Basic flow characteristics of raw and spent oil shale

o !

,/.TU:·UL v

rlOTICF'

The information contained in this report is regarded as confidential and proprietary. It is previded subject to the provisions regarding confi~ential, nronrietary infor-mation contained in the ~esearch ~qreeroent ~~ong the

Participatinq Parties. CONFIDENTIALITY

Authors~

S()CONY J\·TOBIL C'IL Cm~PANY I Inc. FESFAPCH DFPART~"ENT

BASIC FLOT,r CH1\RACTERISTICS f)F RA:i' Al'lD ('PENT OIL SPALF

ANVIL POINTS OIL ~HALB RFC''r,F.PCP CH"NTBP Pi:fle, Coloraco July 9, 1965 ~.pproval· T. C. Lyons

L ),-,

t, \

",",,v'X " -L. ,J. Skm.,ronek p. H. CraMer Proqral"1 ~'ana(fer •

-2-HOTler.

The prir,1ary object of the Anvil Points Oil Shale Research Center TECHdlCAL r 1'::, ;ORAimu:' is to advise authorized personnel

e~~loyed by the Participating ?arties(l) that various activities

are in progress or that certain significant data have been ob-tained within the ~esearch Center.

'l'hese TECHl.UCAL,lE;:]ORAHDA have been preparec1 to provide rapid, on-the-spot reporting of research currently in progress at Anvil Points. 'Xhe conclusions dra\'1n by project personnel are tentative and may be subject to change as work progresses. The

~ECHNlCAL llELOru-',.l~DA have not bean edited in detail.

(l)socony Lobil Oil Company, Inc., Project .,ianager Humble uil and l:efining COHlpany

Continental Oil Conpany

Pan American Petroleum corporation Phillips l=etroleum Conpany

-3-BASIC FLON CHARACTERISTICS ('\1<' 'RAN' P.ND ~PENT OIL SFPLF

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction • •

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Summar~

A. Basic Flow Characteristics of Ra"l Oil ghale. • • •

B. F'low Capacity of Pipes and Circular Orifice!=; • • • C. Comparison of Flo,,", Characteristics of Ra'(>Y and

Spent Shale. • • • . • • • . • • • • . D. Future Work. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . Detailed Discussion

A. Description of Flow ~~odel. . • • • • • • • • •

B. Description of Physical Property Tests • . • . C. Flow Characteristics of 1/4 to 3/4-inch Shale.

1. Physical Properties • . • . • • • • • • • • 2. Coning Pattern • • • . . • . . • • • • . • • 3. Critical Dimensions to Insure Continuous

Flo~~. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

4. Flow Caoacity of Pines and Circular Orifices • • D. Flow Characteristics of 1/4 to I-inch Shale. •

1. Physical Properties • • • • . • • • • • • • • • 2. Coning Pattern • • • . . . • • • • • • . . • • • 3. Critical Dimensions to Insure Continuous

Flo,.,., • . • . • . • • . • . . . . • . • . . • . •

4. Flow Canacity of Pipes and Circular Orifices • . E. Flo~ Characteristics of 3/4 to 1 1/2-inch Shale . •

1. Phy~ical oronerties • • . • • • • • • • . • 2. Coning Pattern • • . . . • • . • • • . • . . 3. Critical Dimensions to Insure Continuous

F 10111. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

4. Flow Capacity of Pipes and Circular Orifices • • F. :Plow Characteristics of 1 1/2 to 3-inch Shale.

1. Physical Properties • • • • . • • • • • • • • • 2. Anqles of Flow and ~eDose . • . • • • • • • • • 3. Conincr Pattern. • • .". • • • • • • • . • •

4. Critical Dimensions to Insure Continucus

~ low. . . . till • • • •

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5. Flow Capacity of Pioes and Circular Orifices . . G. Flow Characteristics of 1/4 to 3-inch Shale • • . .

1. Physical Prooerties • • • • • • • • • • • • 2. Angles of Flow and Repose • • • • • • • • • • • 3. Coning Pattern • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4. Critical Dimensions to Insure Continuous

Flow. . . .

5. Flow Canacity of Pipes an~ Circular Orifices • •

Page 7 9 10 10 11 12 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 20 20

-4-Page H. Flow Characteristics of Spent Rhale

(Retorted from 3/4 to 1 1/2-inch 'tta~r ~hale). . • • 1. Physical Pro~erties • • . . • • • • • • • • • • 2. Coning Pattern • • • • • • • •

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3. Critical Dimensions to Insure Continuous

Flow. . . .

4. Flo,", Capacity of Pires and Circular Orifices. • TABLES

1. Physical Properties and Basic Flo'to1 Characteristics of Ra~1T Oil Shale

2. Comparison of Physical Properties Qnd. Basic Flow

CharactE'ristic~~ of 1:'<"1Y and Snent Oil Shale

3. Bulk Density of 1/4 to 3/4-inch-Raw Shale

20 20 21 21 21

4. Flow Caoacities of 1/4 to 3/4-inch ~hale Through Pi~es and Circular Orifices

5. Bulk Density of 1/4 to I-inch Raw Shale

6. Flow Capacities of 1/4 to I-inch Shale Through Pines and Circular Orifices

7. Bulk Density of 3/4 to 1 1/2-inch Raw Shale

8. Flow Capacities of 3/4 to 1 1/2-inch Shale Throuqh Pipes and Circular Orifices

9. Bulk Density of 1 1/2 to 3-inch Paw Shale 10. Bulk Density of 1/4 to 3-inch ~aw ~hale

11. Flow Can~cities of 1 1/2 to 3-inch an~ 1/4 to 3-inch Shale Through Pipes and Circular Orifices

12. Bulk Densi tv of Snent ~hale 'F'rom 3/4 to 1 1/2··inch ~aw r'iaterio.l- .

13 'F'low Capacities of ~pent ~hale Throuqh Pipes (S~ent ~hale Retorted From 3/4 to 1 1/2-inch ~a"l Shale)

FIGURES

1. Angular Pronerties of Flot,ring and Ptationary Solids 2. f'10l4 Capacities of Ra,,-r Oil Shale Through Pipes and

Circular Orifices

3. Comparison of Flo", Capacities of Pat<r and Soent !=:hale Through Pines and Circular Orifices

4. Schematic of Shale Flow ~~odel

5. Size Distribution of 1/4 to 3/4-inch Shale 6. Coning Pattern of 1/4 to 3/4-inch Phale

7. Velocity Profile Within Coning Pattern of 1/4 to 3/4-inch Shale

8. Flow Capacity of 1/4 to 3/4-inch Oil Shale ~hrough Pipes and Circular Orifices

9. Size Distribution of 1/4 to I-inch Shale 10. Coning Pattern of 1/4 to I-inch Shale

-5-11. Velocity Profile ~ithin Coning Pattern of 1/4 to I-inch Shale

12. Flm'l Capacity of 1/4 to l··inch Oil ~h?le Throuqh Pi'Oes and Circular Orifices

13. Size Distribution of 3/4 to 1 1/2-inch Shale 14. Coning Pattern of 3/4 to 1 1/2-inch Shal~

15. Coning Pattern of 3/4 to 1 1/2-inch Shale

16. Velocity Profiles Within Coning Pattern of 3/4 to 1 1/2-inch Shale

17. Flow Capacity of 3/4 to 1 1/2-inch Oil Shale Throuah Pipes and Circular Ori~ice~

18. Size Distributi0n of 1 1/2 to 3-inch ~hale 19. Angle of Flow of L~rger Shale cizes

20. Coning Pattern of 1 1/2 to 3-inch Shale

21. Velocity Profile r'lithin Conina Pattern of 1 1/2 to 3-inch Shale

22. Size Distribution of 1/4 to 3-inch ~hale 23. Coning Pattern of 1/4 to 3-inch Shale

24. Velocity Profile Mithin Coninq Pattern of 1/4 to 3-inch Shale

25. Flow Capacity of 1/4 to 3-inch and 1 1/2 to 3-inch Oil Shale Through Pines ano Circular Orifices

26. Size Distribution of Spent ~hale ~etorted Prom 3/4 to 1 1/2-inch Raw ~hale

27. Coning Pattern of Spent Shale Petorted wrom 3/4 to 1 1/2-inch Paw Shale

28. Coning Pattern of Anent Shale Retorted FroM 3/4 to 1 1/2-inch P.aH Shale

29. Velocity Profile Within Coninq Pattern of Spent Shale Retorted From 3/4 to 1 1/2-inch Raw Shale

30. Flow Capacity of Spent Shale Throuoh Pipes and Circular Orifices

-6-HOTION PICTURES t·'EBE USED EXTENSIVELY IN THIS POF.K TO ASSIST IN AllALYZING THE FLmv CHP~RACTERISTICS A~TD TO PRO-VIDE A RECORD OF THE RESULTS. AN EDITFD f10VIE IS BEUm PREPARED AS '\ SUPPLEffENT OF THIS ~1E~~ORANDm1. IT

IS RECOM~1EHOEO THAT BOTH BE USED TO

GAIN THE GREATEST BENEFIT FRQr- THIS STUDY.

