fofue; lk/; izys[k vf/kfu;e] 1881

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2

fofue; lk/; izys[k vf/kfu;e] ¹⁸⁸¹

[THE NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS ACT, 1881]

v/;;u ds mn~ns'; (Learning Objectives) bl v/;k; esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa ls voxr djk;k tk,xk&

fofHkUu fofue; lk/; izys[kksa ds vFkZ vkSj muds vUrj

izys[kksa dh fofue; lk/;rk vkSj leuqns'kuh;rk

izys[kksa dh izLrqfr vkSj vuknj.k

2.1

izLrkouk (Introduction)

fofue; lk/; izys[k ds lEcU/k esa dkuwu okf.kT; txr dk ,slk dkuwu gS vkSj tks ,sls lk[k izi=ksa dks ekU;rk nsus ds izko/kku ls vkSj O;kikj rFkk okf.kT; xfrfof/k;ksa dks lqpk#

cukus ds mn~ns'; ls ykxw fd;k x;k ftudks eqnzk esa ifjorZuh; le>k tk lds rFkk ljyrk ls ,d O;fDr ls nwljs O;fDr dks gLrkarfjr fd;k tk ldsA ,sls izys[kksa dh vuqifLFkfr esa]

O;kikj rFkk okf.kT; xfrfof/k;k¡ foijhr rkSj ij izHkkfor gks ldrh Fkha D;ksafd ikjLifjd leqnk; ds fy, ;g O;kogkfjd ugha Fkk fd os pyu esa vk jgh eqnzk dh Hkkjh ek=k dks laHkky ikrsA ,sls izys[kksa ds lEcU/k esa Hkkjrh; fof/k ds lzksr fuLlUnsg vkaXy lkekU; fof/k _(English

Common Law) gh jgh gSA bl vf/kfu;e dk eq[; mn~ns'; ml iz.kkyh dks oS/kkfudrk dk vkoj.k iznku djuk gS ftlds }kjk blesa O;Dr izi= fdlh vU; eky dh rjg fofue; gksdj ,d gkFk ls nwljs gkFk esa xqtjrs gSaA

Hkkjr esa fofue; lk/; izys[k ls lEcfU/kr fof/k ^^fofue; lk/; izys[k vf/kfu;e] ₁₈₈₁* esa lekosf'kr gSA ;g lokZf/kd lkekU; mi;ksx esa vkus okys rhuksa izdkj ds fofue; lk/;

izys[kksa] izfrKk i= (Promissory Note), fofue; foi= (Bill of Exchange) rFkk psdksa ls O;ogkj djrk gSA ;g vf/kfu;e lEiw.kZ Hkkjr ij vkSj Hkkjr esa jgus okys lHkh O;fDr;ksa ij]

pkgsa os fons'kh ukxfjd gksa] vFkok Hkkjrh;] ykxw gksrk gSA bl vf/kfu;e ds micU/k gqf.M;ksa ij ykxw gksrs gSa tc rd fd blds fo#) LFkkuh; mi;ksx u gksaA fo'ks"k ijEijk,a vkSj LFkkuh;

M:\CA-2014\IPCC\\SM\BLEC-Vol-I\Module-2\Chp-2\3rd\Lekhraj\19-08-2014

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

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fjokt ,sls izys[kksa dks iz'kkflr djrs gSaA tgk¡ ,slh dksbZ ijEijk LFkkfir ugha gqbZ gks rks ;g fu;e leku :i ls gqf.M;ksa ij Hkh ykxw gksxkA vU; LFkkuh; izys[k tSls Vªstjh fcy] okgd _.ki= vkfn dks Hkh fofue; lk/; izys[k ekuk tkrk gS tks okf.kfT;d jhfr&fjokt ;k vU;

nwljs fu;eksa esa vkrs gksaA

2.2 fofue; lk/; izys[k dk vFkZ (Meaning of Negotiable Instruments)

;g ,d ,slk izys[k gS] tks ¼O;kikj dh izFkk ds vuqlkj½ lqiqnZxh }kjk ;k udn dh Hkkafr gLrkUrj.kh; gS vkSj ;Fkk le; /kkjd }kjk okn fd, tkus ds fy, ;ksX; gSA ,sls izys[kksa dk LokfeRo ln~fo'oklh gLrkarfjrh (Bonafide transferee) ds ikl pyk tkrk gSA fofue;

lk/;rk dh fo'ks"krk dfri; izys[kksa ds }kjk izFkk }kjk vftZr dh tkrh gSA

fofue; lk/; izys[k vf/kfu;e] ₁₈₈₁ dh /kkjk ₁₃] fofue; lk/; izys[k dks ifjHkkf"kr ugha djrh gS] ;|fi ;g dsoy rhu izdkj ds fofue; lk/; izys[kksa dk mYys[k djrh gS]

;Fkk_—fcy] fofue; foi=] izfrKki= vkSj psdA ijUrq blls ;g vFkZ ugha fudyrk fd vf/kfu;e esa mfYyf[kr izys[kksa ds vfrfjDr dksbZ vU; fofue; lk/; izys[k ugha gks ldrkA vc ;g baXyS.M esa Li"V :i ls LFkkfir gks pqdk gS fd jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djus ;k jkf'k dk izfrfuf/kRo djus okyh fdlh vU; izfrHkwfr dks lafonk lekosf'kr djus okys izys[k tks fdlh ,sls izk:i esa gS] tks Lo;a ds uke esa ml volj ds fy, (Pro-tempore) /kkjd }kjk okn fd, tkus ds fy, ;ksX; gSa vkSj tks udn jkf'k dh Hkk¡fr gSa rFkk tks O;kikj ds fjokt ds vuqlkj gLrkUrj.kh; gSa] fofue; lk/; izys[k gSaA lEifÙk vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk ₁₇ ,sls izys[kksa dk o.kZu djrh gS tks izFkkxr fof/k ds vuqlkj OkDrh :i esa fofue; lk/; gSa] mlds }kjk ;g vk'k;

fudkyrs gq, fd Hkkjr esa U;k;ky; fofue; lk/; izys[k vf/kfu;e dh izÑfr O;ogkj esa vaxzsth U;k;ky;ksa dh izfØ;k dk vuqlj.k djrs gSaA vr,o] Hkkjr esa izfrKki=] 'kkgtksx gq.Mh]

lqiqnZxh vkns'k vkSj jsyos dh jlhnksa ds izFkkuqlkj fofue; lk/; ekuk x;k gSA

2.3 fofue; lk/; izys[k dh fo'ks"krk,a (Characteristics of Negotiable Instruments) (i) gLrk{kj lfgr fyf[kr midj.k (Written instrument with signature)—

fofue; lk/; izys[k ,d fyf[kr nLrkost gS vkSj gLrk{kj gksus ij izHkkoh o iw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA

