englund, J., & Lauenburg, P. (2016). Prosumers in district heating networks - A
Swedish case study. Applied Energy, 164, 492–500.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.12.020
Brange, L., Englund, J., Sernhed, K., Thern, M., & Lauenburg, P. (2017). Bottlenecks in district
heating systems and how to address them. Energy Procedia, 116, 249–259.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.072
Broberg, S., Backlund, S., Karlsson, M., & Thollander, P. (2012). Industrial excess heat deliveries
to Swedish district heating networks: Drop it like it’s hot. Energy Policy, 51, 332–339.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.08.031
Bühler, F., Petrović, S., Holm, F. M., Karlsson, K., & Elmegaard, B. (2018). Spatiotemporal and
economic analysis of industrial excess heat as a resource for district heating. Energy, 151,
715–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.059
Bühler, F., Petrović, S., Karlsson, K., & Elmegaard, B. (2017). Industrial excess heat for district
heating in Denmark. Applied Energy, 205, 991–1001.
Bünning, F., Wetter, M., Fuchs, M., & Müller, D. (2018). Bidirectional low temperature district
energy systems with agent-based control: Performance comparison and operation optimization.
Applied Energy, 209, 502–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.10.072
Burton, I. (1987). Report on reports: Our common future. Environment, 29(5), 25–29.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.1987.9928891
Cabeza, L. F., & Oró, E. (2016). Thermal Energy Storage for Renewable Heating and Cooling
Systems. In Renewable Heating and Cooling: Technologies and Applications (pp. 139–179).
Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-213-6.00007-2
Cenian, A., Dzierzgowski, M., & Pietrzykowski, B. (2019). On the road to low temperature district
heating. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1398(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-
6596/1398/1/012002
Collins Jr, J. F. (1959). The history of district heating.
Connolly, D. ;, Lund, H. ;, Mathiesen, B. V, Østergaard, P. A., Möller, B. ;, Nielsen, S. ;, Ridjan, I. ;,
Hvelplund, F. ;, Sperling, K. ;, Karnøe, P. ;, Carlson, A. M., Kwon, P. S., Bryant, S. M., &
Sorknaes, P. (2013). Smart Energy Systems Holistic and Integrated Energy Systems for the era
of 100% Renewable Energy.
Coppieters, T., & Blondeau, J. (2019). Techno-Economic Design of Flue Gas Condensers for
Medium-Scale Biomass Combustion Plants: Impact of Heat Demand and Return Temperature
Variations. Energies, 12(12), 2337. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12122337
Dalgren, J. (2021). Lågtempererad fjärrvärme.
Davidson, J. (2009). An integrated climate and energy policy.
Davies, G. F., Maidment, G. G., & Tozer, R. M. (2016). Using data centres for combined heating
and cooling: An investigation for London. Applied Thermal Engineering, 94, 296–304.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.09.111
Di Lucia, L., & Ericsson, K. (2014). Low-carbon district heating in Sweden - Examining a
successful energy transition. Energy Research and Social Science, 4(C), 10–20.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2014.08.005
Direktoratet for byggkvalitet. (2017). Byggteknisk forskrift (TEK17).
Djuric Ilic, D., Dotzauer, E., Trygg, L., & Broman, G. (2014). Introduction of large-scale biofuel
production in a district heating system - An opportunity for reduction of global greenhouse gas
emissions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 64, 552–561.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.08.029
Djuric Ilic, D., & Ödlund, L. (2018). Method for allocation of carbon dioxide emissions from waste
incineration which includes energy recovery. Energy Procedia, 149, 400–409.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.08.204
Dotzauer, E. (2020). Akutellt om stytmedel. Stockholm Exergi.
E.ON. (2020). 2022: en game-changer för uppvärmning, baserad på geotermisk energi.
E.ON. (2021a). E.ON ectogrid - Shared energy for a sustainable city.
E.ON. (2021b). Medicon Village - E.ON ectogrid.
E.ON. (2021c). The technology - E.ON ectogrid.
Elforsk. (2008). Miljövärdering av el – med fokus på utsläpp av koldioxid.
Energiföretagen. (2020a). Fjärrvärmens lokala miljövärden 2019.
Energiföretagen. (2020b). ÖVERENSKOMMELSE I VÄRMEMARKNADSKOMMITTÉN 2020.
Energimarknadsinspektionen. (2020). Levererad värme per prisområde.
Energimyndigheten. (2015). Värmepumparnas Roll På Uppvärmningsmarknaden [The role of heat
pumps on the heating market]. 79.