··7-INTRODUCTION

The quantity of solids that must be handle0 in a comMercial version of the gas combustion rroce~s is staqqerinq to qay the least. Upwards of 80,000 tons of shale Must be delivered to the retort each day_ This Material mu~t be di~tributed in the retort ,d th a minimum al"!"'ount cf seqreaation arc1 it Tliust :Flo"" uniformly down through the vessel. Finally, ahout 80% of it Must be re~oved from the retort area and ~isoosed of.

In order to handle this material ~ost efficiently and economically, it is necessary to know sOIT'lething of hOl' thiFl Tl1i'iterial flov's.

Thus, it is necessary to develop sore ~asic data concernina the flow characteri!'ltics of oil shale.

The important characteristics of any solids flow system are as follo\>.,s ~

1. Physical properties of the Material such as bulk density and particle size distribution.

2. Angular ~roperties of the ~aterial such as anqles of flow, repose, and internal friction (often referred to as the coning angle). Since these anaular pronerties are probably the least fa~iliar, the sketches in Pi~ure 1 !"!"'ay ~e help-ful.

3. Critical dimensions of circular and rectanoular oceninqs to avoid bricC'Tinq and insure continuous flmv 0:4: the

solid.

4. f~aximum flow capacity of pipes an~ circular orifices. These flm,,' characteristics ,,'ere r.eterminer foJ'" =i\'~ different

sizes of raw shale. The sizes incluoed a wide ranC'Te of 1/4 to 3-inch as ",rell as four narrm'er ranges of 1/4 to 3/4-incr, 1/4 to I-inch, 3/4 to 1 1/2-inch, and 1 1/2 to 3-inch. In addition, a limited stUdy Nas Maae ~·1ith sryent shale to compare its flo,,' properties "d th that of the rap Tliaterial.

~t this point, a ~or~ of caution should be injected in connection with the use of the rata presented in this roemoranduTli. It should be emphasizeo that the flo~" characteristics anolv only to the materials actually tested. If thp size clistribution is changed

sotT'ewhat - even thouah the overall ranae is held constant - the flo\'J T)roperties tdll change to sorne extent. This ~·'il1 have the greatest effect in the area of critical clearances to avoid bridging. ~imilarlYI a change in particle ~hape (as ~iqht be expected frOM a crusher of different ce~i~n) could affect the f10\>1 properties sianificantly. Thus, the nata and observations presented in this report should simply serve as a oui~e. It

-8-should enable a designer to interpolate (an~ extraDolate to some extent) for other phale sizes. Furthermore, it will give the designer some idea of the safety factor that i~ being built into the design ~-\li th resnect to shal~ floT_{" .}

The primary nurpose ot the ~'Tork tC" date haF ryee:n tn nrovide information to auide the re~.esiqn of the retorts nne storaqe bins at Anvil Points. HO'l7ever, the inforI'".aticm !o'!lhculd cd~o be useful in the preliminary nhases of COMmercial clesion.

-9-SUll~MAHY

A. Basic Flow Characteristics of ~aw Oil Ahale

The physical propertie~ and basic flow characteristics of the five size ranges o-F ra,·1 oil shale are sum.rnarizec. in Table 1. The size distribution is inclu~ed in the table because it

describes the material better than the averaqe ?article diameter or the nominal size ranae. The averaae particle dia~eter (~PD) can be misleading as it is influenced to a large deqree bv the fines ~.'1hich are present in the J"'.::Iterial.

-The angles of flow ranged bet~een 39 - 43° and the ~nales of repose (Fioure la) were several degrees less. As indicated in Figures la and lb, there are two different anales of renose. One is obtained I:l1hen a nile of solids is formed and the other when it is drained. If the l"aterial is of uniform -oarticle size these two angles '..:rill be essentially equal. HOl>-n~ver, if there is a wide range of particle size, fines can filter into the static areas in the bottom of the vessel and this segregation can cause the 'drained" angle of renose to be quite larae. '. In 'to,orking ~.,i th the 1/4 to 3-inch shale, the "drained" anale of repose has been observed to range -From 60° to vertical. (The steepness of the angle deoenes on the amount of segreqation that has taken place.) The "nile" angle of reryo~e is the more useful number and is the one generally referred to hut it is important to be a\',are that such a difference can exist.

The third angular property observed was the anale of= internal friction or coning anale. As illustrated in ~iqure lc, this is the angle of the line of demarcation between the rooving and static particles. However, for many solids - includina oil shale - the line of demarcation is not straiqht but curved. Therefore, it is difficult to define this nroperty by a single angle. For purposes of this ~ernorandu~, the conina angle was arbitrarily defined as the angle frOM the horizontal to a line nassing through the edge of the dra\'.roff and a point on the coninq pattern 24-inches above the drawoff.

This study revealed that the conina angle of raw oil shale ranged from 58° to 71°. In aeneral, the smaller narticle sizes have' the steeper coning anales.

The critical dimensions of circular ano rectangular openinqs to insure continuous flm-r are also sUl"1~arizec in Table 1. Knowing these minimum clearances, a designer is in a nosition to "build in" the safety factor that is desired. It should be emphasized that these values are minimum distances and not recommenc.ed dimensions.

These minimum clearances should be valid f.or storage bins and associated feed equipment to the retort. They should also be

-10-valid for regions in the retort Nhere the shale is dry such as the combustion zone and the shale coolina zone. Hm·1ever,

it is recognized that these aata will net hole in the retorting or shale h~atinq zone where liauid, ~ist, fines, and dust are present in addition to the shale particles. Experience in Retort No. 1 has indicated that -rlOl!l stoP!,ages \I'ill occur in pipes \I'hich are substantially larger than the mini1'T\u'fl'\ sizes

indicated in this study. These flop stoPPClCTe~ are tied in O'uite closely with the ret~r~ing operation and are not fully under-stood at this time. They are only mentioned here to alert the designer to a critical region from the standnoint of shale flo~.·,. B. Flow Capacity of Pipes and Circular nrifices

The volumetric flm'1 canaci ty of raw oil shCl.le throuqh circular openings is sUzm:T1.arized in Figure 2. In t"'is work, the five different shale sizes were nassed through nine nioples and thin-plate orifices up to 14-inches in diameter. These data sho~T that the flow capacity of a given-size opening depends upon

the shale size .. the smaller the shale the oreater the capacity. In developing this relationship, efforts were directed tONard covering as wide a range of openings as possible. In certain cases (particularly ~7ith the 1/4 to 3-inch shale) these curves go belov.y the I""'inimUM area reouired for continuous flolA'. There-fore, it is imoortant to be quided by the critical dimensions \'!hich ~r,7ere nresented in Table 1.

C. Comparison of rIm'! Characteristics of RaH anCl Spent C3hale The retorting of oil shale differs from many other solids-flow systems in that the solid undergoes a siqni~icant change in the process. The material in the drawoff region of the retort -which controls the uniformity of flow throughout the entire vessel - is spent shale. Therefore, it is necessary to study the flow characteristics of this material as lArell as the ra~1 shale.

The physical properties and flo,"-, characteri$ltics of ra~\' and spent shale are compared in Table 2. The Most sianificant difference from the standpoint of shale flow is the reduction in particle size. This smaller size is the Most likely reason for the higher value of the angular nroperties. Similarly, the critical dimensions for the spent material ~,tould be su'b-stantially less than that determined for the ralA7 shale.

The volumetric flow capacities of raw and spent shale are COM-oared in Figure 3. These curves reflect the cifference in particle size but other than that, the characteristics of the

1:\,10 shales are similar.

-11-D. Future r'7ork

The next phase in the area of shale flm·1 is that of developinq techniaues that will provide uniform flo,"1 in laroe vessels.

r

10st

oi

these techniques are baAed on utilizina ~ ~ultiplicity

of coning patterns t.,rhich are overlaoped such that the resultina flow is uniform. In orc.er to study Multinle c~nina patterns it is necessary to use a model substantially larqer t~an the one used to date. The model currently under consiferation will be lO-feet wide, 16 to 20-feet high, anf 2-feet deep. The

objective will be to obtain uniform flow acrOAS the entire width of the model \'I1hen dra\'Ting from a central location. This can be applied directly to Retort Vo. 3 and can be considered a repeating section of a commercial retort.

