Documentation and preservation : technical development in Swedish archaeology
Nylén, Erik
Fornvännen 213-223
http://kulturarvsdata.se/raa/fornvannen/html/1975_213 Ingår i: samla.raa.se
Documentation and Preservation
Technical Development in Swedish Archaeology By Erik Nylén
Archaeology is a humanistic science, for it processes its material according to
"humanistic methods". These methods have developed during a very long period of time. They are well tiied, but, in spite of the help provided by modern Computer techniques, they run the risk of stagnating in their development.
T h e research material of archaeology is extracted by means of the methods of the natural scienees and technology. These, in contras! to the humanistic methods, are developing with accelerating rapidity.
Their future possibilities seem boundless.
This contradictory state of affairs should give archaeology as a whole the possibility of developing, by ils basic material, at the same råte as ils auxiliary scienees, in spite of the (imitations of the humanistic methods. A consisteni, goal-directed and continuous renewal of the technical and laboratory elements of archaeology is therefore a condition for more rapid and more reliable results in research into pre- history.
In Sweden, technical development in archaeology has been very rapid during recent decades, primarily in the sphere of documentation techniques, but also new ways of using machines in the field when prehistoric sites are to be excavated have been ti ied out successf ully. The borderline between work in the field and in the lab- oratory has become less marked, and a new conception, "laborator) aichacolog,"
has emergecl, comprising a co-ordination ol all the finer techniques which should make it possible lo gain more and new qualities from the archaeological material.
A stricter organization of the total research resources has also begun. At the Gentral Office of National Antiquities and the Museums of National Antiquities, a research board has been set u p , with three consultation groups, representing Sweden's leading experts in archaeology, building research and technical auxiliary scienees. Co-ordination and rational plan- ning of training, research and develop- ment in Swedish archaeology seem there- fore possible to realize.
Much-needed training in the basic ele- ments common to all branches of archae- ology, called "laboratory archaeology"
above, has not yet become general in Swedish universities. A docentship in this field has, however, been established at the University of Stockholm. On the other hand, most of the universities have lab- oratoiies or conservation institutions, of which the one at Uppsala early performed
valuable pioneering work for laboratory
archaeology. A large laboratory is being built at the University of Stockholm. It will have special functions relating to lab- oratory analysis of archaeological ma- terial. A similar innovation with the main emphasis on X-ray, documentation and conservation of finds has been introduced in the Central Office of National Antiqui- ties excavations on Gotland (RAGU) at Visby. When fully developed this system of
"innovations centres" will provide new impulses continuously to the central tech- nical laboratory, the Technical Institute at the Central Office of National Antiqui- ties and the Museums of National Anti- quities in Stockholm. So much for organi-
I-,ninuiiiirn Arg. 711.211-221. 197)
zations already in existence or being estab- lished.
Every large archaeological research project should include the following items:
A preliminary study or exeavation with limited objectives to ensure as exact planning as possible in respect of finance and time for the project, preferably including all phases from planning to the publication or other distribution of the results.
T h e technical aids to be discussed first in this connection are indicating and docu- mentation from the air—aeroplane or helicopter. T h e methods developed in conjunction with military activities in particular during the two world wars and laler, and also various space projects, will be mentioned only in passing. Here pho- togrammetry, computer techniques and various kinds of light- and heat-sensitive apparatus have given great possibilities of documentation of human activities not visible above ground. For obvious econo- mic reasons these methods have been tried out in archaeology to only a very small extent. Some attempts have been started by RAGU in collaboration with the cultural- geographical institution of the University of Stockholm to improve the interpreta- tion of the documentation obtained by photography. T h e basic photographie material used for the economic map of Sweden, scale 1:10000, is stored in ar- chives. A revision of this work is now in progress and new photographs are being taken. Traces of human activity visible in this materials—soil marks and crop marks—
depend on many factors. Among these, season, locality and weather are of prime importance. A correct interpretation of the aerial photographs requires, therefore, a systematic study of how one and the same indication reacts to changes in these fac- tors. By processing schemata or codes, attempts are being made to achieve more reliable results in the use of aerial pictures
in the work of archaeological registration and planning.
