On analysing changes in urban structure: Some theoretical and methodological issues

            

ON ANALYSING CHANGES IN

URBAN STRUCTURE

S

M

A

                                      Doctoral Thesis 2011 Kungliga Tekniska högskolan Royal Institute of Technology

School of Architecture and the Built Environment Division of Urban Planning and Environment Department of Urban and Regional Studies S-100 44 Stockholm http://www.kth.se/ TRITA-SoM 2011-03 ISSN 1653-6126 ISRN KTH/SoM/11-03/SE ISBN 978-91-7415-887-8 © Marcus Adolphson, 2011 Printed by E-print, Stockholm

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5. THEORETICAL EVALUATION OF URBAN CHANGE  3ODQQLQJDQGVSDWLDOGHYHORSPHQWLQWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\RI6WUlQJQlVDQGLQWKH6WRFNKROP&LW\ 5HJLRQVKRZRSSRVLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFV7KHVWXG\RIWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\RI6WUlQJQlVH[SRVHVYDJXH SODQQLQJJXLGHOLQHVDQGWHQGHQFLHVWRZDUGIXQFWLRQDOO\VHSDUDWHGXUEDQVSUDZO7KHVWXG\RIWKH 6WRFNKROP&LW\5HJLRQH[SRVHVH[SOLFLWJRDOVUHJDUGLQJWKHVSDWLDOFRQILJXUDWLRQRIWKHXUEDQ VWUXFWXUHDQGDVWUHQJWKHQHGSRO\FHQWULFXUEDQVWUXFWXUH  5.1 Planning paradigms  ,WVHHPVDVLIGLIILFXOWLHVUHPDLQLQERWKWKHPDLQSODQQLQJDSSURDFKHVSUHVHQWHGDERYHZKLFK FRXOGEHGLVFXVVHGWKURXJK+DEHUPDV·GLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHOLIHZRUOGDQGWKHV\VWHPZRUOG 7KHUHDVRQIRUWKHHYROXWLRQRIDV\VWHPZRUOGZDVWKHQHHGIRUHIILFLHQWGHFLVLRQPDNLQJLQ FRPSOH[VLWXDWLRQV+DEHUPDV$QXPEHURIHFRORJLFDODQGVRFLHWDOLVVXHVH[WHQG RXWVLGHRIWKHFXOWXUDOKRUL]RQRIZKDWLVSRVVLEOHWRKDQGOHZLWKLQDOLIHZRUOGSHUVSHFWLYH +DEHUPDV7KLVOLPLWDWLRQLQWKHFDSDFLW\RIWKHOLIHZRUOGRFFXUV HVSHFLDOO\LQHPHUJHQWDQGRUFRPSOH[VLWXDWLRQV7KLVSRLQWVHHPVWREHRYHUORRNHGZLWKLQWKH FRPPXQLFDWLYHSODQQLQJGRPDLQ$QXQEDODQFHGSODQQLQJELDVHGWRZDUGVWKHOLIHZRUOG SHUVSHFWLYHRUV\VWHPSHUVSHFWLYHUHVXOWLQLQHIILFLHQF\RUQRQIXQFWLRQDODFWLRQVLWXDWLRQV SRVVLEO\UHVXOWLQJLQ´GHVWUXFWLRQVRIXUEDQHQYLURQPHQWVµVHH+DEHUPDV $FRQFOXVLRQRIWKLVUHDVRQLQJLVWKHUHIRUHWKDWSODQQLQJSURFHGXUHPXVWDGDSWWRDQG HQFRPSDVVWKHV\VWHPSHUVSHFWLYHLQD+DEHUPDVLDQVHQVHDQGWKHOLIHZRUOGSHUVSHFWLYH,I WKLVUHDVRQLQJLVDFNQRZOHGJHGWKHTXHVWLRQRIFRPSUHKHQVLRQDSSHDUV7KHPHWKRGRORJLFDO FRPSOH[LW\LQ3DSHUV,WR,,,DQGWKHFRPSOH[LW\LQWKHWKHRUHWLFDOUHYLHZLQ3DSHU,9SRVVLEO\ SRVLWLRQVRPHSDUWVRIWKLVUHVHDUFKLQDQH[SHUWSODQQLQJGRPDLQ2UXVLQJ$OOPHQGLQJHUV WHUPLQRORJ\WKLVUHVHDUFKPLJKWIXQFWLRQDVDQH[RJHQRXVWKHRU\´IRFXVHGRQD SDUWLFXODUHOHPHQWRIWKHVRFLHW\µSURYLGHWKHSODQQLQJGRPDLQZLWKDQIXUWKHU´XQGHUVWDQGLQJRI SODQQLQJDQGVSDFHµ$OOPHQGLQJHU  