The proposed model will utilize continuous flow anC' it will have the capability of running shale velocities as ION as those encountered i.n the experiMental retorts.

-12-DETAILED DISCUS8ION

A. Description of Flow l\~odel

A schematic dia.arar.l. of the noeel usen in this Hork is shot~rn in Figure 4. Various internals are also illustrated. The basic model is essentially a rectangular nlywood box with a

plexiglass face so that the particle J'l'overnent could be or,served. A tapered bottom facilitated the unloading of t~e noeel an~ a

"chonper" valve on the outlet "Tas used for on-off control.

The rate of shale flow was controlled by insertina a restrictinq orifice or pipe nipple in the outlet pi~e. ~enerally, the

smallest restriction that \>.Toulc1 give continuous flm" \,'as used for each shale size to keep the velocity at a mininum. In spite of this, the velocities were substantially qreater than those that would be encountered in a retort.

Since this ~'as the first flow T"'odel, it was kent as simple as possible so construction would be expeeited and the results would be available to aid in the redesian of the experimental

retorts. Thus, batch flo\>.T ~las used rather than continuous flo,,'. The two shale receivers had a capacity of 600 ~ounds each an~ were designed so that they could be used simultaneou~ly. This gave the model a canacity of over 1/2 ton per oass. ~he

receivers were liftea above the surge hOT'ner by T"1eans of. a power hoist.

In order to determine the angles of flo',7 and repose a baffle was inserted into the model to charae the s~ale near one side. The shale ',J'as then allowed to flo~' unconfined across the entire model while withdrawina from the bottom. The angle o~ flow was measured while the shale was flo~'inq and the angle of renose ~Tas measured ".hen the flovT l,'as stoppec. .

The coning pattern was deterrninec by nra,\;:rinC' off through a

slot located at the bottom of the plexiglass face. ~hen studying a conina pattern it is essential that the solids be charged to the system duringtherun so thattne oocrel is kept full. I r die model is not ' kent ruTl ;-tneto'O of the bed t,\rill assume the angle of flol>T ane the conino. pattern \<I1ill be destroyed at the surface of the bed.

In order to study the flow through rectangular slots of dif-ferent widths, adjustable slide plates \lreTe in~erted into the model as shown in the diaaram. The :olates were supported by one-inch anales on each face which reduced the length of the slot from l~ 3/4-inches to 14 3/4-inches. This s16t length wa!=! satisfactory for the smaller shale sizes but t'7as too short when studying the 3-inch shale. Thus, it \<las necessary to fabricate nlates ~ith fixed slots (running across the ~idth of the model) so that widths of

a

to l2-inches and lengthe::, up

-13-to 36-inches could be studied. Several tons of shale '(.>1ere passed through the various sized slots ",hi1e orserving the flow for bridging tendencies.

The flow caoacities of pines and circular orifices were measured by inserting various size pioe nin~les And thin-01ate orifices

in the model outlet. The shale "Tas a11oweC' to f1m·, in free fall into the receiving hoopers and the tiMe and weioht of material were measured. The loose poure~ density was used to convert these c1ata to volumetric f1o'(;r caoacities. The minimurn diameters of circular openinqs to insure contiJ"luous flow ",,'ere also obtained in conjunction with this stucy.

Construction details are sho~lm in the fol10~1inq .1\.nvi1 Points Oil Shale Research Center drawinqs~

PB-l6 'RB··l7 RB-18 RB-20 RC-14 RC-16 :rtO-7 Observation Tm·rer Observation Fooper ~urge ~:opper Chopper 'Tal ve Receiver Fooper

Feceiver ~opper Dolly Receiver Hooper Lift B. Oescription of Physical Proryertv Tests

Samples were removed from the flowina inventory periodically to determine the physical pronerties of the M.eteria1. Bulk density and screen analysis ,,'ere of nrimary interest.

The loose density was measured by pouring the shale into a 5 gallon pail until the shale level was even with the top as indicated by an eye average. The net weiaht of shale and the calibrated volume of 0.733 cu ft were used to calculate the loose poured density. The pail was then tanoeo. on the floor

(lifted about 1 cr 2-inches) a number of tiT"'es and makeuo 't~tas

added as needed. This orocedure was reoeate~ until the shale ~. level reMained unchanqed. The nep 'N'eiaht ttas used to calculate / a packed density. Although the orocedure for Measuring density' was rather crude, the results t'Jere surprisincly reoroClucible. The size distribution '-Tas deterI':'ined by runninq a Ty-Lab screen analysis "rith the standard 10 minute shakincr tiMe. 'Jl'or the spent shale, the shaking time was reduced to one minute to minimize particle degradation in the screening process. The

average particle diameter was calculated by the reciprocal mean method.

-14-C. Flow Characteristics of 1/4 to 3/4-inch Shale 1. Physical Properties

The results of the density determinations on the 1/4 to 3/4-inch shale are Dresented in Table 3. The size dis-tribution as ~easured by three standard Ty-Lab screen analyses is shown in Fioure 5. The discrepancies in the smallest 4 % of the sample are most likely due to saT!l.oling errors in the fines and dust.

2. Coning Pattern

As mentioned earlier, the angle of internal friction or coning angle is the line of demarcation bet~een the ~ovinq and static ~articles when drawina from a large vessel

through a relatively small ooening. In these studies, the drawoff was accornplishe~ throunh a slot in order to insure ~aximuM particle movement at the plastic obser-vation face.

The coning pattern observed for the 1/4 to 3/4-inch shale is depicted in Figure 6. This oat tern reveals that the angle in the region of the drawoff is rouqhly 700 _{vri th}

the horizontal. This is a verv irnnortant factor as it is the basis for the design o~ multi-level drawoff

systems. Ho~rever, it is also irrmortant to consider the pattern "rell above the drawoff reqion. ,n..s shotorn in the Figure 6, the angle approaches the vertical ahout five feet above the dra"lOff. Thus, if the upryer 'l)ortiC'm of the coning pattern is neglectec it is oossible to have a vessel ,,,i th no flow at the ,.,ralls. The only tiMe that there would be floN at the ~']alls is Nhen the vessel is being emptied. Hm.,rever, even then the flol.' at the '·.]all region would only be at the surface of the bed.

Equal in importance to the conina nattern is the velocity profile in the region ,,'here the particles are :Moving. The p~rticle velocity at a level of 51-inches above the dra''loff is shm.,rn in Figure 7. The velocity is at a maximum over the centerline of the dra~"off slot al".d

de-creases rather rapidly as the distance from the centerline increases. This ty?ical velocity profile illustrates an imoortant factor - drawina fro~ a larqe vessel through a single opening results in non-uniform flol'J.

3. Critical Dimensions to Insure Continuous ·lov

Continuous flow 'J1as observed for this shale size throuqh circular openings do~n to a 4-inch pine nipple (4 5/16-inch I.D.). It was possible to measure the flow capacity

-15-of a 3-inch nipple (3 1/16-inch I.D.) but frequent stoppages innicated that the area was below the mini-mum. The minimum diameter ,,'as defined as 4-inches based on these two observations.

with the 1/4 to 3/4-inch shale, there "Tas no flo,., through a rectangular s lot up to 1 1/4 - inches in width (1 1/4 t7 X

14 3/4 "). Flow began when the slot wi~.th ,.,.Tas increased to 1 1/2-inch but it was erratic. when the slot width was increased to 2-inches, there was free flow with no evidence of bridging. Several tons of shale \'Tere then passed through this slot to check the bridging tendency over a prolonged period. No stop~ages were observed; therefore, 2-inches was designated as the minimum slot width for this shale size.

4. Flow Capacity of Pipes and Circular Orifices The flow capacities of circular openinas fro~ 3 to 14-inches in diameter were determined for the 1/4 to 3/4-. inch sha.le. The results are summarized in Figure 8. Pipe nipples (B-inches in length) ""ere used as well as thin-plate orifices and no significant difference "ras noted in the flow capacity.

Further details of the capacity ~~70rk are oresented in Table 4.

D. Flow Characteristics of 1/4 to l-inch Shale 1. Physical Properties

The results of the density determinations for this shale size are presented in Table 5. Both the loose poured and packed densities are somewhat less than that observed for the 1/4 to 3/4-inch material. The size distribution is shown in Figure 9.

2. Coning Pattern

The coning pattern observed for the 1/4 to l-inch shale is shown in Figure 10. This pattern is very similar to that observed for the 1/4 to 3/4-inch in that the pattern approaches the vertical about 5-feet above the crawoff. However, the angle at the draNoff is several degrees less. This pattern also illustrates the asymmetry t"CI.n can exist between the two sides even though reasonable care "'as

taken to insure alignment of the drat,roff slot and the restricting orifice belo,,! it.