Another detail of this is mapping ac- cumulations of stones and pits, hidden be- low the surface of the ground, with the help of different kinds of technical equip- ment. Side by side with well-known meth- ods of electrical resistance measurement, a seismographic method, which promises to be of great value in archaeology, has been tried out in collaboration with cultural geographers.
Soil analyses of various kinds have long been made to determine primarily remains found in settlements. Phosphate mapping is one of the most common methods. It has been found, however, to depend on many more factors than was formerly assumed. Soils with different degrees of retentivity or permeability for phosphates have, like secondary conditions such as ploughing and other forms of eultivation, shown that samples taken at different depths may, in some cases, be necessary for a correct interpretation of the material.
Here, too, systematic research may be needed to produce schemata as aids for an effective utilization of the method.
A preparatory pilot investigation to make possible a desired, tenable detail planning of an archaeological research project often includes digging trial trenches or excava- tions within the appropriate sites. Al- though this may seem uncomplicated, it has been found in practice that effectivity can be increased considerably by the ap- plication of a carefully prepared technique in order to achieve the best results with a minimum of work. Digging trial trench- es with an excavating machine or more usually manually has been performed in a planned system, where the marked trenches have been limited in the first place to trial pits worked into the system only large enough to facilitate extreme stratification indication. T h e system is concentrated, or may become a continuous trench where positive results are obtained.
T h e find strata are studied with the
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Documentation and Preservation 215 greatest care. Quantitative and qualitative
analyses and comparisons in immediate connection with the field work contribute to an effective "steering" of the in- vestigations. Hitherto unknown settle- ments have been determined surprisingly rapidly in this way with very little labour.
T h e principles for total planning should also include, in addition to the demand for economic guarantees for each phase of the investigation, a consistent steering of the work so that it can be conduded at any time, and still provide possibilities for meaningful, scientific processing. Further, excavated finds that are not to be taken away should be replaced and protected immediately. When prehistoric remains are exposed, and particularly stone settings in graves, experiments have been made in consultation with Swedish industrial enterprises resulting in compressed air apparatus, which may greatly facilitate certain kinds of work.
Various types of mechanical revolving brushes, which can be regulated in respect of pressure and speed, are being tried out.
T h e brushes may be of different materials with varying elasticity and stiffness. T h e method may be combined with suction on the vacuum-deaner principle. One advantage of this method seems to be that the superficial root system of the turf is disintegrated without disturbing under- lying stones. In some excavations, con- veyor belts in combination with automatic riddles have been used. In conjunction with the investigation of H.M.S. Wasa, water screening (jets of water of varying pressure and the dissolution of appro- priate types of soil in water) gave strikingly good results. Extremely accurate recovery of objects is facilitated in this way.
As far as field documentation is concemed, photography has replaced drawing as far as possible. With the help of a tower con- struction of steel tubing, plane pictures by means of so-called vertieal photography are now taken consistently at most Swedish excavations. T h e method has also been
used in Swedish archaeological expeditions to Greece, Italy, Africa and other places.
T h e greatly improved rapidity, the greater objectivity and the possibilities of detailed studies of strata during the exeavation are advantages which have been confirmed during the 25 or so years the method has been used. Certain disadvantages—cloud shadows and relatively high costs of photography and the mounting of plans and maps—may, judging by experiments now in progress where demands on preci- sion allow, be largely eliminated by the construction of apparatus for drawing di- rectly from negatives.
One unsatisfactory item in archaeolo- gical field work is the produetion of section drawings. Most of the methods and prin- ciples give misleading or erroneous results, due to necessary generalization. By means of a method developed by the Institute of Cultural Geography at the University of Stockholm, most of these sources of error have been eliminated. T h e section is not depicted as a plane section, but has depth, within which all material (stones, for example) is shown to its total extent. In this way the representation is scientifically exact, although somewhat difficult to in- terpret, and is perhaps best as an alterna- tive to convcntional section drawings when a very high degree of exactness is required.