(ii) izfrQy ds cnys fy[kk fofu;e lk/; izys[k (Negotiable instrument made or drawn for consideration)—dkuwu ds }kjk ;g ekuk x;k gS fd izR;sd fofue; lk/; izys[k izfrQy ds fy, fy[kk ;k LohÑr fd;k x;k gSA ifj.kkeLo:i ,slh fLFkfr dk o.kZu djuk vko';d ugha gSA ijUrq ;g dksbZ /kkj.kk ugha gS ftldk [k.Mu u fd;k tk ldsA bldk [k.Mu bl izek.k }kjk fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd izys[k blds fof/kd Lokeh ls diV ;k vuqfpr izHkko ;k voS/kkfud izfrQy ds fy, izkIr fd;k x;k gSA tks izfrQy dh fo|ekurk dks pqukSrh nsrk gS] fl) djus dk nkf;Ro mlh i{k ij gksrk gS] _[vFkkZr~ izfroknh

(Defendent) ij_];fn izfroknh izfrQy ds vHkko dks fl) djus esa lQy gksrk gS] rks ;g fl) djus dk nkf;Ro] fd blesa dksbZ izfrQy Fkk] oknh (Plaintiff)

ij gksxkA

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(iii) cspku@lqiqnZxh }kjk gLrkarj.k (Transfer/negotiation by endorsement/

delivery)—vkns'k ij ns; fofue; lk/; izys[k dks i`"Bkadu (Endorsement)

vkSj lqiqnZxh (Delivery) ds }kjk gLrkUrfjr fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk ;fn ;g /kkjd dks ns; izys[k gS rks dsoy lqiqnZxh }kjk bls gLrkUrfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ,d okgd izys[k gSA

(iv) ln~Hkko o ewY;oku izfrQy ij gLrkarfjrh dks Js"B LoRo (Bonafide and valuable consideration entitles good title to transferee)—,slk gLrkUrfjrh dks] tks izys[k dks ln~Hkko ls vkSj ewY; ds cnys izkIr djrk gS]

gLrkUrjd (Transferor) ds vf/kdkj esa dksbZ nks"k gksus ij Hkh] Js"B vf/kdkj izkIr gksrs gSaA bl lhek rd] ;g ml lkekU; fu;e dk viokn gS fd dksbZ Hkh vius gLrkUrfjrh dks Lo;a ls Js"B vf/kdkj ugha lkSai ldrkA

eq[; fcUnq (Key Points)

• ,d fofue; lk/; izys[k fyf[kr ,oa gLrk{kfjr izys[k gS] tks fd ,d O;fDr dks mlesa mfYyf[kr jkf'k ikus dk vf/kdkj nsrk gS vkSj tks ,d O;fDr ls nwljs O;fDr dks gLrkarj.kh; gS] tks dsoy lqiqnZxh }kjk ;k cspku }kjk vkSj lqiqnZxh ls gks ldrk gSA

• fofue; lk/; izys[k dk vf/kdkj mfpr gLrkUrfjrh dks ewY; ds cnys igq¡p tkrk gS Hkys gh gLrkUrjd dk LoÙo nks"kiw.kZ D;ksa u gksA

2.4 ifjHkk"kk,

a

(Definitions)

(a) izfrKk i= (Promissory Note)—vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk ₄ds vuqlkj] izfrKk i=

,d ,slk fyf[kr izys[k ¼cSad uksV ;k djsUlh uksV ugha gS½ gS ftl ij ys[kd vius gLrk{kj dj ;g 'krZjfgr opu nsrk gS fd og fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k ;k mlds vkns'kkuqlkj] fdlh vU; O;fDr dks vFkok ml izys[k ds /kkjd dks ,d fuf'pr /kujkf'k dk Hkqxrku djsxkA

mnkgj.kkFkZ % ^v* midj.k ij gLrk{kj fuEu 'krks± ij djrk gS_—

(1) ^^eSa ^c* ;k mlds vkns'k ij _{` 500}nsus dk opu nsrk gw¡A**

bl izfrKki= ds i{kdkj gSa_—(i)^v* fy[kus okyk tks Hkqxrku djus dk opu nsrk gS ,oa _(ii)^c* izkIrdrkZ ftls fy[kus okyk Hkqxrku djus dk opu nsrk gSA

(2) ^^eSa ^c* ds fy, _{` 1000}dk _.kh gw¡ ftls ek¡x djus ij nw¡xk] ewY; izkIr ds fy,A**

(3) ^^eSa ^c* dks ^l* ds lkFk 'kknh gksus ds ₇fnu ckn _{` 500}nsus dk opu nsrk gw¡**_—;g ,d izfrKki= ugha gSA

(4) ^^eSa ^c* dks _{` 500}nsus dk opu nsrk gw¡ rFkk ₁tuojh dks mls viuk dkyk ?kksM+k ns nw¡xk**_—;g izfrKk i= ugha gSA

izfrKki= dh vko';drk,a (The requirment of a Promissory Note) fuEu gSa_—

(i) ;g fyf[kr gksuk pkfg, (It must be in writing)—bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd opuc)rk ekSf[kd ugha gks ldrhA blds fy, dksbZ fu/kkZfjr izk:i

(4)

;k fo'ks"k 'kCnkoyh dh vko';drk ugha gksrh] ;gk¡ rd fd ^opu* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk Hkh vko';d ugha gSA vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd pkgs fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tk,] mlls ;g Li"V :i ls izdV gksuk pkfg, fd izys[k dk ys[kd] 'krZ jfgr jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djus ds fy, ck/; gSA

(ii) Hkqxrku djus dk opu 'krZ jfgr gksuk pkfg, (The promise to pay must be unconditional)—;fn ^^Hkqxrku dk opu nsrk gw¡** ds lkFk dksbZ 'krZ tksM+ nh tkrh gS] rks ,sls izys[k dks izfrKk i= ugha ekuk tkrk gSA eku yhft, fd ^v* fdlh izys[k ij gLrk{kj djds bl izdkj fy[krk gS]

^^Mh** dh e`R;q ij eSa ^ch* dks _` ₅₀₀ pqdkus dk opu nsrk gw¡] c'krsZ ;g jkf'k pqdkus ds fy, ^Mh* i;kZIr jkf'k NksM+ tk,A** ;g izys[k izfrKk i=

ugha dgyk,xkA blh izdkj] ;fn ^v* gLrk{kj djds ;g fy[krk gS] ^^eSa

^c* dks _` ₅₀₀ pqdkus dk opu nsrk gw¡] ijUrq bl jde esa ls igys ,slh jde ?kVk nh tk,xh tks eq>s ^c* ls izkIr djuh gSA** bl izdkj dk izys[k Hkh izfrKk i= ugha gks ldrkA vc ,d foijhr mnkgj.k ysrs gSaA ,d izys[k esa bl izdkj fy[kk gqvk gS] ^^eSa Lohdkj djrk gw¡ fd eSa izkIr gq, ewY; ds cnys esa ^c* dk _` ₅₀₀ dk _.kh gw¡] ftldk ekaxus ij Hkqxrku dj fn;k tk,xk]** ;g izys[k izfrKk i= gksxkA