5.2 URBAN CHANGE THROUGH A SOCIO-THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE The Durkheimian position

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13 PHDQV6RFLHW\OLYHVLWVRZQOLIH8UEDQSODQVDUHWKHUHIRUHQRWFUHDWHGE\LQGLYLGXDOVEXWDUH FRQVHTXHQFHVRIRWKHUVWUXFWXUDOFLUFXPVWDQFHVVRFLDOIDFWV  7KHUHVXOWVIURP3DSHU,VRPHZKDWVXSSRUWWKLVWKHRUHWLFDOSHUVSHFWLYH7KHORFDWLRQSURILOHVLQ 6WUlQJQlVDUHVWURQJO\LQIOXHQFHGE\VWUXFWXUDOSURSHUWLHVVXFKDVXUEDQSODQVDQGXUEDQ VWUXFWXUHV7KHFKDQJHLQXUEDQVWUXFWXUHDQDO\VHGLQ3DSHUV,,DQG,,,FRUUHVSRQGVWRWKHORFDO DQGUHJLRQDOSODQQLQJJXLGHOLQHV,QD'XUNHPLDQVHQVHWKHRSSRVLQJFKDUDFWHURIXUEDQFKDQJH H[SRVHGLQ6WUlQJQlVPXQLFLSDOLW\DQGWKH6WRFNKROP&LW\UHJLRQVKRXOGUHIOHFWGLIIHUHQW FKDUDFWHURIGHSHQGHQFHVRFLDOVROLGDULW\EHWZHHQWKHFLWL]HQV7KHUHODWLYHO\²LQUHODWLRQWRWKH 6WRFNKROP&LW\5HJLRQ²PRGHVWXUEDQVHWWLQJLQ6WUlQJQlVDOVRLPSOLHVUHODWLYHO\PRGHVW SODQQLQJ7KHUHODWLYHO\FRPSOH[XUEDQVHWWLQJLQWKH6WRFNKROP&LW\5HJLRQLPSOLHVDFRPSOH[ SODQQLQJDQGDQH[SOLFLWPDFUROHYHOSHUVSHFWLYH7KLVPDFURSHUVSHFWLYHLVQRWLQWKHVDPHVHQVH QHHGHGLQWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\RI6WUlQJQlV+RZHYHUWRGHYHORSDIXUWKHUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKH ORFDWLRQDFWLYLWLHVDQGWKHFKDQJLQJXUEDQVWUXFWXUHRWKHUVRFLDOIDFWVDVVXFKFRQWHPSRUDU\ WUHQGV¶VRFLDOFXUUHQWV·DQGRWKHULQVWLWXWLRQDOL]HGQRUPVVKRXOGEHDGGUHVVHGLQWKHUHVHDUFK 