T h e main objective of the experimental work performed by RAGU is the con- servation of finds and find strata from field investigations. One absolute demand has been not to treat excavations in the field and work in the laboratory as separate entities. This demand has been met by roofing över the find strata and moving the laboratory to the field or by transport- ing the whole complex of finds and strata to the laboratory for further processing and documentation under the supervision and with the collaboration of the leader of the exeavation. T h e apparatus used is very similar to that used in a hospital operating theatre. Special adjustable "operation tables" with access to stereomicroscope, micro-photography and X-rays of dif-
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Fig. 1. Report on method ol documentation and attempted reconstruction by the help of advanced X-ray.
A. Object as taken from the earth. B. X-ray pic- iines of the object, taken from differeni angles, combined. C. T h e object in drawings: present appearance and reconstructed.
In principle lhe objects need not be freed from their surrounding coatings or conserved, but ma] in ihis way be recorded and reconstructed for scientific treatment, publication and demonstration for the public. l h e object may, in antidpation of better mediods ni conservation, be stored indeiiniteh in a Iree/.e box or refrigeralor.
T h e advantages of this method are mal scientifi- cally "delicate" material can long be "saved" from lhe
"destruetion" ihat every total conservation implies.
however carefully il is performed, Ihis phase ol ,m exeavation is ollen the most costly, and lhe method should therefore be lhe most preferable one also from the financial point of view. - Melodredovisning av dokumentation och rekonstrukdonsförsök med hjälp a\ avancerad röntgen,
A. Outgrävt (ej frampreparerat) preparat. B. 1 oli- ka vinklar tagna röntgenbilder av preparatet hop- monterade. C. Föremålet i teckning: nuv. utseende och rekonstruerat
Föremålen behöver i princip ej utgrävas eller frampreparerai man k,m pä detta sån dokumenteras och rekonstrueras för vetenskaplig bearbetning, publicering och publikdemonstration. Del outgrävda
preparatet k.m i avvaktan på bättre framprepare- rings- oeh konserveringsmetoder i obegränsad tid förvaras i frysfackeller k.lsk.ip
Fördelarna med denna metod äl .m vetenskapligl
•känsligt» material i del längsta k.m skonas» frän den •destruktion- som varje total frampreparering, trots all tänkbai noggrannhet dock utgör. Denna del av utgrävningen äl ixks.i ofta den mest kostnads- krävande varför metoden ur ekonomisk synpunkt även bör vara att föredraga. Foto RAGU.
Figs. 2-4. Right. A knife treated according to the method described in Fig. 1. Only a selection of the
"basic material", from differently exposed X-ray pictures (mainly of ihe ornamentation), is reported.
(The object was laler completely conserved.) - Huggkniv behandlad enligl samma metodik som lig.
1. Blott ett urval av »basmaterialet» ifråga om olika exponerade röntgenbilder (främst av ornamentiken) redovisat. (Föremälet senare totall frampreparerat.) Foio RAGU.
ferent kinds have proved to be eminently suitable for this work. The experiments reported will be of decisive importance for a future complele revision of objectives and financial investments for field work in archaeology and laboratory archaeology.
On the financial side, a rapid shift is now taking place from investments in field work—exeavation and illustration—to- wards laboratory work in the field and conservation institutes. T h e investigation has then reached a stage where the ex- traction of the maximum ainount of in- fot mation depends almost entirely on the technical resources available and the ability to use them efficiently. One method might lie designated documentation or preservation, whereby is meant that a complete docu- mentation often demands a total disinte- gration of the artifact in question as is done with prehistoric remains in the field. In practice this usually implies that the value of the object as a specimen—a demon- stration piece to show the results of the scientific investigation—is impaired or disappears completelv. This radical and destruetive method is both expensive and final.
The other way, the praclic ability of which is now being tested, mainly by ex- periments in advanced X-ray photogra-
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Documentation and Preservation 2 17
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phy, may be called documentation and pre- servation. Its purpose is to obtain, mainly by means of X-ray photography, basic material for a perfectly reliable recon- struction drawing of the object without removing it from the surrounding crust.