;g /;ku j[kus ;ksX; gS fd /kkjk ₄ ds v/khu Hkqxrku djus dk opu 'krZ lfgr ugha ekuk tk;sxk] tc ;g opu fdlh ?kVuk ds ?kfVr gksus ij fuHkZj gS vkSj ml ?kVuk dk ?kfVr gksuk ,dne fuf'pr gS] ijUrq mlds

?kfVr gksus dk le; vfuf'pr gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] tc ,d izfrKk i= bl izk:i esa gS&**^eSa* ^v* dks] ^c* dh e`R;q ds ₁₅ fnu i'pkr~] _` ₂]₀₀₀ nsus dk opu nsrk gw¡]** ;g opu 'krZ lfgr ugha gS D;ksafd ;g lqfuf'pr gS fd ^c* dh e`R;q gksxhA ;|fi mldh e`R;q dk lgh le; vfuf'pr gSA

(iii) opu nh gqbZ jkf'k fuf'pr vkSj /kujkf'k lqLi"V gksuh pkfg, _(The

amount promised must be a certain and a definite sum of money)— izfrKk i= dh ,d vko';d fo'ks"krk gS_—fuf'prrkA ;g fuf'prrk ml jkf'k ds ckjs esa vkSj ml O;fDr ds ckjs esa gksuh pkfg, ftlds vkns'k ij vkSj ftldks Hkqxrku fd;k tkuk gS ,sls izdj.kksa esa vfuf'prrk lk[k dks lhfer djus vkSj O;kikj esa fo/u Mkyus okyh gksrh gSA blfy, lqfuf'prrk ,dne vko';d gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] tc fdlh izys[k esa

;g fy[kk gS] ^^eSa] ^c* dks _` ₃₅₀ vkSj vU; lHkh jdesa tks mls ns; gksaxh]

Hkqxrku djus dk opu nsrk gw¡] ;g ,d oS/k izfrKk i= ugha gS D;ksafd /kkjk ₄ ds v/khu jkf'k fuf'pr ugha gSA**

(iv) izys[k ij ys[kd ds gLrk{kj gksus pkfg, (The instrument must be signed by the maker)—tc rd izys[k ij gLrk{kj ugha fd;s tkrs] rc rd ;g v/kwjk gksrk gSA pwafd gLrk{kj izys[k ds izek.khdj.k dks lalwfpr djrk gS] ;g izys[k ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa gks ldrs gSaA

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(v) og O;fDr ftls opu fn;k x;k gks] fuf'pr O;fDr gksuk pkfg, _(The

person to whom the promise is made must be a definite person) :

vknkrk _(Payee) fuf'pr O;fDr gksuk pkfg,A ;fn vknkrk dk uke i{kdkj ds :i esa mfYyf[kr ugha gS] rks ,slk izys[k vekU; gks tkrk gSA

;g ;kn j[ksa fd izfrKk i=] blds ys[kd dks Lo;a ns; ugha gks ldrkA bl izdkj ,d izys[k esa ;g fy[kk gS ^^eSa Lo;a dks Hkqxrku djus dk opu nsrk gw¡** rks ;g izfrKk i= ugha gS] vr% vekU; gSA ijUrq] ;fn ,sls izys[k dk ys[kd bldk i`"Bkadu djrk gS rks ;g /kkjd dks ns; cu tkrk gS ;k i`"Bkafdrh (endorsee) ;k mlds vkns'k ij ns; gks tkrk gS ;fn fof'k"V i`"Bkadu fd;k x;k gSA

izfrKk i= ds lEcU/k esa vkidks ;g Hkh ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd_—

¼_a½ izfrQy dk mYys[k djuk vko';d ugha gS] ¼_b½ bldks fy[kus dk LFkku vkSj frfFk dk mYys[k djuk vko';d ugha gS] ¼_c½ fdlh frfFk foghu izys[k ds ckjs esa bls lqiqnZxh dh frfFk ij fyf[kr ekuk tk,xk rFkk ¼_d½ dksbZ iwoZorhZ frfFk ;k i'pkr~orhZ frfFk fy[kus ls izys[k vekU;

ugha gks tkrkA

uksV % ;s 'kCn ^^;k izys[k ds /kkjd dks** vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk₄ esa vHkh Hkh fo|eku gSa D;ksafd laln }kjk bUgsa vHkh rd gVk;k ugha x;k gSA ijUrq fjtoZ cSad vkWQ bf.M;k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk _31, mi&/kkjk ₍₂₎ esa lekosf'kr izko/kku dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,] mi;qZDr 'kCn fuf"Ø; ;k fu"izHkkoh cu x;s gSaA vr,o] orZeku esa fLFkfr ;g gS fd Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ;k dsUnz ljdkj ds vfrfjDr] Hkkjr dk dksbZ Hkh O;fDr fdlh **izys[k ds /kkjd dks ns;]** izfrKk i= dh jpuk ;k mls tkjh ugha dj ldrkA (b) fofue; foi= (Bill of Exchange)—ifjHkk"kk ij fopkj djus ls igys] vkidks

;g tku ysuk pkfg, fd ,d fofue; foi=] lk/kkj.kr% fdl izdkj vfLrRo esa vkrk gSA ;g rc vfLrRo esa vkrk gS tc dksbZ O;kikjh m/kkj _(Credit)ij eky cspus dk fu.kZ; djrk gSA eku yhft,] ^v* _` ₈₀₀ ewY; dk eky ^c* dks csprk gS( vkSj mls ewY; dk Hkqxrku djus ds fy, rhu ekg dk le; nsrk gSA rc ^v*

,d fofue; foi= ^c* ds uke bl izdkj fy[ksxk] ^^vkt dh frfFk ds rhu ekg i'pkr~] izkIr ewY; ds fy,] esjs vkns'kkuqlkj _` ₈₀₀ dh jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djsaA^^

izys[k ij vius gLrk{kj djus ds i'pkr~ ^v* bls ^c* dks LohÑfr ds fy, izLrqr djsxkA ;fn ^c* bl fofue; foi= ij ^^LohÑr** (accepted) 'kCn fy[k dj vius gLrk{kj dj nsrk gS] rks bldk rkRi;Z gS fd ^c* izys[k esa mfYyf[kr le;kof/k ds Hkhrj _` ₈₀₀ dh jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djus dk nkf;Ro Lohdkj djrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa ^v* vkns'kd _(drawer)^c* vknsf'krh _(drawee)vkSj LohÑfr ds i'pkr~ ^c* bldk LohdrkZ (acceptor) gks tk,xkA fofue; foi= ,d ,slk fyf[kr izys[k gS ftlesa mldk ys[kd vius gLrk{kj dj] fdlh fuf'pr O;fDr dks ;g 'krZjfgr vkns'k nsrk gS fd og ,d fuf'pr /kujkf'k fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k