Energimyndigheten. (2019a). Energy in Sweden - Facts and Figures 2019.
Energimyndigheten. (2019b). Sveriges energi- och klimatmål.
Energimyndigheten. (2020). Energistatistik för småhus, flerbostadshus och lokaler 2014. 1–41.
Energimyndigheten. (2021). Energiläget i siffror 2021.
Ericsson, K., & Nilsson, L. J. (2004). International biofuel trade - A study of the Swedish import.
Ericsson, K., & Nilsson, L. J. (2006). Assessment of the potential biomass supply in Europe using a
resource-focused approach. Biomass and Bioenergy, 30(1), 1–15.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.09.001
Ericsson, K., & Werner, S. (2016). The introduction and expansion of biomass use in Swedish
district heating systems. Biomass and Bioenergy, 94, 57–65.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.08.011
Eriksson, M., & Vamling, L. (2007). Future use of heat pumps in Swedish district heating systems:
Short- and long-term impact of policy instruments and planned investments. Applied Energy,
84(12), 1240–1257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2007.02.009
Eriksson, O., Finnveden, G., Ekvall, T., & Björklund, A. (2007). Life cycle assessment of fuels for
district heating: A comparison of waste incineration, biomass- and natural gas combustion.
Energy Policy, 35(2), 1346–1362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.04.005
Erlström, M., Mellqvist, C., Schwarz, G., Gustafsson, M., & Dahlqvist, P. (2016). Geologisk
information för geoenergianläggningar-en översikt.
European Union. (2010). DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF
THE COUNCIL of 19 May 2010 ON THE ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS.
Europeiska kommisionen. (2021). Hållbar finansiering och EU : s taxonomi EU-kommissionen
vidtar nya åtgärder för att styra investeringar mot hållbara verksamheter. april.
Fastighetsägarna. (2021). Så kallt får det vara i lägenheten - Fastighetsägarna.
https://www.fastighetsagarna.se/aktuellt/nyheter/sa-kallt-far-det-vara-i-lagenheten/
Finansdepartementet. (2019). Skatt på avfallsförbränning införs under 2020.
Flores, J. C., Corre, O. Le, Lacarrière, B., & Martin, V. (2014). Study of a District Heating
Substation Using the Return Water of the Main System To Service a Low-Temperature
Secondary Network.
Franzén, I., Nedar, L., & Andersson, M. (2019). Environmental Comparison of Energy Solutions
for Heating and Cooling. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(24).
https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247051
Frederiksen, S., & Werner, S. (2013). District heating and cooling. Studentlitteratur AB.
https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.01094-0
Furtenback, Ö. (2009). Demand for waste as fuel in the swedish district heating sector: A
production function approach. Waste Management, 29(1), 285–292.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.02.027
Gadd, H., & Werner, S. (2013). Daily heat load variations in Swedish district heating systems.
Applied Energy, 106, 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.01.030
Gadd, H., & Werner, S. (2014). Achieving low return temperatures from district heating
substations. Applied Energy, 136, 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.09.022
Gadd, H., & Werner, S. (2015). Fault detection in district heating substations. Applied Energy, 157,
51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.07.061
Gerhardy, K. (2012). Das DVGW-Arbeitsblatt W 551 und die 3-Liter-Regel.
Giurca, A., & Späth, P. (2017). A forest-based bioeconomy for Germany? Strengths, weaknesses
and policy options for lignocellulosic biorefineries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 153, 51–
62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.156
Gong, M., & Werner, S. (2015). Exergy analysis of network temperature levels in Swedish and
Danish district heating systems. Renewable Energy, 84, 106–113.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.06.001
Grönkvist, S., Sjödin, J., & Westermark, M. (2003). Models for assessing net CO2 emissions
applied on district heating technologies. International Journal of Energy Research, 27(6),
601–613. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.898
Gustavsson, L., & Karlsson, Å. (2003). Heating detached houses in urban areas. Energy, 28(8),
851–875. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-5442(02)00165-2
Hagberg, M., Gode, J., Lätt, A., Ekvall, T., Adolfsson, I., & Martinsson, F. (2282). Miljövärdering
Halmstad Energi och Miljö. (2020). A modern and efficient district heating network for a new
residential area in Sweden -. LowTEMP.