Since only a very small part of the material found during an exeavation is required for exhibition and since we know that approx- imately 75 per cent of the cost of the "total exeavation" of an object is for cleaning, removing incrustation, and conserving, it should—from the economical point of view—be an extremely suitable measure to avoid or postpone these two processes. Of decisive importance from the scientific aspect is that material and such details as can be traced in X-ray photographs, but for the conservation of which no safe methods exist, can be saved for the future, when more advanced technical methods may be available.
Figs. 5-6. Advanced X-ray documentation of plaited silver braid from a hood in a Viking horseman's grave. - Avancerad röntgendokumentation av flätat silverband från huva i vikingatida ryttargrav. Foto RAGU.
Fig. 5. X-ray apparatus (in the background "bound", in the foreground "free X-ray") in use on a find (skull with remains of silver braid allached to the hood). T h e braid is not cleaned. - Röntgenappara- tur (i bakgrunden »bunden», i förgrunden »fri rönt- gen») under användning pä preparatet (skalle med fastsittande rester av silverbanden till huvan). Banden ej rengjorda. Foto RAGU.
Fig. 6. Right. a. Enlarged photograph of uncleaned silver braid (left). Enlarged X-ray photograph of the same braid (right). Note the possibilities of a delailed study of the plaiting technique. b. X-ray picture, scale 1:1. - a. Förstorat fotografi av ej rengjort sil- verband (t. v.). Förstorat röntgenfotografi av samma band (t.h.). Obs. möjligheterna till detaljstudium av flättekniken. b. Röntgenbilden i skala 1:1. Foto RAGU.
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Documentation a n d Preservation 2 19
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Fig. 7. Enlarged photograph of the basic material in the silver braid in figure 6. Silver thread, 0.05 mm in diameter, wound round a silk "core". - Förstorat fotografi av basmaterialet till silverbandet fig. 6. Sil- vertrådar av 0,05 mm:s diam. upprullade kring silkes-
»kärna». Foto RAGU.
Experiments made in 1974-75 by RAGU have shown the following: Polaroid or convcntional X-ray films were applied at right angles lo parts of disintegrating weapons in a grave moved into the labora- tory. T h e series of pictures, taken at various exposures, were afterwards com- bined and delailed reconstruction draw- ings of the objects could be made. Even the ornamentation was easier to interpret by this method than after complete con- servation. After being photographed, the objects were cut out of the coating, packed and stored in a freeze box for future pro- cessing.
T h e importance of this experience can- not be exaggerated. One of the greatest clifficulties of archaeology, the decisions that have to be made in the course of conservation—often fateful for the arti- facts—is largely eliminated. A logical de- velopment would now be for the research to be concemed with the storage of the
unconserved, packed artifacts. Freezing at a temperature of - 2 0 ° C is a method now in general use.
Variations in freezing and refrigeration, humidity and cheinical conditions in and around the preparalion do not seem neces- sary to achieve a good result. Experimenta- tion in this sphere, and storage space in conjunction with laboratories and store- houses arranged on the basis of the results is a logical development.
Phoiogrammetric documentation is be- ing tested by us on small objects. It is be- ing used on dug-out artifacts but also on non-prepared objects—hidden in sediment remains—by help of phoiogrammetric X-ray photography. These methods, which are now fairly inexpensive, will "freeze"
and preserve large quantities of basic facts that may be evaluated in the future. In this way, all the dimensions of the object may be secured on microfilm, enabling a com- plete reconstruction of the "quantitative qualities" of the object. By using X-ray documentation followed by storing of an unexcavated but prepared object, the qua- litative analyses may also be postponed.
In closing, mention must be made ol collaboration with specialists in the field of medical laser technique to construct apparatus for the irradiation and docu- mentation of prehistoric remains without exeavation—a further step in the same direction as that mentioned in the X-ray documentation of artifacts without con- servation. This apparatus will act as a com- bined television transmitter and receiver, to be focused by crossing laser beams at different depths below the surface of the soil. T o be able to make an inventory of a prehistoric site would, at one blow. alter all the archaeological field methods and lead to a completely new development in prehistoric research.