;k mlds vkns'kkuqlkj fdlh vU; O;fDr dks ;k ml izys[k ds /kkjd dks Hkqxrku dj ns ¼/kkjk ₅½A

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Thus, from aboe we can draw an inference that bill is an unconditional written order signed by the drawer, directing a certain person to pay a certain sum of money to the specified person or to his order or to the bearer of the bill.

fofue; foi= ds vko';d rRo (Requirements of Bill of Exchange)—

(i) fofue; foi= fyf[kr esa gksuk pkfg, ,oa /kkjk ₅ds vUrxZr mlh izk:i esa cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A

(ii) blesa Hkqxrku djus dk vkns'k gksuk pkfg,A ;g fofue; foi= dk lkj rRo gS] bldk vkns'kd] vknsf'krh }kjk vknkrk _(Payee)dks jkf'k Hkqxrku djus dk vkns'k nsrk gSA

(iii) ;g vkns'k 'krZjfgr (Unconditional) gksuk pkfg,] D;ksafd gj fLFkfr esa fofue; foi= dk Hkqxrku ns; gSA vr,o] vkns'kd dk vknsf'krh dks vkns'k iw.kZ :i ls 'krZjfgr gksuk pkfg,A vkns'k esa fofue; foi= dk Hkqxrku la;ksfxd (Contingent) ?kVukvksa ij vk/kkfjr ugha gksuk pkfg,A 'krZlfgr fofue; foi= vekU; gSA

tc fdlh fofue; foi= esa fufnZ"V jkf'k dk fdlh fof'k"V dks"k esa ls Hkqxrku ds fy, vkns'k fn;k tkrk gS rks ;g l'krZ gksxk vkSj blfy, vekU; gksxkA ;fn fcy esa fdlh fo'ks"k dks"k ls jkf'k Hkqxrku djus dk vkns'k gks rks og 'krZiw.kZ gksxk vkSj voS/k gksxkA

(iv) vknsf'krh dks izys[k ij gLrk{kj djus pkfg,A ;Fkksfpr gLrk{kj ds fcuk izys[k viw.kZ (inchoate) gksxk] vr,o fu"izHkkoh gksxkA izys[k ds tkjh gksus ds i'pkr~ fdlh Hkh le;] ml ij gLrk{kj djus dh vuqefr gSA ijUrq

;fn bl izdkj gLrk{kj ugha fd;s tkrs] rks izys[k izHkkoghu jgrk gSA

(v) fdlh fofue; foi= ds vko';d i{kdkj&vkns'kd] vknsf'krh ¼LohdrkZ½ rFkk vknkrk _(Payee)mfpr fuf'prrk ds lkFk izys[k esa n'kkZ, tkrs gSaA vkidks ;g ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd ;g vko';d ugha gS fd ;s rhu i{kdkj vyx&vyx O;fDr gSaA ,d O;fDr] nks O;fDr;ksa dh Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu*

dj ldrk gSA ijUrq gj gkyr esa nks fofHkUu O;fDr vo'; gksus pkfg,A

(vi) jkf'k lqfuf'pr gksuh pkfg,A ¼izfrKk i= dh vko';drkvksa ds lUnHkZ esa of.kZr rhljs fcUnq dh lHkh ckrsa ;gka ij Hkh ykxw gksrh gSaA½

(vii) Hkqxrku dk ek/;e eqnzk vkSj dsoy eqnzk esa gh gksuk pkfg,A ;fn fo'ks"k vkns'k esa fdlh izdkj dk eky nsus dk vkns'k gS rks ;g ml fofue;

foi= dks vekU; dj nsxkA

vr% fcy esa eqæk ds :i esa Hkqxrku djus dk vkns'k gksuk pkfg, vkSj eqæk dh ;g jkf'k fuf'pr gksuh pkfg,A

(viii) fcy vknkrk dks fn;k tkuk pkfg,] vU;Fkk fcy viw.kZ jgsxk vkSj vizHkkoh gksxkA

(7)

(c) izfrKk i= vkSj fofue; foi= esa vUrj (Distinction between a Promissory Note and a Bill of Exchange)—bu nks izdkj ds fofue; lk/; izys[kksa ds fof'k"V y{k.kksa dks uhps lkj.khc) fd;k x;k gS %

izfrKk i= fofu;e fofue; foi=

1. blesa Hkqxrku djus dk opu gksrk gSA

blesa Hkqxrku djus dk vkns'k gksrk gSA

2. blds ys[kd dk nkf;Ro izkFkfed rFkk iw.kZ _(absolute) gksrk gSA ¼/kkjk

32½

fcy ds vkns'kd dk nkf;Ro xkS.k ,oa l'krZ gksrk gSA ;fn izys[k dks Lohdkj djus ds i'pkr~ vknsf'krh bl ij ns; jkf'k dk Hkqxrku ugha djrk gS rks vkns'kd mÙkjnk;h gksxk c'krsZ vuknj.k dh lwpuk fu/kkZfjr le; ds Hkhrj vkns'kd dks ns nh x;h gksA ¼/kkjk ₃₀½

3. ;g ys[kd dh fcuk fdlh iwoZ LohÑfr ds Hkqxrku ds fy, izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA

;fn fofue; foi= fn[kk;s tkus ds i'pkr~ ns;

gks rks bls vknsf'krh }kjk Lo;a ;k mldh vksj ls fdlh vU; ds }kjk] Hkqxrku ds fy, izLrqr djus ls iwoZ] bldh LohÑfr dh tkuh visf{kr gSA

4. izfrKk i= ds ys[kd dk vknkrk ls lh/kk lEcU/k gksrk gS ¼/kkjk ₄₄ dh O;k[;k½ vkSj vknkrk ;k okgd ds izfr mldk nkf;Ro izkFkfed gSA

LohÑr fofue; foi= dk ys[kd ;k vkns'kd dk lh/kk laca/k LohdrkZ ;k vknkrk ls gksrk gSA

¼/kkjk ₄₄ dh O;k[;k½

5. bls Lo;a ys[kd dks ns; ugha cuk;k tk ldrk vFkkZr~ ys[kd vkSj vknkrk ,d gh O;fDr ugha gks ldrkA

fofue; foi= dh fLFkfr esa vkns'kd vkSj vknkrk ;k vknsf'krh vkSj vknkrk ,d gh O;fDr gks ldrs gSaA

