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Vi ska bli världsbäst i matte! EXAMENSARBETE

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EXAMENSARBETE

Vi ska bli världsbäst i matte!

Hur lärare skapar mening och förståelse för matematik i de tidiga åren i skolan

Anette Boman

Lärarexamen, grundnivå Lärarexamen, 210 hp

Luleå tekniska universitet

Institutionen för konst, kommunikation och lärande

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