Dokumentera och bevara
Teknisk utveckling inom svensk arkeologi
Arkeologin är en humanistisk vetenskap, då den bearbetar sitt material med »hu-
manistiska metoder». Dessa metoder har utvecklats under mycket lång tid. De är väl
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Documentation and Preservation 221 prövade men löper, trots den hjälp mo-
dern datateknik kan ge, risk att ej kun- na utvecklas mycket längre. Arkeologins forskningsmaterial framtas med naturve- tenskapliga och tekniska metoder. Dessa utvecklas i motsats till de humanistiska med accelererande hastighet. Deras fram- tida möjligheter tycks gränslösa. Detta motsatsförhållande bör ge arkeologin som helhet möjlighet att trots den humanistiska metodikens begränsning genom sitt bas- material utvecklas i takt med sina hjälpve- tenskaper. En konsekvent och målmedve- ten, ständigt fortgående innovation av de tekniska och laborativa elementen i arkeo- login är därför en förutsättning för allt snabbare och tillförlitligare resultat inom förhistorisk forskning.
I Sverige har den tekniska utvecklingen inom arkeologin under de senaste decen- nierna gått mycket snabbt. Främst har detta skett inom dokumentationsteknikens område, men även nya maskinella metoder för frampreparering av fornlämningar i fält har med framgång utprövats. Gränsen mellan arbetet i fält och på konserverings- anstalten — laboratoriet — har också allt mer utsuddats i en följdriktig utveckling.
Ett nytt begrepp, »den laborativa arkeolo- gin», har härmed tillkommit, innefattande en samordning av all den förfinade teknik, som bör möjliggöra utvinnandet av fler och nya kvalitéer ur det arkeologiska mate- rialet.
En fastare organisation av arkeologins totala forskningsresurser har även börjat genomföras. Vid Riksantikvarieämbetet och Statens Historiska Museer har bildats en forskningsnämnd med tre samråds- grupper, de senare representerande den främsta sakkunskapen i landet inom ar- keologi, byggnadsforskning och tekniska hjälpvetenskaper. Samordning och ratio- nell planering för utbildning, forskning och utvecklingsarbete inom svensk arke- ologi syns härmed genomförbar.
Vid Stockholms universitet är ett större laboratorium under uppbyggnad med spe- ciella funktioner, avsedda för laboraliv analys av arkeologiskt material. Ett liknan-
de innovationsarbete men med huvudvikt lagd vid röntgen, dokumentation och frampreparering av fyndkomplex utförs på Riksantikvarieämbetets Gotlandsunder- sökningar (RAGU) i Visby. Utbyggt kom- mer detta system av »innovationscentraler»
att ständigt ge nya impulser till det teknis- ka centrallaboratoriet, den Tekniska insti- tutionen vid Riksantikvarieämbetet och Statens Historiska Museer i Stockholm.
Detta om nuvarande och under uppbygg- nad varande organisation.
En förberedande undersökning bör fö- regå varje större arkeologiskt forsknings- projekt.
De tekniska hjälpmedel, som i detta sammanhang först skall beröras är indike- ring och dokumentation från flygplan och helikopter. Spår av mänsklig aktivitet, som återfinnes på detta material - »soilmarks»
och »cropmarks» är avhängiga en mängd faktorer. Genom utarbetande av schemata eller koder söker man nu nå allt tillförlit- ligare resultat för utnyttjande av flygfoton vid det arkeologiska registrerings- och planeringsarbetet.
En annan detalj i detta utgör kartering av ovan mark osynliga stensamlingar eller schakt med hjälp av olika former av teknisk apparatur. En seismografisk metod tycks här kunna få stor användning inom arke- ologin.
Jordanalyser av olika slag för fastställan- det av främst boplatslämningar har länge använts. Fosfatkartering utgör här en av de vanligaste metoderna. Den har emeller- tid visat sig vara beroende av betydligt fler faktorer än man tidigare antagit. Även här torde systematiskt insatt forskning vara nödvändig för framställning av schemata till hjälp för ett effektivt utnyttjande av metoden.
Principerna för totalplaneringen bör även innefatta, förutom kravet på ekono- misk garanti för samtliga moment av un- dersökningen, en sådan konsekvent styr- ning av arbetena, att dessa när som helst kan avslutas men dock ge möjlighet till meningsfull, vetenskaplig bearbetning.