6. izfrKk i= ds lEcUèk esa dsoy nks i{k gksrs gSa] ys[kd ¼_.kh½ rFkk vknkrk ¼_.knkrk½A

fofue; foi= ds lEcUèk esa rhu i{k gksrs gSa_— vkns'kd] vknsf'krh vkSj vknkrk vkSj buesa ls nks i{k dksbZ Hkh ,d O;fDr gks ldrk gSA

7. izfrKk i= dks lsV~l _(Sets) esa ugha fy[kk tk ldrk gSA

fofue; foi=ksa dks lsV~l _(Sets) esa fy[kk tk ldrk gSA

8. izfrKk&i= dHkh Hkh l'krZ ugha gks ldrkA

fofue; foi= Hkh l'krZ ugha fy[kk tkrk]

ijUrq /kkjd dh lgefr ls bls l'krZ Lohdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g /;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd u rks izfrKk i= vkSj ugha fofue; foi=

/kkjd dks ekax ij ns; gks ldrs gSaA

9. uksV ds vukoj.k gksus ij fy[kus okys dks uksfVl nsus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA

fcy ds vukoj.k dh lwpuk lHkh i{kdkjksa dks fn;k tkuk vko';d gSA

(8)

(d) psd dh ifjHkk"kk (Definition of Cheque)—^^psd** ,d fufnZ"V cSad ij fy[kk ,d fofue; foi= gS rFkk ftls ek¡x ds vykok ns; ugha fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ftlesa psd dh bysDVªkWfud Nfo rFkk bysDVªkWfud QkWeZ esa dksbZ psd 'kkfey gSA Li"Vhdj.k _{I —}bl /kkjk ds mn~ns'; gsrq] in %

(a ) ^^bysDVªkWfud QkWeZ esa fdlh psd** dk rkRi;Z ,d ,sls psd ls gS ftlesa ,d isij psd dh gwcgw niZ.k Nfo gks] rFkk ftls ,d lqjf{kr iz.kkyh ls cuk;k] fy[kk ;k gLrk{kfjr fd;k tkrk gS] fMftVy gLrk{kjksa rFkk vlefer fØIVks iz.kkyh ds mi;ksx ds lkFk U;wure lqj{kk ekun.Mksa dks lqfuf'pr djrs gq, ¼ck;kseSfVªDl gLrk{kjksa lfgr ;k fcuk½(

(b) ^^fdlh NkaVs gq, psd** ls rkRi;Z ,d ,sls psd ls gS ftls Dyh;fjax izfØ;k ds nkSjku fdlh Dyh;fjax gkml }kjk ;k cSad }kjk] pkgs og Hkqxrku ns jgk gS ;k izkIr dj jgk gS] izs"k.k gsrq ,d bysDVªkWfud Nfo ds l`tu ij rqjUr] fyf[kr esa psd ds vkxs HkkSfrd xfr'khyu dks izfrLFkkfir djrs gq, ckaVk tkrk gSA

Li"Vhdj.k _II—bl /kkjk ds mn~ns';ksa ds fy, 'kCn ^^fudklh x`g** ¼Dyh;fjax gkml½ dk vFkZ gS Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk izcfU/kr fudklh x`g ;k fjtoZ cSad }kjk ekU;rk izkIr ,d fudklh x`gA ¼fofue; lk/; izys[k vf/kfu;e] ₁₉₈₁ dh /kkjk ₆½A bl izdkj] ;g ,d cSadj ij fy[kk x;k ,d fofue; foi= gS tks ek¡x ij ns; gksA

fjtoZ cSad vkWQ bf.M;k us viuh vf/klwpuk u- RBI/2011-12/251 DBOD.

AML. BC. No. 47/14.01.001/2011-12 fnukad ₄uoEcj] ₂₀₁₁esa funsZ'k fn, fd psd@ns; vkns'k@cSadj psd dh vof/k ₆ekg ls ?kVkdj ₃ekg dj nh x;h gS tks ml ij vafdr frfFk ls gksxh vkSj tks ₁vizSy_{, 2012}ls izHkkoh gksxhA

psd ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dk fofue; foi= gS] ;g /kkjk ₅ ds v/khu] vkns'kd }kjk gLrk{kfjr gksuk pkfg, vkSj blesa fdlh fufnZ"V cSadj dks ,d fuf'pr /kujkf'k fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k ;k mlds vkns'kkuqlkj fdlh vU; O;fDr dks ;k ml izys[k ds /kkjd dks Hkqxrku djus dk 'krZ jfgr vkns'k lekosf'kr gksuk pkfg,A rFkkfi]

bu vFkks± esa psd ,d fofp= izdkj dk fofue; lk/; izys[k gS ftlesa LohÑfr dh vko';drk ugha gksrh] vkSj ;g ekax ij /kkjd dks ns; gksuk vk'kkf;r gks ldrk gSA psd bl lkekU; fu;e dk viokn gS fd fofue; fcy ^^ekax ij /kkjd dks ns;** ugha fy[kk tk ldrkA ,d psd rhu rjg ls fy[kk tk ldrk gS] vFkkZr~ _(i)/kkjd psd ¼;kfu ,slk psd tks blds /kkjd dks ns; gksus ds fy, vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;k gks ;k ftl ij vfUre ;k dsoy dksjk i`"Bkadu

(endorsement in blank) gksA _(ii)vkns'k psd vFkkZr~ tks vknsf'kr O;fä dks ns;

gksus ds fy, vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;k gS ;k tks bl gLrkUrj.k ds fo#) fdlh izfrcU/kkRed 'kCn dks lekosf'kr fd, fcuk ;k bl ckr dk ladsr nsrs gq, fd

;g gLrkUrj.kh; ugha gksxk] fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k dks ns; gksus ds fy, vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;k gks ¼/kkjk ₁₈½A _(iii)js[kkafdr psd] ,d ,slk psd gS ftldk laxzg.k dsoy fdlh cSadj ds }kjk gh gks ldrk gSA

(9)

lekurkvksa ds dkj.k rFkk psd o fofue; foi= esa vUrj gksus ds dkj.k ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ßlHkh psd fofue; foi= gksrs gSa] ijUrq lHkh fofue; foi= psd ugha gksrsA

buesa fuEufyf[kr lekurk,a ik;h tkrh gSa_—

− nksuksa gh fofue; foi= gksrs gSaA

− nksuksa esa rhu i{kdkj gksrs gSa_—ys[kd] LohdrkZ o vnkrkA

− ys[kd o vnkrk ,d O;fDr gks ldrs gSa_—nksuksa gh izys[kksa esaA

− nksuksa gh fyf[kr o gLrk{kfjr gksrs gSaA

− nksuksa esa 'krZ jfgr Hkqxrku djus dk vkns'k gksrk gS ftlesa ,d fuf'pr jkf'k nh gksrh gSA

− nksuksa gh i`"Bkafdr fd, tk ldrs gSaA

(e) psd vkSj fofue; foi= esa vUrj (Difference between Cheque and Bill of Exchange)—