The velocity profile corresponding to the coning pattern is shown in Figure 11. ~s in the case of the 1/4 to 3/4-inch material, this profile illustrate~ the non-unifor~ity of flow that exists from a single drawoff.

-16­

3. Critical Dimensions to Insure Continuous Flow

Erratic flo,,"1 was noted ",Then the 1/4 to I-inch shale ",ras passed through a 4-inch oipe nipnle (4 5/l6-inch I.D.) whereas, the flow was continuous throug~ a 5-inch diameter opening. Therefore, a circular openina of 5-inch diameter was stipulated as the minimum.

Turning to flow through a rectangular slot, there was no movetr'.ent at all throuqh slots of 1 anc. 2-inch Nidths

(14 3/4-inch length).· HOl.rever, the flO1.'· ~ras continuous '<Then the slot width ~"as increasE"d to 3-inches and this 'toTas designated as the minimum.

4. Flow Caoacitv of Pipes and Circular Orifices_-,

.

The flow canacities of circular onenings from 4 to l4-inches in diameter \-,ere determined for the 1/4 to I-inch shale

and are summarized in Figure 12. These data also indicate that there is no sionificant difference in the flow charac­ teristics through pine nipples or thin-plate orifices. Further details of the capacity work are presented in Table 6.

E. Flow Characteristics of 3/4 to 1 1/2-inch ~hale 1. Physical Properties

The hul¥ density measurernent~ for this material are pre­ sented in Table 7~ the screen analyses are summarized in Figure 13. The size distribution indicate~ that 30% of the material is smaller than 3/4-inch. Therefore, the size range is more like 1/2 to 1 1/2-inch than the 3/4 to 1 1/2-inch as it is generally described.

2. Coning Pattern

The coning pattern determined for the 3/4 to 1 1/2-inch shale is presented in Fiaure 14. This pattern is c.ifferent in several respects from the patterns of thE" s~aller shale sizes which \,Tere discussed previously. The coning angle is about 64° which is somewhat shallower than the 1/4 to 3/4 and 1/4 to I-inch shales. Furthermore, the anale holds for a greater distance above the drawoff and, as

a result, the pattern does not anoroach the vertical within the confines of the model.

In order to investigate how the coning nattern is affected by the particle velocity through the slot, a ~econd obser­ vation was made with the slot width increased from 4 to 9-inches. (rhe total flow through the model ''''as held con­ stant by using a 6-inch pine nipnle below the slot to restrict the shale flow to 17.8 cu ft/~in in both cases.) Neither the coning angle or the qeneral pattern changed

•

-17­

significaritly as shown in Fiqure 15. The velocity pro­ files are also similar as shoNn in Figure 16.

3. Cri tical Dimensions to Insure Continuous Flotl'

Although the 3/4 to 1 1/2-inch shale floweD through a 6­ inch pipe nipple (6 3/B-inch 1.0.) well enough for it to be used as a control in the model work, occasional stoppaqes indicated that it Nas be10,",' the minimum size for design

purposes. No problems ,"'ere encountered \\7i th an 8-inch pine nipple (8 3/8-inch 1.0.), therefore, a-inches was designated as the minimum diameter of a circular opening

for this size shale.

The 3/4 to 1 1/2-inch shale did not flo~ through rectangular slots up to 3-inches wide (14 3/4-inches long). ~t slot widths of 3 to 3 1/2-inches, the flow was quite erratic and bridging occurred on occasion. 'A. 4-inch slot passed the ~aterial continuously and was snecified as the minimum width for this shale.

4. Flow Capacitv of Pipes and Circular Orifices.• '#

The flo~" capacities of circular openings fro!'fl 6 to 14­ inches in diameter for 3/4 to 1 1/2-inch s~ale are presented in Figure 17. ~urther details are given in Table 8.

F. Flow Characteristics of 1 1/2 to 3-inch ~hale

1. Physical Properties

The results of the density measure~ents on this shale size are shown in Table~. Doth the loose and nacyed densities are similar to those measured for the other narro\<' size ranges (1/4 to 3/4 and 3/4 to 1 1/2-inch). In ,'Vorking lV'ith this larger material it was obvious tha.t a substantial amount of chipning t'Tas occurring fro'fl'\ the surface of the particles as a result of handling. The buildup of chi)'Js in the inventory from several cays operation is evident in the screen analyses which are

shown in Figure 18.

2. Angles of Flo", and Repose

~'1hile observing the angles of flow anc repose of the large (3-inch) shale sizes, one factor was noted that was not apparent with the smaller sizes. This was the additional vertical distance below an outlet that was reauired for the shale particles to roake a turn. This is illustrated

-18-in Figure 19. r'7ith the smaller sizes, a l-18-ine dra,"7n along

the surface of the pile (whether flo~'Jing or at rest) "7ill

generally pass through the inlet edge (line ~B). However,

when the 3-inch particles \,rere present, there ~ras a

verti-cal drop of up to 6-inches hefore the material assumed

its normal angle of flo,"1 or renose (line CD). This factor

becomes important when laying out a erawoff system where one pi~e or channel feeds another pipe or channel which

is below it and offset from it. ~ailure to take the

ver-tical drop into account could result in an insufficient head of solids above the lo,.rer pipe or channel.

3. Coning Pattern

The coning pattern for the 1 1/2 to 3-inch sha.le ,"7as rather

unusual as shown in Figure 20. This is the first exam~le

of a concave shape at the drawoff slot and it illustrates

the difficulty in describing the pattern hy a single anqle.

The reason for the unusual pattern is not kno~1n at this

time.

The velocity profile (Figure 21) also differs from the

previous profiles in that it is quite steep and bell-shaDed. This illustrates quite vividly the non-uniformity of flow that can result frofl'. a single drat-yoff.

4. Cri tical Dimensions to Insure Continuous Flm'l

-Continuous bridging was encountered when this material

was passed through a l2-inch pipe nipple (12.0-inches I.D.).

On the other hand, a l4-inch pipe ni~ple (13 l5/l6-inches

I.D.) was found to be entirely satisfactory and,

there-fore, l4-inches ,"Jas designated e.S the minimum si ze.

In order to determine the critical dimension of a rec-tangular slot for the larger shale sizes it \-1as necessary to increase the length of the slot. Up to this point, a slot length of 14 3/4-inches had been satisfactory as it was several times greater than the critical widths. HO\>lever, this was no longer the case as the shale size was increased, therefore, the flow model was modified in order to increase the slot length to 36-inches. 1>lthough this was consideree the standard length, some observations were made with a 28-inch slot as this is the approximate width of Retort No.2. Therefore, these data would have

specific application to the desi~n of this unit.

Several tons of 1 1/2 to 3-inch shale were passed without difficulty through I?, 11, anc 10-inch slots (36-inches in length). An a-inch slot passed the shale continuously but the flow was in heavy surge and therefcre, was quite

-19-erratic. At this point, the lenqth of the slot was re-duced from 36 to 28-inches (" .. ,idth ~1aS held Cl.t a-inches). This change resulted in three complete flow stoppages while passing less than a ton of shale through the slot. The slot ~ridth t.'as increased to 10-inches (holding the

length at 28-inches) and this allovled the nassage of several tons of shale with no or~blems. T~erefore. 10-inches ,{,ras designated as the xnlnimum "fii'.th of slot' for this shale size.

5. Flo~<1 Capacity Clf :Pines and Circular Orifices

The physical dimensions of the shale flo",' model lil'T\i ted the diameter of a circular openino to l4-inche~. This was also the minimum niameter for continuous flow of 1 1/2 to 3-inch shale. Therefore, it \AlaS only nossible to obtain a single capacity point with this ~aterial. The results l,<1ere incluo.ec ~dth the 1/4 to 3-inch data in l?'igure 25

for comparison purposes. Further details are given in Table 11.

G. Flow Characteristics of 1/4 to 3-inch Shale 1. Physical Properties

The density measure~ents for the 1/4 to 3-inch shale are shO\ATn in To.ble 10. The average loose density '1las about 74 lb/cu ft \I.1hich is several points hiqher than that

observed for the other shale sizes. This is attributed to the ,,,ide size ranqe \llhich allo\llS small narticles to filter into the sizable voids that are formec'. by the larqe particles.

This shale had a rather unusual size distribution as illustrated in Figure 22. This curve revecds tha.t there ",as an abnormal amount of material that v'las sraller than

1/2-inch.