Ifråga om fältdokumeniation har tids-
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ödande teckning i möjligaste mån ersatts av olika förmer av fotografering. S. k. lod- fotografering är konsekvent genomförd vid de flesta svenska utgrävningar. Meto- den har även kommit till användning vid de svenska expeditionerna i bl. a. Grek- land, Italien och Afrika.
Huvudvikten av den försöksverksamhet som utförs vid RAGU gäller omhänderta- gandet av fynd och fyndlager vid fältun- dersökningarna. Ett oeftergivligt krav har här varit att ej skilja utgrävningen i fält från arbetet på konserveringsanstalten - laboratoriet. Detta har skett endera genom atl bygga in fyndlagren och flytta laborato- riet till fältet eller föra in slutna fyndkom- plex till laboratoriet för fortsatt frampre- parering och dokumentation under LI t - grävningsledarens deltagande och överin- seende. Den apparatur, som härvid kom- mer till användning är mycket likartad med sjukhusens operationsavdelningars.
Speciella rörliga »operationsbord» med tillgång till stereomikroskop, mikrofoto- grafering och röntgen av olika former har visat sig utomordentligt lämpliga vid detta arbete. F ö r e n framtida totalförändring av målsättning och ekonomiska investeringar vid arkeologiskt fältarbete och laboraliv arkeologi kan nu beskrivna försök visa sig få utslagsgivande betydelse. Kostnadsmäs- sigt sker just nu en snabb förskjutning från investeringarna i tält med fornlämningar- nas framtagande och avbildning mot de laborativa elementen i fält och på konser- veringsanstalten. Undersökningen har just då nått ett stadium, där maximal informa- tion är så gott som helt beroende på de tekniska resurser, som här insättas och förmågan att bruka dem rätt. Hiir kan två vägar väljas.
Den ena skulle kunna betecknas doku- mentera eller bevara, varmed avses atl en fullständig dokumentation ofta fordrar ett totalt nedbrytande av respektive artelakt i linje ined vad som sker med Fornlämning- en vid arbetet i fält. I praktiken innebär detta oftast, att föremålets värde som ut-
ställningsföremål — demonstrationsobjekt för den vetenskapliga undersökningens re- sultat — försväras eller helt försvinner.
Denna radikala och destruktiva väg är kostsam och slutgiltig.
Den andra vägen kan kallas dokumentera och bevara. Den syftar till atl främst genom
röntgendokumentation erhålla basmaterial för en helt tillförlitlig rekonstruktionsrit- ning av föremålet utan att detta frampre- parerat s.
Vid RAGU under 1974-1975 utförda försök har visat följande: Polaroid- eller konventionell röntgenfilm har applicerats i rät vinkel mot delar av sönderfallande va- pen i en lill laboratoriet intagen grav. De erhållna bildserierna, tagna med växlande exponeringstider, bar därefter samman- ställts och möjliggjort detaljrekonstruktion i teckning av det uträtade föremålet. Även ornamentiken har vid detta förfarande vi- sat sig bättre tolkbar än efter konventionell frampreparering och avbildning. Även stereoröntgen kan komma ifråga i detta sammanhang. Föremålet har sedan utan vidare utgrävning lösgjorts (utskurits) ur preparatet, paketerats och placerats i frvs- täck för framtida beväring.
Betydelsen av des.sa erfarenheter kan ej nog kraftigt understrykas. En av arkeolo- gins största svårigheter, de ofta för artefak- terna ödesdigra avgörandena under fram- prepareringens gång, har här till slor del kunnat elimineras. En följdriktig utveck- ling skulle nu vara, att forskningen inrik- tades på bevarandet av de ej framprepare- rade a n d a k t e r n a . En nedfrysning till ca - 2 0 ° Celsius iii nu en generellt nyttjad me- tod. Variationer i fråga om nedfrysning och neclkylning, fuktighetsförhållanden och kemiska omständigheter i och kring preparatet tycks dock vara nödvändiga för ett gott resultat. Försöksverksamhet pä detta område samt på basis av resultaten inrättade kylda lagerutrymmen i anslut- ning till laboratorier och magasin är en följdriktig utveckling.
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