(1) fdlh psd dh fLFkfr esa vknsf'krh] vFkkZr~ og O;fDr ftl ij fofue;

foi= fy[kk x;k gks] gj gkyr esa ,d cSadj gksuk pkfg,] tcfd fofue;

foi= dh fLFkfr esa vknsf'kr dksbZ Hkh O;fDr gks ldrk gS] ,d cSad Hkh vknsf'krh gks ldrk gSA

(2) psd dh fLFkfr esa dksbZ vfrfjDr vof/k ¼grace period½ ugha nh tkrh gS vkSj ;g ekax ij ns; gksrk gS] tcfd fofue; foi= dh fLFkfr esa rhu fnu vfrfjDr (Days of Grace) feyrs gSaA

(3) psd ds vuknj.k dh fLFkfr] esa] vuknj.k dh lwpuk nsuk vko';d ugha gS]

tcfd fofue; foi= dh fLFkfr esa vuknj.k dh lwpuk nsuk visf{kr gSA

(4) psd /kkjd dks ns; fy[kk tk ldrk gS vkSj ekax ij ns; cuk;k tk ldrk gS] tcfd fofue; foi= /kkjd dks ns; ugha gks ldrk] ;fn bls ekax ij ns; cuk;k x;k gksA

(5) Hkkjr esa psdksa ij fVdV yxkuk vko';d ugha gS] tcfd fofue; foi=

fof/k ds vuqlkj fVdV ;qDr gksuk pkfg,A baXyS.M rFkk vU; cgqr ls ns'kksa esa psdksa ij Hkh fVdV yxkuk vko';d gksrk gSA

(6) psd dks js[kkafdr fd;k tk ldrk gS] tcfd fofue; foi= dks js[kkafdr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

eq[; fcUnq (Key Points)

• opui= 'krZ jfgr izys[k gS tks fy[kus okys }kjk fy[kk o gLrk{kfjr fd;k tkrk gS ftls ,d fuf'pr O;fDr ;k vknsf'kr O;fDr dks /ku dk Hkqxrku djuk iM+rk gSA blesa cSad uksV ;k djsUlh uksV ugha vkrs gSaA

• ,d fofue; foi= 'krZ jfgr fyf[kr vkns'k gS] tks ys[kd }kjk gLrk{kfjr gksrk gS ftlesa fdlh fof'k"V O;fDr dks /ku dk Hkqxrku O;fDr dks ;k mlds vknsf'kr O;fDr dks ;k fcy ds okgd dks nsuk gksrk gSA

(10)

• /kukns'k ¼psd½ ,d fofue; foi= gksrk gS tks fof'k"V cSad ij fy[kk tkrk gS vkSj tks ekax ij ns; gksrk gS vkSj blesa psd bysDVªkWfud Nfo ,oa psd fo|qr :i esa lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

(f) cSad Mªk¶V (Bank Draft)—A bank draft is a bill of exchange drawn by one bank upon itself or another bank for a sum of money payable to order on demand.

Where one branch of a bank validly debits the account of its customer and transfers the money to another branch or head office, the transaction is not one merely of a transfer of the banks’ own money from one branch to another or one bank to another but involves the receipt of the money by the transferee bank and hence it becomes a collecting bank.

/kkjk _85Adks cSadj dks lqjf{kr djus gsrq tksM+h x;h gS tks xyr ;k vuf/kÑr ekax Mªk¶V ds fy, gS] ftls ,d cSad dh 'kk[kk }kjk mlh cSad dh nwljh 'kk[kk dks fy[kk x;k gksA

vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk _131A,/kkjk _85Aesa ifjHkkf"kr Mªk¶Vksa ij js[kkafdr psdksa ds lEcU/k esa /kkjk ₁₂₃ ls ₁₃₁ rd ds lHkh fu;eksa dks ykxw djrh gSA vr,o] dksbZ cSadj tks vius fdlh xzkgd ds fy, Mªk¶V lax`ghr djrk gS] mls /kkjk ₁₃₁ ds v/khu dksbZ laj{k.k izkIr ugha gksxkA

dksbZ cSad Mªk¶V ;k rks bldks [kjhnus ds le; tek dh x;h udn jkf'k ds fy,

;k cSadj ds ikl xzkgd ds pkyw [kkrs esa MsfcV djds fy[kk tkrk gSA cSad Mªk¶V dk Øsrk] lkekU;r% ml O;fDr dk fooj.k nsrk gS] ftls ml Mªk¶V dh jkf'k dk Hkqxrku fd;k tkuk gSA cSadj viuh lsokvksa ds fy, dqN deh'ku olwy djrs gSaA psd dh rjg gh] Mªk¶V dh fcuk fdlh fof/kd vkifÙk ds] ekax ij vkns'kd dks ns; cuk;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd /kkjk ₃₁ ds v/khu Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad vf/kfu;e fo'ks"k :i ls ,sls Mªk¶V tkjh djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA

blds vfrfjDr] tc Mªk¶V vknkrk _(Payee)ds }kjk ;k mldh vksj ls i`"Bkafdr fd;k tkuk vk'kkf;r gks rks Hkqxrku djus okyk cSad bldk ;Fkkfof/k Hkqxrku

(Payment in due course) djds nkf;Ro ls eqDr gks tkrk gSA Hkys gh vknkrk dk i`"Bkadu tkyh gksA Hkqxrku djus okys cSad ds fy, vknkrk ds gLrk{kj dks igpkuuk gj le; lEHko gksrk gS] ;g Hkqxrku djus okys cSad dks lokZf/kd laj{k.k iznku djrk gSA

(g) fpfàr psd (Marked Cheques)—psd dks LohÑfr ds fy, izLrqr djuk vko';d ugha gSA vr,o] psd dk vknsf'krh _(drawee)vFkkZr~ cSadj ml i{k ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gS ftlds i{k esa psd fy[kk x;k gSA ijUrq cSadj ;fn fcuk fdlh dkj.k ds ;kuh xyrh ls psd dk vuknj djrk gS] rks cSadj vius xzkgd

¼vkns'kd½ ds izfr mÙkjnk;h gksxkA ,slh fdlh fLFkfr esa xzkgd vius cSad ds fo#) izfr"Bk ;k ekugkfu ds fy, nkok dj ldrk gSA fdUrq] dfri; ekeyksa esa