The Habermasian position  +DEHUPDV·WKHRU\SURYLGHVDIRXQGDWLRQIRUFUHDWLQJYDULRXVK\SRWKHVHVDERXWERWKORFDWLRQ SURFHVVDQGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIXUEDQVWUXFWXUH)LUVWO\LIWKHXUEDQVWUXFWXUHLVDVVXPHGWREH FRQILJXUHGIURPDV\VWHPSHUVSHFWLYHLHLQRUGHUWRPD[LPL]HFDSLWDODFFXPXODWLRQWKHQWKH DFFXPXODWLRQRIFDSLWDOLVRSWLPL]HGWKURXJKGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIXUEDQGHYHORSPHQWLQGLIIHUHQW XUEDQVHWWLQJV,QDUDWKHUGHQVHXUEDQVHWWLQJVXFKDVWKH6WRFNKROP&LW\5HJLRQFDSLWDOLV PD[LPL]HGWKURXJKIXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHH[LVWLQJPL[HGGHQVLW\XUEDQSRO\FHQWULF VWUXFWXUH,QFRQWUDVWLQDUDWKHUGLVSHUVHGXUEDQVHWWLQJVXFKDVWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\RI6WUlQJQlV FDSLWDOLVPD[LPL]HGWKURXJKIXUWKHUIXQFWLRQDOO\VHSDUDWHGVSDUVHXUEDQGHYHORSPHQW  6HFRQGO\LILWLVDVVXPHGWKDWWKHXUEDQVWUXFWXUHLVFRQILJXUHGWKURXJK+DEHUPDVLDQOLIHZRUOG SURFHVVHVWKHQWKHDFWXDOXUEDQGHYHORSPHQWREVHUYHGZLOOFRUUHVSRQGWRPXWXDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJV RQXUEDQGHYHORSPHQWHVWDEOLVKHGWKURXJKWKHFRPPXQLFDWLYHDFWLRQSURFHVVHVZLWKLQSODQQLQJ ,QWKHFDVHRIWKH6WRFNKROP&LW\5HJLRQWKLVPXWXDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJUHVXOWHGLQUDWKHUILUPODQG XVHJXLGHOLQHVVXSSRUWLQJDVXSUDLQGLYLGXDOVWUXFWXUH,QWKHFDVHRI6WUlQJQlVDQDGRSWLRQRI UDWKHUORRVHODQGXVHJXLGHOLQHVVXSSRUWLQJ¶LQGLYLGXDOIUHHGRP·WRRNSODFH7KLVODWWHURXWFRPH FRQWUDGLFWVWKH$JHQGDDJUHHPHQWDQGRWKHULGHDWLRQVRQXUEDQVWUXFWXUHSURPRWLQJ VXVWDLQDELOLW\  7KLUGO\²DQGWRPHWKHPRVWOLNHO\DOWHUQDWLYH²SODQQLQJDQGWKHHYROYLQJXUEDQVWUXFWXUHLQ ERWKFDVHVPLJKWEHVHHQDVDFRPELQDWLRQRIWKHOLIHZRUOGDQGWKHV\VWHPSHUVSHFWLYH,QWKH FDVHRI6WUlQJQlVWKHUHODWLYHO\OLPLWHGVRFLDODQGHFRQRPLFSUHVVXUHRQXUEDQGHYHORSPHQWDOVR LPSOLHVOLPLWHGDPELWLRQVIURPWKHV\VWHPLQFRRUGLQDWLQJDFWLYLWLHVLQWLPHDQGVSDFH7KHUHE\ WKHOLIHZRUOGKDVDVXEVWDQWLDOLQIOXHQFHRQWKHSODQQLQJSURFHGXUHDQGRQWKHODQGXVHSODQV,Q WKHFDVHRIWKH6WRFNKROP&LW\5HJLRQWKHVRFLDODQGHFRQRPLFSUHVVXUHLPSOLHVDVXEVWDQWLDO QHHGWRFRRUGLQDWHDFWLYLWLHVLQWLPHDQGVSDFH7KHUHE\WKHV\VWHPH[SDQGVLWVVSDWLDODPELWLRQV SRVVLEO\´FRORQL]LQJWKHOLIHZRUOGµVHH+DEHUPDVWKURXJKIRULQVWDQFH WKHDGRSWLRQRIDUHJLRQDOGHYHORSPHQWSODQDV\VWHPSURGXFW  7KHORFDWLRQSURILOHVSUHVHQWHGLQ3DSHU,DQGWKHXUEDQGHYHORSPHQWSUHVHQWHGLQ3DSHUV,,DQG ,,,UHYHDODFRUUHVSRQGHQFHEHWZHHQORFDWLRQDFWLYLW\XUEDQGHYHORSPHQWDQGODQGXVHSODQV 7KXVWKLVUHVHDUFKVXSSRUWVWKH+DEHUPDVLDQSRVLWLRQWKDWSODQQLQJPDWWHUV²DPDFURSHUVSHFWLYH +RZHYHUWKHUHDVRQEHKLQGWKLVFRUUHVSRQGHQFHLQSODQQLQJLVQRWDSSDUHQW)XUWKHUDWWHQWLRQ²