Hansen, C. H., Gudmundsson, O., & Detlefsen, N. (2019). Cost efficiency of district heating for
low energy buildings of the future. Energy, 177, 77–86.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.04.046
Hawkey, D., Webb, J., & Winskel, M. (2013). Organisation and governance of urban energy
systems: District heating and cooling in the UK. Journal of Cleaner Production, 50, 22–31.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.11.018
Hvelplund, F., & Djørup, S. (2017). Multilevel policies for radical transition: Governance for a
100% renewable energy system. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 35(7),
1218–1241. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399654417710024
Ianakiev, A. I., Cui, J. M., Garbett, S., & Filer, A. (2017). Innovative system for delivery of low
temperature district heating. International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and
Management, 12, 19–28. https://doi.org/10.5278/ijsepm.2017.12.3
IEA. (2020). Global CO2 emissions by sector, 2018 – Charts – Data & Statistics - IEA.
IVL. (2011). Energy Scenario for Sweden 2050. Scenario, December 2015, 100.
Kaiserfeld, T. (1999). Ett lokalt energisystem mellan vattenkraft och kärnkraft: Uppbyggnaden av
kraftvärme i Karlstad mellan 1948 och 1956. Public Technology Procurement and Innovation,
121–141.
Kelly, S., & Pollitt, M. (2010). An assessment of the present and future opportunities for combined
heat and power with district heating (CHP-DH) in the United Kingdom. Energy Policy, 38(11),
6936–6945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.07.010
Köfinger, M., Basciotti, D., & Schmidt, R. R. (2017). Reduction of return temperatures in urban
district heating systems by the implementation of energy-cascades. Energy Procedia, 116,
438–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.091
Köfinger, M., Basciotti, D., Schmidt, R. R., Meissner, E., Doczekal, C., & Giovannini, A. (2016).
Low temperature district heating in Austria: Energetic, ecologic and economic comparison of
four case studies. Energy, 110, 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.12.103
Köfinger, M., Schmidt, R. R., Basciotti, D., Terreros, O., Baldvinsson, I., Mayrhofer, J., Moser, S.,
Tichler, R., & Pauli, H. (2018). Simulation based evaluation of large scale waste heat
utilization in urban district heating networks: Optimized integration and operation of a
seasonal storage. Energy, 159, 1161–1174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.06.192
Kraftringen. (2018). COOL DH - Framtiden | Kraftringen.
Larsson, S., Svenska Kraftnät Niklas Dahlbäck, fd, & Johan Linnarsson, V. (2014). Reglering av
ett framtida svenskt kraftsystem.
Lauenburg, P. (2018). Teknik och forskningsöversikt över fjärde generationens fjärrvärmeteknik.
Li, Haoran, & Nord, N. (2018). Transition to the 4th generation district heating - Possibilities,
bottlenecks, and challenges. Energy Procedia, 149, 483–498.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.08.213
Li, Hongwei, & Wang, S. J. (2015). Load Management in District Heating Operation. Energy
Procedia, 75, 1202–1207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.155
Lund, H. (2014). Renewable Energy Systems.
Lund, H., Østergaard, P. A., Chang, M., Werner, S., Svendsen, S., Sorknæs, P., Thorsen, J. E.,
Hvelplund, F., Mortensen, B. O. G., Mathiesen, B. V., Bojesen, C., Duic, N., Zhang, X., &
Möller, B. (2018). The status of 4th generation district heating: Research and results. In Energy
(Vol. 164, pp. 147–159). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.206
Lund, H., Østergaard, P. A., Connolly, D., & Mathiesen, B. V. (2017). Smart energy and smart
energy systems. In Energy (Vol. 137, pp. 556–565). Elsevier Ltd.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.05.123
Lund, H., Werner, S., Wiltshire, R., Svendsen, S., Thorsen, J. E., Hvelplund, F., & Mathiesen, B. V.
(2014). 4th Generation District Heating (4GDH). Integrating smart thermal grids into future
sustainable energy systems. In Energy (Vol. 68, pp. 1–11). Elsevier Ltd.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.089
Lund, R., Ilic, D. D., & Trygg, L. (2016). Socioeconomic potential for introducing large-scale heat
pumps in district heating in Denmark. Journal of Cleaner Production, 139, 219–229.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.135
Lygnerud, K., & Werner, S. (2018). Risk assessment of industrial excess heat recovery in district
heating systems. Energy, 151, 430–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.047
Markides, C. N. (2013). The role of pumped and waste heat technologies in a high-efficiency
sustainable energy future for the UK. Applied Thermal Engineering, 53(2), 197–209.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.02.037
Mathiesen, B. V., & Lund, H. (2009). Comparative analyses of seven technologies to facilitate the
integration of fluctuating renewable energy sources. IET Renewable Power Generation, 3(2),
190. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg:20080049
Mathiesen, B. V., Lund, H., & Connolly, D. (2012). Limiting biomass consumption for heating in
100% renewable energy systems. Energy, 48(1), 160–168.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.07.063
Mertoglu, O., Bakir, N., & Kaya, T. (2003). Geothermal applications in Turkey. Geothermics,
32(4), 419–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6505(03)00055-5
Metrotherm. (2021). Tillhandahållen data.