(11)

cSadj psd dks fpfàr ;k vafdr ;k izekf.kr djrk gS fd psd Hkqxrku ;ksX; gSA psd ij bl izdkj dk izek.khdj.k ;k fu'kku yxkuk] LohÑfr ds leku ugha gS]

fdUrq blds vR;f/kd lfUudV gS vkSj ;g ml O;fDr dks laj{k.k iznku djrk gS ftls ;g psd tkjh fd;k x;k gS rkfd ckn esa ,sls psd dk Hkqxrku djus ls bUdkj u fd;k tk ldsA ;fn dkyckf/kr psd dks Hkqxrku gsrq fn;k tk,]

ftldk vk'k; ;g gksxk fd ml frfFk dks psd Hkqxrku gsrq i;kZIr dks"k FkkA ijUrq bldh dksbZ xkj.Vh ugha gksrh fd dkyckf/kr psd ds Hkqxrku gsrq i;kZIr /ku miyC/k jgsxkA Hkkjr esa psdksa ij izek.k fpà yxkus dk dksbZ fu;e ugha gS]

blhfy, cSad bl izdkj ls ^^Hkqxrku ds fy, mÙke** (Good for payment) dk fpà vafdr ugha djrsA ;fn fdlh cSad us psd ij ^^Hkqxrku ds fy, mÙke**

vafdr Hkh dj fn;k gS rc Hkh Hkkjr esa dksbZ cSad psd Hkqxrku djus ds fy, ck/;

ugha gSA _[cSad vkWQ cM+kSnk cuke iatkc us'kuy cSad (1944)AC 176] ;g fu.kZ;

gqvk fd ,slk izek.ki= fofue; lk/; izys[k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk ₇ds vUrxZr LohÑr ugha Fkk vr% cSad dks LohdrkZ ds :i esa nk;h ugha ekuk tk ldrkA (h) js[kkafdr psd (Crossed Cheque):

(i) psdksa dks js[kkafdr djus dh izFkk (The usage of Crossing cheque)—psdksa dks lkekU;r% lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls js[kkafdr fd;k tkrk gSA /kkjk ₁₂₃ds vuqlkj] psd ds eq[k&i`"B ij nks lekukUrj frjNh js[kk,¡ [khap dj vkSj muds chp dfri; 'kCnksa lfgr ;k fcuk fd;k tkrk gS bls lk/kkj.k js[kkadu dgrs gSaA js[kkadu dh izFkk ds dkj.k psd] fofue; foi= ls fHkUu gksrk gSA lk/kkj.k js[kkadu dk mn~ns'; vknsf'krh _(drawee)dks ;g funsZ'k nsuk gS fd psd dk Hkqxrku dsoy cSadj dks gh djs] blls xyr O;fDr dks psd dk Hkqxrku djus ls cpk;k tkrk gSA

(ii) fo'ks"k js[kkadu (Special crossing)—/kkjk ₁₂₄ds vuqlkj] tc fdlh psd ds eq[k i`"B ij cSad dk uke fy[k fn;k gksrk gS] pkgs mlds lkFk

^^vfofue; lk/;** (Not Negotiable) 'kCn fy[ks x;s gSa vFkok ugha] rks ,sls psd dks fo'ks"k rkSj ij ml cSadj ds fy, js[kkafdr fd;k gqvk le>k tkrk gSA fo'ks"k js[kkadu dh fLFkfr esa] nks lekukUrj frjNh js[kkvksa dks [khapuk vko';d ugha gS] ;|fi nks lekukUrj frjNh js[kkvksa ds chp ml cSad dk uke fy[kuk vko';d gS ftlds i{k esa psd js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gSA

(iii) fuxZeu i'pkr~ js[kkadu (Crossing after issue)—vf/kfu;e dh èkkjk ₁₂₅ ds vuqlkj] _(i);fn psd dks js[kkafdr ugha fd;k x;k gS] rks mldk /kkjd

(Holder) ml ij lk/kkj.k vFkok fo'ks"k js[kkadu dj ldrk gSA

(ii) ;fn psd lk/kkj.k js[kkafdr gS] rks /kkjd mls ^^fo'ks"k js[kkafdr** dj ldrk gSA _(iii);fn dksbZ psd lk/kkj.k ;k fo'ks"k :i ls js[kkafdr gS] rks /kkjd mlesa ^vfofue; lk/;* (Not Negotiable) 'kCn Hkh tksM+ ldrk gSA

(iv) ;fn dksbZ psd fo'ks"k :i ls js[kkafdr gS] rks ftl cSad ds uke psd js[kkafdr gS] og fdlh vU; cSadj ds uke ;k ,tsaV ds uke laxzg.k ds

(12)

fy, fo'ks"k js[kkadu dj ldrk gSA ;gh ,dek= ,slh fLFkfr gS] tgk¡

vf/kfu;e fdlh cSadj }kjk nqckjk js[kkadu djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA

¿,Øks dsjh ¼,Vykf.Vd½ ekbUl fy- cuke bdksukWfed cSad ¼¹⁹⁰⁴½ ₂- ds- ch- ₄₅₆À ;g /;ku jgs fd fdlh psd dk js[kkadu fdlh ifjorZu dk mnkgj.k gS tks vf/kfu;e ds }kjk izkf/kÑr gSA

(iv) lk/kkj.k ;k fo'ks"k :i ls js[kkafdr psd dk Hkqxrku (Payment of Cheque, Crossed Generally or specially) ¼/kkjk ₁₂₆ ,oa ₁₂₇½_—;fn fdlh psd ij lk/kkj.k js[kkadu fd;k x;k gS rks ftl cSad ij Hkqxrku gsrq psd] fy[kk x;k gS] og bldk Hkqxrku cSad ds vfrfjDr fdlh vU;

dks ugha djsxkA ;fn psd ij fo'ks"k js[kkadu fd;k x;k gS] rks ftl cSad ij Hkqxrku gsrq ;g psd fy[kk x;k gS og ml cSad dks ftldks ;g js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gS vFkok laxzg.k ds fy, mlds ,tsaV ds vfrfjDr]

fdlh vU; cSad dks mldk Hkqxrku ugha djsxkA

/kkjk ₁₂₇ds vuqlkj] tc dksbZ psd ,d ls vf/kd cSadj ds uke fo'ks"k js[kkafdr fd;k tkrk gS] ml fLFkfr ds flok; tc og laxzg.k ds fy, fdlh ,tsaV ds uke dks js[kkafdr fd;k tk,] rks ftl cSad ij og psd fy[kk x;k gS] mldk Hkqxrku djus ls euk dj nsxkA ,slk blfy, gksrk gS D;ksafd ,slh fLFkfr esa vkns'kd _(drawer)dk funsZ'k Li"V ugha ekuk tkrkA

uksV_—lHkh ekeyksa esa ;g crkuk vko';d gS fd f}rh; fo'ks"k js[kkadu easa ftl cSadj ds i{k esa bls fd;k x;k gS] og laxzg djus gsrq izFke cSadj dk ,tsUV gSA