2. An2les of Flow and Repose

The sa~e vertical drop was noted with this shale that was discussed previously in the section dealing with the 1 1/2 to 3-inch shale (Section F-2).

3. Coning Pattern

The 1/4 to 3-inch material exhibitpd a coning angle of 58° which ~1as the shallowest angle observed in this study. HO~7ever I the coning pattern is of conventional shape as

shm-rn in Fiqure 23. The velocitv profile (Figure 24) is somevlhat similar to that observed ":or the 1 1/2 to 3-inch

-

-20-shale in that it is sliahtly bell-shaped, hut the general profile is not as steep.

4. Critical Dimensions to Insure Continuous Flm"

It was possible to measure floH capacities ~fith this size shale through circular openings as srall as 10 1/2-inches in diameter. However, it was necessary to have a l2-inch opening in order to obtain continuous flo",'.

Bridging was observed in rectangular slots of 6 by 36-inches as well as 6 by 28-inches I "'hereas the floN t\1as continuous

through both slots when the ,1idth Has increased to 8-inches. Therefore, a-inches is considered the minimu~ slot width

for the 1/4 to 3-inch material.

5. Flow Capacity of Pipes and Circular Orifices

The flow capacities of circular openings from 10 1/2 to l2-inches in diaMeter \V'ere deteI'!Ttineo for the 1/4 to 3-inch shale and are surnmarize~ in Figure 25. As mentioned previously, the capacity data for the 1 1/2 to 3-inch material are included in this figure for comparison pur-poses. These data indicate that a single caoacity line can be used for the laraer (3-inch) shale sizes.

Details of the flow capacity runs are presented in Table 11.

H. FloTt' Characteristics of Spent Shn.le

(Petortea From

:!/4

to 1 I/2·-inch Ral,7 Shale) 1. Physical properties

The physical properties of oil shale change subgtantially as the material undergoes retortin~. Three changes are important from the standpoint of flo,"1 anCl these o.re·

(l)a decrease in bulk density, (2)a reduction in particle size, and (3)an increase in the friabilit~ of the particles. The loose c.ensity of tr.e snent shale (Tat-Ie 12) is in the order of 56 lb/cu ft t-rhich is about 20% less than the ra,..., shale. The decrease in particle size is also Quite sig-nificant as shown in Fiqure 26. These oata also indicate the friable nature of the spent shale. The thirc curve

(triangular points) shows the further change in particle size that results from physical handling during the 2-day flo,,, studies. Due to the nature of the spent shCl.le, the shaking operation in the screen analysis Nas reduced froM the standard 10 minutes to 1 Minute. Thus, the breaka0e in the screening operation was held to a roinimum.

-

-21-2. Coning Pattern

The spent shale coning pattern is much steeper than its

raw shale counterpart as shown in Figure 27. ~ctua11y,

it is very similar to the pattern observed for the smaller raw shale sizes (Figures 6 and 10).

A second. observation was made with tJ1e slot 1'1idth increased from 4-inches to 9-inches to study the effect of the

particle velocity through the slot on the coning nattern. (This study "Tas identical to that done ,,'ith the 3/4 to 1 1/2-inch raw shale lIJhich was descrihed previously.) The resulting coning angle (Figure 28) was in order of

77° which is some 8° steeper than t~7as observed lIrith the

smaller slot. This is in contrast to the raw shale work which indicated that the coning pattern was not influenced by variations in slot width. The steepness in the latter pattern may be attributed in part to the further degra-dation in particle size due to handling in the Model.

The velocity profile in the ~oving portion of the coning

pattern is generally the same as that observed with the ra,., shale as shown in Figure 29.

3. Critical Dimensions to Insure Continuous ~low

During periods of norMal operation, the material f1ol'Jing through the bottom section of a retort is spent shale.

However, the entire retort must be capable

of

f10winq- raw

shale during periods of startup, shutdown, or upset. Since

the spent shale particles are substantially smaller than

the ra~17 shale except for perioes '''hen clinkering occurs

-the clearances in -the bottom of. -the retort generally will

be set by the size of the raw ~ateria1.

At this stage of the program, the extent tCl \-Thich clinkering

,,1111 influence the design thinking is not knm·rn. (The

small oi1ot retort has ooerated for extended periods

with-out clinkering problems.) Occasional c1inkerinq can be

taken into account by the choice of adequate safety factors

in the drawoff region. The operation of the larger retorts

over extended periods should helD define this problem further in the' nea.r future.

4. Flow Capacity of Pines an~ Circular Orifices

The volumetric flow capacity of spent shale was determined for 6, 8, and 10-inch pipe nipn1es and is summarized in

Figure 30. These data ,."ere compared to that of the raw

3/4 to 1 1/2-inch shale in !='iqure 3. This comparison

-22-showed that the slopes of the capacity curves were similar but the spent shale curve '\'10.S disT}la.ced as the result of

the smaller particle size.

Specific cetails of the ca.pacity "lork '~ith spent shale are given in Table 13.

TARLE 1

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ,.ND RA~IC FLor,T Cn}\~ACTEPISTICS ()'P :RAr.l OIL SHALE

'Nominal Size Range, inch 1/4-3/4 1/4-1 3/4-1 1/2 1 1/1-3 1/4 -,3

"

Average Particle Diameter, inch 0.33 0.51 0.30 _{f'l.34 0.50}

Size Distribution,

Screen Size lihich Passes 5% wt, in 0.30 0.34 0.52 0.311 _0.32

' l '" _{10% l.7t, in 0.35} 0.41 O.nO 0.84 0.37 " !'~ " 25% \',ft, in 0.42 0.52 0.10 1.62 0.50 H I" n 50% ':It, in (1.49 0.63 O.AS 1.90 1.00 "

..

" 75% wt, in 0.59 0.72 1.00 2.20 1.85 It ," Ii /. 90% "1t, in 0.62 O.BO 1.16 2.35 2.35 n " 95% ,\,It, in 0.66 0.84 1.?5 2.4r; 2.60

Bulk Density, Ib/cu ft

Loose Pourec 68.7 65.2 ~9.? _70.7 73.8

Packed 75.2 71.9 77.2 77.0 80.7

Angular Pronezties

Angle of FloH (l.dth Horiz) 0 _{41 42} ,.,3 _{40 39}

0

Angl$ of Pep(')se (,.rith Horiz) 40 40 39 37 3(1

~ngle of Internal Friction 0

(Coning An~le) 1) 69 67 64 64 58

Critical Dimensions to Insure Continuous Flot1

r.-tinimum Diameter of Circulflr

Opening, in 4 5 8 14 12

lIHnimum ~'1i(lt}" of Rectanqular

2 (2) 3(2) 4 (2) 10 (3) 8 (3)

Slot, in

(1) The angle (Hith the horizontal) of a line nassino throllCTh the edoc of the dral,foff slot ( land a point on the coning nattern 24-inches c3bove the slot.

2 Length of slot was 14 3/4-inches. (3)Length of slot l'1as 36-inche~.

•

TABLE 2 COT1PARISON OF

PHYSICAL PROPERTIE~ AND PASIC FLOT,' Cn;n'Pp..CTErUSfTIIC~ OF RAtl AND SPENT OIL c)HALF

Spent

~hale

R.8.t'7 F'roJ'TI

Shale 3/4 - 1 1/2 Nominal Size Range, inch 3/4 - 1 1/2

Average Particle Diameter, inch 0.39 0.10

Size Distribution,

Screen size whIch Passes 5% 1,<1t, in 0.52 "0.04

!' II _" " 10% \>7t, in 0.60 0.15 If II _{25% \,It, in 0.70} 0.51

"

II .: " 50% wt, in 0.85 0.75 II !I f! " 75% \<It, in 1.00 0.92 ;t !'

..

" 90% l'rt, in 1.16 1.10 ., " I? " 95% "rt, in 1.25 1.20

Bulk Density, lblcu ft

Loose Poured 69.2 56.0

Packed 77.2 62.0

Angular Properties

Angle of Flow (with Horiz) 0 43 45

Angle of ~epose (with Horiz) 0 39 40

Angle of Internal Fr~ction 0

(Coning Angle) (1) 64 69-77

Critical DiMensions to Insure Continuous Flo\v

~~inimurn Diameter of Circular

Opening, in 8

Minimum r,Tidth of Rectangular

Slot, in(2) .<4

(1) The anqle (with the horizontal) of a line passinq throuoh the edge of the drawoff slot and a point on the c~ning pattern 24-inches above the slot.

5

•

TABLE 3

BULK DENSITY OF 1/4 TO 3/4-n1_{CH ,{AT,' SHALE}

Packed

Sample No.