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The Giddean position

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15 WKHUHIOH[LYHPRQLWRULQJSURFHVVLELGDQGWKHH[LVWHQFHRIXQLQWHQGHG FRQVHTXHQFHVLELG   6. DISCUSSION  6.1 MAIN MESSAGE  7KHUHVXOWVIURPWKLVWKHVLVSURYLGHVXSSRUWLQJHYLGHQFHIRUWKHLQIOXHQFHRIORFDODQGUHJLRQDO SODQQLQJRQWKHORFDWLRQRIQHZXUEDQHOHPHQWVDQGRQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHXUEDQVWUXFWXUH $WWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOOHYHOLQWHUQDWLRQDOSODQQLQJDJUHHPHQWV$JHQGDKDYHQRWKRZHYHU JHQHUDWHGHIIHFWVGLVFHUQDEOHWKURXJKWKLVUHVHDUFK7KHORFDWLRQSURILOHVLQWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\RI 6WUDlQJQlVSUHVHQWHGLQ3DSHU,H[SRVHVWURQJGHSHQGHQFHRQWKHORFDOSODQQLQJJXLGHOLQHVDQG RQWKHSK\VLFDOUHODWLRQWRDQXPEHURIXUEDQREMHFWW\SHV7KHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHXUEDQ VWUXFWXUHLQWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\RI6WUlQJQlVEHWZHHQDQGDQGLQWKH6WRFNKROP&LW\ UHJLRQEHWZHHQDQGFRUUHVSRQGVZLWKWKHSODQQLQJJXLGHOLQHVLQWKHUHVSHFWLYHDUHD,Q WKHPXQLFLSDOLW\RI6WUlQJQl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lQJQlVDQGWKH6WRFNKROP&LW\5HJLRQXUEDQSRO\FHQWULFLW\ $FFRUGLQJWRWKHVRFLRWKHRUHWLFDOIUDPHZRUNXVHGKHUHWKHVHXUEDQFKDQJHVGR²DOWKRXJK GHSHQGLQJRQWKHRU\WRDYDU\LQJGHJUHH²HIIHFWLQGLYLGXDOEHKDYLRXU)RULQVWDQFHWKH +DEHUPDVLDQEHOLHILQWKHSRVVLELOLWLHVRIFRRUGLQDWLRQSHRSOH·VDFWLRQLQWLPHDQGVSDFHWKURXJK PRQHWDU\DQGDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVWHHULQJPHGLDKHQFHDOVRSODQQLQJLPSOLHVDOVRDEHOLHILQWKH SRVVLELOLWLHVRIDFKLHYLQJWKHSROLWLFDOJRDOVRIHFRQRPLFVRFLDODQGHFRORJLFDOVXVWDLQDELOLW\$ SUHUHTXLVLWHLVKRZHYHUDQDFNQRZOHGJHPHQWRIWKHV\VWHPSHUVSHFWLYHLQD+DEHUPDVLDQVHQVH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²OLNHIRULQVWDQFH WKHSRVVLEOHLQIOXHQFHRISRZHURUWKHVXEMHFWLRQRIWKHLQGLYLGXDOE\YDULRXVGLVFRXUVH IRUPXODWLRQV²LVGHVLUDEOH:KLOVW,UHJDUGWKHVHDVSHFWVDVLPSRUWDQWFRQVWLWXHQWVLQXUEDQ UHVHDUFKWKHDLPKHUHLVQRWRIFRXUVHWRSHUIRUPUHVHDUFKZKLFKDGGUHVVHVDOODVSHFWVRI VRFLHW\6HFRQGO\WKHUHVXOWVSUHVHQWHGDOVRKDYHXQFHUWDLQWLHVGXHWROLPLWDWLRQVLQGDWDDQG PHWKRGV)RULQVWDQFHWKHHVWLPDWLRQVRIGHQVLWLHVDQGWKHXUEDQVWUXFWXUHVGHSHQGRQWKH TXDOLW\RIGDWDDQGRQWKHGHVLJQRIPHWKRGVLQGHQVLW\HVWLPDWLRQVVHH3DSHUV,,DQG,,, 3UHVHQWHGFRQFOXVLRQVRQWKHLPSOLFDWLRQRIWKHUHVHDUFKSUHVHQWHGLQ3DSHUV,WR,9GHSHQGVRQ WKH¶IUDPHRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJ·'XHWRWKHODFNRIDJUHHPHQWRQZKDWNLQGRIUHDOHIIHFWDFKDQJHG XUEDQVWUXFWXUHPLJKWLPSO\FRQFOXVLRQVLQWKHVHPDWWHUVQDWXUDOO\DUHXQFHUWDLQ