Nord, N., Ingebretsen, M. E., & Tryggestad, I. S. (2016). Possibilities for Transition of Existing
Residential Buildings to Low Temperature District Heating System in Norway.
Nord Pool. (2021). Market Data | Nord Pool.
Nuytten, T., Claessens, B., Paredis, K., Van Bael, J., & Six, D. (2013). Flexibility of a combined
heat and power system with thermal energy storage for district heating. Applied Energy, 104,
583–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.11.029
Oktay, Z., & Aslan, A. (2007). Geothermal district heating in Turkey: The Gonen case study.
Geothermics, 36(2), 167–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2006.09.001
Olin, L. (2020). Brunnshög tar tillvara restvärmen från forskningen. Tidningen Energi: El, Värme
Och & Kyla.
Olsen, P. K., Lambertsen, H., Hummelshøj, R., Bøhm, B., Christiansen, C. H., Svendsen, S.,
Larsen, C. T., & Worm, J. (2008). A New Low-Temperature District Heating System for Low-
Energy Buildings.
Paulsen, O. ;, Fan, J. ;, Furbo, S. ;, & Thorsen, J. E. (2017). Consumer Unit for Low Energy District
Heating Net. APA.
Pauschinger, T. (2015). Solar thermal energy for district heating. In Advanced District Heating and
Cooling (DHC) Systems (pp. 99–120). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-
374-4.00005-7
Persson, U., & Münster, M. (2016). Current and future prospects for heat recovery from waste in
European district heating systems: A literature and data review. Energy, 110, 116–128.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.12.074
Regeringskansliet. (2021). Agenda 2030 och globala målen.
Renström, S. (2016). Inviting interaction - Explorations of the district heating interface for people.
Ridjan, I., Mathiesen, B. V., Connolly, D., & Duić, N. (2013). The feasibility of synthetic fuels in
renewable energy systems. Energy, 57, 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.01.046
Riksdagen. (2011). Plan- och byggförordning (2011:338) Svensk författningssamling
2011:2011:338 t.o.m. SFS 2020:708 -.
Riksdagen. (2020). Svensk författningssamling Förordning om ändring i plan-och
byggförordningen (2011:338).
Rønneseth, Ø., Sandberg, N. H., & Sartori, I. (2019). Is it possible to supply Norwegian apartment
blocks with 4th generation district heating? Energies, 12(5), 941.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en12050941
Rowley, J., & Slack, F. (2004). Conducting a literature review. In Management Research News
(Vol. 27, Issue 6, pp. 31–39). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
https://doi.org/10.1108/01409170410784185
SCB. (2018). El-, gas- och fjärrvärmeförsörjningen 2018. Sveriges Officiella Statistik, november.
SCB. (2019). El-, gas- och fjärrvärmeförsörjningen 2019.
Schmidt, D., Kallert, A., Blesl, M., Svendsen, S., Hongwei, L., Nord, N., & Sipilä, K. (2017). Low
Temperature District Heating for Future Energy Systems. Energy Procedia, 1–27.
Schweiger, G., Kuttin, F., & Posch, A. (2019). District heating systems: An analysis of strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the 4GDH. Energies, 12(24), 4748.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en12244748
Self, S. J., Reddy, B. V., & Rosen, M. A. (2013). Geothermal heat pump systems: Status review and
comparison with other heating options. Applied Energy, 101, 341–348.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.01.048
Selinder, P., & Walletun, H. (2018). Fastighetsanpassning för 4GDH CILLA DAHLBERG
LARSSON.
Sernhed, K., Lygnerud, K., & Werner, S. (2018). Synthesis of recent Swedish district heating
research. Energy, 151, 126–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.028
SGU. (2021). Geotermi.
Sibbitt, B., McClenahan, D., Djebbar, R., Thornton, J., Wong, B., Carriere, J., & Kokko, J. (2012).