!

t·i _{e1g Densl.ty, I T'eiqht, Volume, Density}

, i lb Ib/cu ft

!

Ib cu ft lb/cu f 1 53.2 0.733 72.6 5f.2 0.733 76.7 2 51.4 70.1 55.8 76.'2 3 49.3 67.2 53.5 73.0 4 49.6 67.7 54.6 74.5 48.5 66.2 55.0 75.J Average ee.7 75.?

•

TA.3LE 4

FLO~'! CA1'ACITIES OF 1/4 TO 3/4-I!"CH SPALF THPOU~P PIPF~ AND CIRCULAR O~IFICEP

Loose Density - 68.7 1b/cu ft

""lol"

Tir"le Total ~let ~ate

ttun Pipe or Orifice of Run r'ieiaht Tare Ho1dun(1) f'''eight cu f - - r - ­

t-To. Size Sec 1b 1b II: 1b n'1l.n

1 3" Pine Ninole 34.2 280.0 165.0 23.0 92.0 2.4 2 (3 1/16" IO, 119.6 470.0 144.5 0 325.5 2.4 3 7.4 sq in) 216.6 752.0 144.5 0 607.5 2.A Erratic !lo,"1 1 4" Pipe Ninole 65.1 759.0 144.5 25.5 589.0 7.9 2 (4 5/16" IO, 65.5 750.0 144.5 580.0 7.7 3 14.7 sq in) 65.1 769.0 144.5 _~

I

599.0 8.0 4 64.7 747.5 144.5 577.5 7.8 1 5" Orifice 32.5 650.0 165.0 80.0 405.0 10.8 2 (4 7/8" IO, 35.2 641.0 144.5 416.5 10.3 3 18.8 sq in) 36.5 670.0 144.5 445.5 10.E 4 34.9 656.0 144.5 431.5 10.8 5 32.8 612.0 144.5

1

387.5 10.4 6 37.6 675.0 144.5 450.5 10.8 1 6" Orifice 22.0 705.0 144.5 80.0 480.5 19.1 2 (5 15/16 11 _{IO, 24.7 760.0 144.5 535.5 18.9} 3 27.7 sq in) 23.7 732.0 144.5 507.5 18.7 4 23.8 738.0 14-1.5

1

513.5 18.8 1 8" Pipe Nipple 17.5 778.0 165.0 (8 3/8" IO, 766.0 144.5 43.5(2) 1191.0 59.5 55.2 sq in) 2 15.2 654.0 165.0 670.0 144.5 43.5 971.0 61.7 3 16.2 715.0 165.0 681.0 144, .5 43.5 1043.0 56.2 1 9" Orifice 7.1 730.0 144.5 80.0 505.5 62.0 2 (8 15/16" IO, 6.8 693.0 144.5 3 62.7 sq in) 6.9 753.0 144.5 4 6.5 738.0 144.5 5 7.1 729.0 144.5 6 S.8 751.0 144.5 7 6.7 714.0 144.5 1 1411 Pipe Nipple 2.9 690.0 165.0 473.5 60.9 528.5 66.8 513.5 68.8 504.5 62.0 526.5 67.4 489.5 63.8 (13 15/16" IO, 690.0 144.5 80.0(2) _990.5 298 153 sq in) 2 3.1 642.0 165.0 715.0 144.5 80.0 967.5 272 3 3.2 792.0 165.0 621.0 144.5 80.0 1023.5 279 4 3.1 669.5 165.0 682.0 144.5 80.0 962.0 272 (1) Shale ho1duo in and be1o\,7 nipple or orifice must be subtracted from

measured f1m'1

(2)Ho1dup is subtracted only once in runs ~,.rhere tt-10 receivers are used s im.ultaneou~1y •

•

TABLE 5

BULK DENSITY OF 1/4 TO I-INCH PA~,l SHP-LE

Loose Poured Packed

Sample No.

I

_r'!e~~nt, Volume,

I

DensitY'1 Volume, DensitY'1 cu ft

!

1b/cu ftj cu ft 1b/cu ft 1 48'.1 0.733 65.6 52.3 0.733 71.4

I

2 47.3 64.6 52.4 71.5

I

72.7 Average 65.2 71.9 3 47.7

..

65.2 53.3

- -- - -

--

-TABLE 6

FLOT'J CAPACITIES OF 1/4 TO 1- INCH SH}\LE THPourm PIPES l\.NO CIRCULAR OP.I'PICPS

Loose Oensit~ - 65.2 1b/cu ft

Flow

Time Totell t-"et Pate

Run Pipe or Orifice of Run rr~eiqht _{Tare Ho1C1up (1)} r'Jeight cu ft

No. Size Sec 1b Ib 1b 1b min

1 4- Pipe Nipple 59.8 546.0 165.0 17.0 364.0 5.60

2 (4 5/16 11 _{IO, 66.7 611.0 165.0 429.Q 5.92}

3 14.7 sq in) 69.9 618.0 165.0 436.0 6.24

4 79.8 637.5 165.0 455.5 5.26

Erratic Flow :t-Toted In These Puns

1

1 5" Orifice 52.1 748.5 144.5 47.8 556.2 9.81 2 (4 15/16 !~ IO, 50.8 713.5 144.5 521.2 9.44 3 19.2 sq in) 53,8 730.0 144.5

1

537.7 9.18 4 46.3 655.5 144.5 463.2 9.21 1 6" Orifice 28.7 684.5 144.5 47.8 492.2 15.7 2 (5 7/811 _{IO, 29.9 706.5 144.5 514.2 15.9} 3 27.1 sq in) 29.5 715.0 144.5

1

522.7 16.3 4 31.4 722.5 144.5 530.2 15.5 1 6" Pipe Nipple 25.B 766.5 165.0 26.0 575.5 20.5 2 (6 3/8" IO, 24.9 765.8 165.0 574.8 21.2 3 31.9 sg in) 24.5 757.5 165.0 566.5 21.3 4 24.5 714.0 165.0

~

523.0 19.6 1 B" Pipe Nipple 10.3 776.5 165.0 36.0 575.5 51.5 2 (8 3/8 11 _{IO, 10.9 Q06.0 165.0 605.0 51.1} 3 55.2 sq in) 10.7 762.5 165.0 561.5 4B.3 4 10.4 766.5 165.0

1

565.5 50.2 1 10" Pipe Nipple 9.B 6B3.5 144.5 (10 7/16:1 IO, 66B.5 165.0 45.0(2) 997.5 93.6 85.7 sq in) 2 9.6 655.0 144.5 668.0 165.0 45.0 968.5 92.8 3 B.8 646.5 144.5

•

TABLE 7

BULK DENSITY OF 3/4 TO 1 1/2-INCH RAT" SHALE

Loose Poured Packed

Sample No. I T11eight, I

i lb.

volume,

cu ft DensitY'1 1b/cu ft: \Height,1b

Volume, cu ft DensitY'1 1b/cu ftJ 1 51.3 0.733 70.0 57.3 0.733 78.2 2 3 50.5 50.4

•

68.9 68.8 56.3 56.3

1

76.7 76.7 Average 69.2 77.2

•

TABLE 8

FLON CAPACITIES OF 3/4 TO 1 1/2-INCH SHn.LF TH~.OtJGP PIPES Ai''TO CIRCULAR ORIFICF.~

Loose Oensit~ - 69.2 1b/cu ft

Flow

.rime Total ~let Rate

Run Pipe or Orifice of Run fleight Tare Fo1dup(!) ,.·'I'eight eu ft i

No. Size Sec 1b 1b 1b 1b "1l.n

611 1 Pipe Nipple 25.2 692.0 144.5 36.0 511.5 17.6 2 (6 3/8" 10, 29.8 757.0 144.5 576.5 16.8 3 31.9 sq in) 28.9 814.0 144.5 633.5 19.0 4 30.1 782.0 144.5

1

601.5 17.4 5 28.5 781.0 144.5 600.5 18.3 1 8" Pipe Nipple 10.7 750.0 144.5 37.4 568.1 46.1 2 (8 3/B 1 ' 10, 10.1 738.0 144.5 556.1 47.8 3 55.2 sq in) 10.1 712.0 144.5 530.1 45.6 4 10.1 733.0 144.5