16 6.3 Conclusions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²ERWKGLVFXUVLYHDQGPHWKRGRORJLFDO²FRXOGEHXVHGLQPHDVXULQJ SURJUHVVWRZDUGVVXVWDLQDELOLW\)RULQVWDQFHWKHGHILQLWLRQRISRVVLEOHVXVWDLQDEOHXUEDQ VWUXFWXUHVPLJKWEHGHYHORSHGIXUWKHULIWKHGLVFRXUVHIRUPDWLRQLVSRVLWLRQHGLQDVRFLHWDO IUDPHZRUNDVGHVFULEHGDERYH$SSDUHQWO\EDVLFFRQFHSWVDQGPHWKRGVHPSOR\HGLQWKHRQJRLQJ GHEDWH²VXFKDVWKHGHILQLWLRQRIXUEDQGHQVLW\²VWLOOQHHGWREHDQFKRUHGLQWKHSODQQLQJ FRPPXQLW\$VWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHXUEDQDUHDVDGGUHVVHGZLWKLQWKLVUHVHDUFKPL[HG IXQFWLRQDOLW\GHQVLWLHVSRO\FHQWULFLW\DFFHVVLELOLW\DUHFHQWUDOFRQVWLWXHQWVLQWKHGHEDWHRYHU GHVFULELQJVXVWDLQDEOHXUEDQVWUXFWXUHWKLVUHVHDUFKPLJKWZHOOFRQWULEXWHWRLQFUHDVLQJWKH SRVVLELOLW\RIPHDVXULQJSURJUHVVWRZDUGVVXVWDLQDELOLW\IURPDQXUEDQSODQQLQJSHUVSHFWLYH  7KLVUHVHDUFKGRHVQRWFRPSULVHDQ\VSHFLILFDQDO\VLVRIWKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQXUEDQVWUXFWXUHDQG HFRORJLFDOVXVWDLQDELOLW\HFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQWRUSURJUHVVLQVRFLDOZHOIDUH7KHFRQWULEXWLRQ RIWKLVUHVHDUFKLQIRUPXODWLQJ¶JXLGLQJSODQQLQJSROLFLHV·LVRIPLQRUVLJQLILFDQFH+RZHYHUWKH UHVHDUFKSURYLGHVHYLGHQFHIRUWKHLQIOXHQFHRIXUEDQSODQQLQJDQGXUEDQVWUXFWXUHRQORFDWLRQ DFWLYLWLHVDQGRQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIXUEDQVWUXFWXUH)XUWKHUWKHUHVHDUFKSUHVHQWHGKHUHDOVR SURYLGHVHYLGHQFHIRUWKHLPSRUWDQFHRISODQQLQJSROLFLHV3ODQQLQJWKXVHPHUJHVDVDWRROIRU DFKLHYLQJFHUWDLQXUEDQVWUXFWXUHVDQGWKHUHE\SRVVLEO\VXVWDLQDELOLW\

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