The performance of a high solar fraction seasonal storage district heating system - Five years
of operation. Energy Procedia, 30, 856–865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.11.097
Sneum, D. M., & Sandberg, E. (2018). Economic incentives for flexible district heating in the
nordic countries. International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, 16,
27–44. https://doi.org/10.5278/ijsepm.2018.16.3
Söder, L. (2014). På väg mot en elförsörjning baserad på enbart förnybar el i Sverige - En studie
om behovet av reglerkraft. 57. http://kth.diva-
portal.org/smash/get/diva2:609917/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Sorknæs, P., Lund, H., & Andersen, A. N. (2015). Future power market and sustainable energy
solutions - The treatment of uncertainties in the daily operation of combined heat and power
plants. Applied Energy, 144, 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.02.041
Sorknæs, P., Østergaard, P. A., Thellufsen, J. Z., Lund, H., Nielsen, S., Djørup, S., & Sperling, K.
(2020). The benefits of 4th generation district heating in a 100% renewable energy system.
Energy, 213, 119030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119030
SSB. (2020). Boliger, etter bygningstype og byggeår (K) 2006 - 2020.
Stockholm Stad. (2020). Sorterande avloppssystem till Värtahamnen och Loudden.
Strandell, R. (2021). Intervju - Projektledare Halmstad Miljö och Energi AB.
SvD. (2021). Stora Enso stänger – “hård smäll för Borlänge” | SvD.
https://www.svd.se/nedskarningar-hos-stora-enso
Svensk Fjärrvärme AB. (2014). F:101 Fjärrvärmecentralen - Utförande och installation.
Sveriges regering. (2017). Sveriges fjärde nationella handlingsplan för energieffektivisering.
Thorsen, J. E., Christiansen, C. H., Brand, M., Olesen, P. K., & Larsen, C. T. (2011). Expieriences
On Low-Temperature District Heating In Lystrup – Denmark.
Tschopp, D., Tian, Z., Berberich, M., Fan, J., Perers, B., & Furbo, S. (2020). Large-scale solar
thermal systems in leading countries: A review and comparative study of Denmark, China,
Germany and Austria. In Applied Energy (Vol. 270, p. 114997). Elsevier Ltd.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114997
Volkova, A., Krupenski, I., Ledvanov, A., Hlebnikov, A., Lepiksaar, K., Latõšov, E., & Mašatin, V.
(2020). Energy cascade connection of a low-temperature district heating network to the return
line of a high-temperature district heating network. Energy, 198, 117304.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117304
Volkova, A., Mašatin, V., & Siirde, A. (2018). Methodology for evaluating the transition process
dynamics towards 4th generation district heating networks. Energy, 150, 253–261.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.02.123
Wahlroos, M., Pärssinen, M., Manner, J., & Syri, S. (2017). Utilizing data center waste heat in
district heating – Impacts on energy efficiency and prospects for low-temperature district
heating networks. Energy, 140, 1228–1238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.08.078
Wahlroos, M., Pärssinen, M., Rinne, S., Syri, S., & Manner, J. (2018). Future views on waste heat
utilization – Case of data centers in Northern Europe. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 82, 1749–1764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.058
Werner, S. (1984). HEAT LOAD IN DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS. Chalmers Tekniska
Hogskola, Doktorsavhandlingar, 496.
Werner, S. (2012). Fjärde generationens fjärrvärme i ett Europa-perspektiv.
Werner, S. (2017a). District heating and cooling in Sweden. In Energy (Vol. 126, pp. 419–429).
Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.052
Werner, S. (2017b). International review of district heating and cooling. In Energy (Vol. 137, pp.
617–631). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.04.045
Werner, S., & Winberg, A. (1987). Avkylning av fjärrvärmevatten i befintliga abonnentcentraler.
Wicktröm, J. (2020). Pilotprojekt med solvärme. Tidningen Energi: El, Värme Och & Kyla.
Wiltshire, R. (2012). Part of the BRE Trust Low Temperature District Heating.
Wiltshire, R. (2013). International Energy Agency (IEA) research on district heating.
Winterscheid, C., Dalenbäck, J. O., & Holler, S. (2017). Integration of solar thermal systems in
existing district heating systems. Energy, 137, 579–585.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.04.159
Wu, R. (2009). Energy Efficiency Technologies – Air Source Heat Pump vs. Ground Source Heat
Pump. Journal of Sustainable Development, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v2n2p14
Yin, R. K. (2014). Case Study Research: Design and Methods (5th ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd.
10 Appendix