1

551.1 47.3 1 9" Orifice 18.3 682.0 144.5 (8 15/16" IO, 825.0 165.0 76.5(2) 1121.0 53.2 62.7 sq in) 2 17.4 732.0 144.5 719.0 165.0 76.5 1065.0 53.2 3 17.6 711.0 144.5 726.0 165.0 76.5 1048.0 51.6 4 16.9 716.0 144.5 709.0 165.0 76.5 1039.0 53.3 1 10" Pipe Nipple 9.6 777.0 144.5 (10 7/16~' _ID, 642.0 165.0 52.8(2) 1056.7 95.5 85.7 sq in) 2 9.6 655.0 144.5 749.0 165.0 52.8 1041.7 94.3 3 9.6 836.0 144.5 517.0 165.0 52.8 1090.7 98.5 1 1111 Orifice 9.8 857.0 144.5 (10 15/16" ID, 641.0 165.0 76.5(2) 1112.0 98.7 93.6 sq in) 2 9.5 628.0 144.5 7e9.0 165.0 76.5 1031.0 94.2 3 9.55 694.0 144.5 785.0 165.0 76.5 1093.0 99.5 4 9.5 727.0 144.5 709.0 165.0 76.5 1050.0 96.0 1 14" Pipe Nipn1e 4.2 772.0 144.5 (13 15/16" 10, 711.0 165.0 76.5(2) 1097.0 226 153 sq in) 2 4.2 735.0 144.5 775.0 165.0 76.5 1124.0 232 3 3.6 831.0 144.5 509.0 165.0 76.5 954.0 228 (1) Shale holdup in and below nio,.,le or orifice must be subtracted from

measured f1o~1

(2)Ho1dup is subtracted only once in runs where t~o receivers ?re used si!'flultaneous1v

-TABLE 9

BULK DENSITY OF 1 1/2 TO 3-INCH PAF' SHALE Loose Poured

Sample No.

I

T'Teight,

I

Volume, 1b cu ft fjensity~1b/cu f Dens1ty, 1b/cu ft, 1 51.5 0.733 70.3 56.2 0.733 76.7 2 51.5 70.3 56.3 76.8 3 52.2 71.3 56.8 77.4 4 50.9 69.5 5 52.8

...

72.1 Average 70.7 77.0

•

TABLE 10

BULK DENSITY OF 1/4 TO 3-INCH RAt'l SHALE

Loose Poured Packed

Sample No.

I

Weight, Volume, Density,1 {"eight, Volume, Density,!

i 1b cu ft 1b/cu fti 1b cu ft 1b/cu f~

1 52.6 0.733 _, 71.8 58.1 0.733 79.3 I I

•

, I 2 54.4 74.2 59.9 80.7

,

I

I

3 55.3 75.4 60.3

~

82.2 Average 73.8 80.7

FLON CAP1>,CITIFS OF 1 1/2 TO 3-INCH' l1.ND 1/4 Tn 3-r'c~~ SFl'LF' THROUGFI PIPE~ l\flD CI'PCUL~'J< ORIFICE~

Loose Density~ 1 1/2 tc 3-inch - 70.7 1n/cu ft 1/4 to 3-inch - 73.8 1r/cu ft

1:'10"7

TiI"'e Total "'let Rate

Run Pipe or Orifice of Pun Heic;ht Tare Fo1dup (1) Heiqht cu ft

No. Size Sec 1b H' 1b 1b min

1 1/2 to 3-inch Shale 1 14" Pipe Nipple 4.4 455.0 144.5 (13 15/16 Ii ID, 700.0 165.0 89.0(2) 75(.5 146 153 sa in) 2 5.2 797.5 144.5 469.c; 165.0 89.0 '368.5 142 3 5.3 639.5 144.5 740.0 165.0 89.0 981.0 157 4 5.1 697.5 144.5 665.5 165.0 89.0 9(-:4.5 1f1 5 5.0 766.0 165.0 548.0 144.5 89.0 155 1/4 to 3-inch Shale 1 10" Pipe Nipple 9.0 725.0 144.5 53.0 527.5 47.8 2 (10 7/16 1 ' ID, 9.1 748.0 165.0

,

I 53(').0 47.4 3 85.7 sa in) 8.8 694.5 165.0 I 476.5 4£1.1 4 10.1 755.5 144.5

•

558.(') 44.9 1 lIB Orifice 6.2 733.5 165.0 55.6 512.9 67.3 2 (10 7/8u _{ID, 6.6 666.5 144.5} 3 4 92.5 so in) 7.4 6.3 821.0 737.0 165.0 165.0 5 7.3 747.5 165.0 6 7.3 734.5 165.0 7 7.3 733.5 144.5 466.4 57.5 600.4 66.0 516.4 66.5 526.9 58.7 513.9 57.4 533.4 59.4 F1m>J Stoppages Caused a Number of "'uns tC" be ~"':ro!"ted

1 12" Pipe Nipple 5.2 732.5 144.5 58.0 530.0 83.0 2 (12" ID, 113 Sq in)5.4 751.5 165.0 528.5 79.7

3 4.9 690.5 144.5 488.0 81.1

4 5.2 764.5 144.5 562.0 ~f!.0

5 5.4 743.5 165.0

1

520.5 78.5

(1) Shale holdup in and below nipple or orifice must be subtracted from measured flow

(2)Ho1dup is subtracted only once in runs where two receivers are used simultaneously

TABLE 12

BULK DENSITY OF SPENT SHALE FRm! 3/4 TO 1 1/2-INCH RAr'7 ~1ATERIAL

Loose Poured Packed

Sample No.

I

t'!e1ght, _I Volume, Dens1tY'1 INeight, Volume, Density,1 I Ib I cu ft Ib/cu ft\ I Ib cu ft Ib/cu ft! 41.7 0.733 56.9 45.7 0.733 62.4 1

I

I

2 40.4

_I

55.1 45.1 61.5 I 3 41.1

...

I 56.0 45.5 ~ 62.1 Average 56.0 62.0

TABLE 13

FLm'T CAPACITIES OT<' SPENT SHALE THROUGH PIPES SPENT SHALE RETORTED FRO~1 3/4 TO 1 1/2-INCH R~,T,T SHALE

Loose Densitx: - 56.0 Ib/cu ft

Flow

Time Total . Net _Rate

Run Pipe or Orifice of Run TTeight Tare Holdup (1) "'Teight cu ft_,

No. Size Sec Ib Ib Ib Ib l'"l.n

1 6" Pipe Nipple 20.6 628.0 144.5 28.9 454.6 23.7 2 (6 3/811 10, 22.9 631.0 144.5 457.6 21.4 3 31.9 sq in) 23.2 689.0 144.5 515.6 23.8

1

4 22.4 686.0 144.5 512.6 24.5 1 8" Pipe Nipple 6.9 606.0 145.0 30.0 431.0 66.8 2 (8 3/8" 10, 7.3 670.0 145.0 ~ 495.0 67.8 55.2 sq in) 1 10" Pipe Nipple 5.9 801.0 144.5 (10 7/16" ID, 263.0 144.5 43.0(2) 732.0 133 85.7 sq in) 2 4.2 711.0 144.5 43.0 523.5 133 3 4.3 760.0 144.5 .i.. 572.5 142

ANGULAR PROPERTIES OF FLO\"ING AND STATIONARY SOLIDS FIGURE la

FIGURE lb Angle of Flow and

"Pile" Angle of Repose "Drained" Anqle of Repof,e

'-... "Drained" Angle of Repose

When Vessel is

11\

Empty Coning Angle of Internal Friction or Coning Angle FIGURE lc Coning Properties / one of Flowinq Solids Stationary Solids

\

\

FIGURE 2

FLO'V'l CAPACITIES OF RAH OIL SHALE THROUGH PIPES AND CIRCULAR ORIFICES

g

7C··-:·--~!..-·'-'-':"'V-,-.:·:':'+-=-4 :~L.:J:·· ... r P~I s:: H b' s:: or-! C (l) 0.. o 4-l o III (1) )..j F:t; ~ It! s:: o or-! .j.J o (1) tr.l til til o J...I U

Flow Capacity, Cu Ft/Min

FH~URE 3

COMPARISON OF FLOW CAPACITIES OF RAW AND SPENT SHALE THROUGH PIPES AND CIRCULAR ORIFICES

9 10 7'+-:-:-=-:-:-+-=-~=-~~-+:-:-+-1-~~~+-~~~f~---·---+---~----i~~~~~:~+~~~~~.~~.~~ 6+---~5

....

o 4+-:---~--:-:-:-:-:-r:-:-:-'~T UJ 0": 3 + 1 -C .,-j C CJ 6·2+--·---+~~+--+--t··-t·-~:-:-+-·~~4--+-~-~~----~~~~~~-~~~-4~-.~.~ 4-1 o rtl aJ ~ 0< r l r;j 9

--.----g

8 +-~::-'-'_:"_I. -,-j +J 7·1---i~--U () 6 rr. rn 5 rn

8

4 +-:---l---'--'-.'-+ U

3+---+--1----4---Note: Use loose density to convert to

2 4

Flow Capacity, weight flow rate

5

Cu

6 7 8

Ft/Min

FIGURE <1

SCHEMATIC OF SHALE FLON MODEL

f

". .~ Hoppel:

: /

Diversion Baffle for Studying Anqles

Flow and Repose , Plexiglass Face ,--,;'---::. (P lywood)

~~~~~---=~.~.~~'~

,,-,">

Fixed Plate ____r for Slot Studies With Large Shale Restricting _ _ __ Orifice or Pipe Nipple

,,,,,

/ __- ­ ' ___ .

~=-::_ 7 ,I Pattern ~ Auxiliary Drawoffs 6" Pipes -­..._ _ _ Main Drawoff

With Chopper Valve Stationary Surge

of Observation Model

Adju::;table Plates for Slot Studies

with Small Shale

Fixed :Plates for Studying_- Coninq_.

- 14" Pipe

/Receiving Bins

F .n;URE 5

SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF 1/4 TO 3/4-INCU SHALE

~ O. 2 ,I 0.01 ~--'-"~ ! I ' i ' . I ~ " : I ~ : I ~.J.-.;.-l-+-H-+4~~f..--+ .. i--!-I I ' I ' I' I! 1·,+-+ I--'---frt+r+--I--+---+---2 , : 1 : : : I 1 , : I I:: : :1' , I I 1 : i i i i : : I I; : : : 1 I I ; I: I : ' 1 I : I :. F'++f! ! I I 2 L_l __L..L_..l...--1 UJ () .C () ~ H tJi ~ 'M ill 0, 0 ~ ill (1) H () VJ 1I.01 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.5 99.Q 99.9 99.99

FIGURE 6

CONING PATTERN OF 1/4 TO 3/4-INCH SHALE

• 50­ tn W ~ () I=: H 40-, +l 0 ,...j cr.: 1M 1M 0 ₃₀ ::: rc: H Q Q) :> 0 .Q ~ 20 +l .c 0'1

.

..., Q) ::I: 10 0 Note:

/

/

/

Moving Shale Re~ion

I

Static Static Shale Shale Region Region . 4"

-.

I

/

,... "

il

/

!

I I I _~ n ~- ---. - I I _I I 20 20 10

I

10 <f:.

Distance From Center of Drm-loff Slot, Inches

Overall flow rate controlJed by 4-inch pipe nipple

FIGURE 7

VELOCITY PROFILE WITHIN CONING PATTERN OF 1/4 TO 3/4-INCH SHALE Profile Measured at a Plane 51-inches Above Drawoff Slot

(Reference: Figure 6) !, 100···· 1 I ., 80~ i \ (J) ~ 'I"i 1'"4 (J) "'" II. +J U . ~ (J) _60-.:1, u +J ! ~ I, nj >t +J •.-1 0 0 40 r-I (J) :::­ II-l 0 +J ~ (J) ₂₀ u

_...

CD ~ o-~.-'~~----~--~----+---~----~--~~--~

Distance From Center of Drawoff Slot, Inches

1

FIGURE 8

F'Lmv CAPACITY OF 1/4 TO 3/4-INCn OIL SHALE THROUGH PIPES AND CIRCULAR ORIFICES

Pipe Nipples (8-inches long) .; Thin Plate Orifices

s:: H V' tn­ ~ s::

...

s:: (J) 0.. o 4-.t o ((j (J) ~ ,cC r l ((j s:: o

...

-4J o (J) Ul III III o u ~ _ 3-f-­ f---"-+----+·'--..-.--h,·~

~ _r -:URE 9

SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF 1/4 TO 1-INCH SP~LE

60 50 40 30 20 10 5 0.2 0.1 0.05 __.a ~ j.-._. CI.I (1) ..c: o s:: H

..

CI.I ty\ s:: ..-! I:: ~O. o s:: (1) (1) I-l o til " I I I 0 .. 0 ~.~, O.~~!!O:1 '0'.2 '0:5' " " ! I I ~ 5 '1'~ , , , ! '" ~O!I! " " , , ' I I I I I I ! 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.5 99.a 99.9

FIGURE 10

CONING PATTERN OF 1/4 TO 1-INCH SHALE

50 ­ III OJ ,.c: 0 ₄₀ ~ H

..

+J 0 ...-I til 4-1 ₃₀ 4-1 0 ~ to 1-1 0 OJ > 0 ₂₀ ..a

...:

+J .,.c: til ".-I OJ

=

₁₀ 0

i

Moving I Shale Reg~on j Static _Static Shale Shale Region _Region I I 24

1~

1

e

G

12 18

2~

Distance From Center of Drawoff Slot, Inches

Note: Overall flow rate controlled by 4-inch pipe nipple

FIGURE 11

VELOCI'l'Y' PROFILE WITHIN CONING PATTERN OF 1/4 TO I-INCH SHALE

Profile 'Measured at a Plane 51 Inches Above Drawoff Slot

(Reference: Fig. 10) 100­

0

/

~

₀

I

OJ ₈₀ a -..-1 r-l J.1 QJ .j..l 20

-0

\

₀

OJ a

₀

U 60 .j..l to !>1 .j..l -..-1 U 0 r-l OJ ₄₀ :> "-l 0 .j..l a QJ u J.1 QJ /l.t

FIGURE 12

FLOW CAPACITY OF 1/4 TO 1-INCH OIL SHALE THROUGH PIPES AND CIRCULAR ORIFICES

Q Pipe Nipples (B inches lonq)

b Thin plate Orifices .

~2'~

_ _ o )..; u 7 8 9 100

FR~~~~~~~~nnnn~Hlli'llit"i~oo

rr.-:-=F+*~!2l8

ffffinm~~~~+±~~7

I' ~ .. I' ': '1':,,1111113 "~:ti±:f I

i47~tttlf.:.~+'

'I'

,Ill , I

T"'I'rIJ

Iill 11; 2

Lo

8 9 lZOO,

Flow Capacity, Cu Ft/Min

r.l.GURE 13

SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF 3/4 TO 1 1/2-INCH SHALE

Ul !ll ..c U I:: H 0'1 s::: •.-1 s::: ()) P.4 o s::: ()) ()) ~ I:) Cfl 3 • 2 • 0 1..0 .50 .. 4 ~t hh 0 1___f=1-+_ I--­-HH

-:m

t -t , H - I - ­ _+1

+-­

L 1+, l i T I I _ i-"T'"tTr!+ T,e rl-rl I , '1-., ." 11111111111111111111111111

~~~~!~:n~a~~~e:t

11111111 During Study .10 ~.-cE_-_-99.99 •

Percent PaEsing Through Screen

FIGURE 14

CONING PATTERN OF 3/4 TO 1 l/2-INCH SHALE

Drawoff Through 4-Inch Slot

60--r---+---~

so-Ul Q) .c: u c H 40­ ... +J 0 ...-I (I) '+-I '+-I 0 ~ 30­ C'il ~ 0 Q) > 0 20­ .i,t .c t:r> .r-4 Q) ::r: Moving Shale Reg on 10­ &-:­ Static Static Shale Shale Region

"

Region 0

. I

10

~o

do

Distance From Center of Drawoff Slot, Inches

Note: Overall flow rate controlled by 6-inch pipe nipple (6 3/8" I.D. )

Static Static

Shale Shale

Region Region

FIGURE 15

CONING PATTERN OF 3/4 TO 1 1/2-INCH SHALE

Drawoff Through 9-Inch Slot

6o-~---~---,

so­

!/) (!) .c () !::: H ~ 0 r-i tr.l ~ ~ 0 ~ I\J 1-1 r: (!) :> 0 .a ~ ~ .c:: t;Tl

....

Q) :x: 1Q.. 30-2'0·· Moving Shale Reg on

Distance From Center of Drawoff Slot, Inches

Note: Overall flow rate controlled by 6-inch pipe nipple (6 3/S" I.D.)

FIGURE 16

VELOCITY PROFILES WITHIN CONING PATTERN OF 3/4 TO 1 1/2-INCH SHALE

Profiles Measured at a Plane 51-Inches Above Drawoff Slot

(Reference: Figs. 14 and 15)

t

Q-

4-Inch Slot

4-

9-Inch Slot

I

I

! 100

rg~-·-

0

/

:

~

-.-1

0/~\O

Q) _{80 !.. ,.} s::

A

6

M ~ (]J +J s:: (]J U 60 ~ +J II:S :>i +J -.-1 0 (l) _{40 ­} l> 1.1-1 0 M 0

/R

&

+J s::

Ii

(l) 0 ~ ₂₀ (l) Po4 24 18 12 6 6 12 18 24