(v) js[kkafdr psd dk ;Fkkfof/k Hkqxrku (Payment in due course of crossed cheque)—/kkjk ₁₂₈ds vuqlkj] tc dksbZ cSadj ftl ij js[kkafdr psd fy[kk x;k gks] mldk ;Fkkfof/k Hkqxrku dj nsrk gS] rks ;g eku fy;k tkrk gS fd mlus psd ds vlyh Lokeh dks psd Hkqxrku fd;k gS] ;|fi oLrqr% psd dh jde psd ds vlyh Lokeh ds fgr esa u igq¡ph gksA vU;

'kCnksa esa] ;Fkkfof/k Hkqxrku djus okys cSadj dks laj{k.k iznku fd;k x;k gS] pkgs jkf'k okLro esa psd ds vlyh Lokeh ds }kjk izkIr dh x;h gks vFkok ughaA

(vi) vfu;fer Hkqxrku (Payment out of due course)—/kkjk ₁₂₉ds vuqlkj]

dksbZ cSadj] tks js[kkafdr psd dk Hkqxrku] /kkjk ₁₂₆ ds mica/kksa ds vuqlkj ugha djrk gS] rks psd dk bl izdkj Hkqxrku gksus ds QyLo:i psd ds okLrfod Lokeh dks gqbZ fdlh Hkh izdkj dh gkfu ds fy,] og mlds izfr mÙkjnk;h gksxkA vr,o] ;fn okLrfod Lokeh ds gkFkksa esa jkf'k ugha igqaprh gS] rks og iqu% cSad ls Hkqxrku izkIr djus ds fy, nkok dj ldrk gSA

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(vii) ^^vfofue; lk/;** fpfàr psd (Cheque marked, "not negotiable")—

/kkjk ₁₃₀ds vuqlkj] ;fn dksbZ O;fDr ,slk psd izkIr djrk gS ftl ij lk/kkj.k ;k fo'ks"k js[kkadu fd;k x;k gS] ftl ij nksuksa fLFkfr;ksa esa

^^vfofue; lk/; 'kCn Hkh fy[ks gq, gSa] rks ,sls O;fDr dks] ml O;fDr]

ftlls mlus psd izkIr fd;k gS] ds LokfeRo ls Js"B LokfeRo izkIr ugha gksxk vkSj u gh og fdlh vU; dks Js"B vf/kdkj ns ldrk gSA QyLo:i] ;fn gLrkUrjd dk LokfeRo nks"kiw.kZ gS] rks gLrkUrfjrh dk LokfeRo Hkh bl =qfV ds dkj.k nks"kiw.kZ gks tk,xkA ijUrq lkekU; rjhds ls fofue; fcy ijØkfer ¼_Negotiated½ fd, tkus ij] gLrkUrjd dk vf/kdkj nks"kiw.kZ gksus ij Hkh] ;Fkkfof/k /kkjd ds LokfeRo ds vf/kdkj ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+sxkA

js[kkafdr psd] fofue; lk/; fdlh Hkh izdkj ls fofue; lk/; izys[k dh gLrkarfjrk dks izHkkfor ugha djrsA ,sls psd dks gLrkarfjr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ijUrq blesa dsoy ogh vf/kdkj jgrs gaS tks fd gLrkarjd dks gksA

mnkgj.kkFkZ] _X us diV ls _Y ls ,d psd izkIr fd;k ftl ij js[kkadu ds lkFk ^^vfofue; lk/;** 'kCn Hkh fy[ks gq, Fks vkSj og vknsf'kr cSad ds vfrfjDr fdlh vU; cSad ls psd dk Hkqxrku ys ysrk gSA _Y us bl laifjorZu ds fy, cSad ij nkok dj fn;kA D;k cSad bl ifjorZu ds fy, mÙknk;h gksxk\ eksVs rkSj ij vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk ₁₃₀ dk izHkko ;g gS fd

;fn /kkjd dk vf/kdkj Js"B gS rks og vHkh Hkh Js"B LokfeRo gLrkUrfjr dj ldrk gSA ijUrq ;fn gLrkUrjd dk gh vf/kdkj nks"kiw.kZ gS rks ,sls nks"kksa ds dkj.k gLrkUrfjrh Hkh izHkkfor gksrk gS] ,slh fLFkfr esa og ;g fl) djds fd mlus iw.kZ ln~fo'okl vkSj ewY; ds cnys izys[k [kjhnk gS]

;Fkkfof/k /kkjd ds vf/kdkj dk nkok ugha dj ldrkA D;ksafd bl ekeys esa _X us diV }kjk psd izkIr fd;k gS] vr% mldk ml psd ij dksbZ LoRokf/kdkj ugha gS vkSj og cSad dks psd dh jkf'k ds fy, dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha ns ldrk] vr% ifjorZu ds dkj.k] cSad psd dh jkf'k ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksxkA xzsV osLVuZ jsyos dEiuh cuke yanu ,.M daVªh cSafdax dEiuh ¼₁₉₀₁½ ,-lh- ₄₁₄ ds ekeys esa blh izdkj dk fu.kZ; fd;k x;k Fkk ftlds rF; Bhd mlh izdkj ds Fks] tSlk fd mi;qZDr mnkgj.k esa mn~/k`r gSA

blds vfrfjDr fdlh js[kkafdr psd esa ^^vfofue; lk/;** _(Not

Negotiable) tksM+us dk fof'k"V egRo gSA bu 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx djus ls psd vfofue; lk/; ugha cu tkrk] cfYd ;g fofue; lk/;rk ds ,d fo'ks"k y{k.k dks izHkkfor djrk gSA fofue; lk/;rk ds lEcU/k esa lkekU;

fu;e ;g gS fd fofue; fcy ;k opui= ;k psd dk ;Fkkfof/k /kkjd fdlh Hkh izdkj ds nks"kksa ds eqDr ds :i esa izys[k dks izkIr djrk gS] pkgs os nks"k gLrkUrjd ds LoRokf/kdkj esa Hkys gh jgs gksaA ;fn /kkjd us

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ifjiDork ls igys] ewY;kadu izfrQy ds cnys] iw.kZ ln~fo'okl ls fofue; foi= dks izkIr fd;k gS] rks gLrkUrjd dk vf/kdkj nks"kiw.kZ gksus ls mlds LoRokf/kdkj esa dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rkA fdlh fookn dh fLFkfr esa] nks"kiw.kZ LoRokf/kdkj okyk gLrkUrjd dk vf/kdkj nks"kiw.kZ gksus ls mlds LoRokf/kdkj esa dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rkA fdlh fookn dh fLFkfr esa]

nks"kiw.kZ LoRokf/kdkj okyk gLrkUrjd gh mÙkjnk;h gksrk gSA ijUrq psd ij js[kkadu ds lkFk ^^vfofue; lk/;** 'kCn tksM+s nsus ls fLFkfr fHkUu gks tkrh gSA tc fdlh psd ij ,slk js[kkadu fd;k tkrk gS] rks ;Fkkfof/k /kkjd dks gLrkUrjd ls Js"B vf/kdkj ugha feyrs vFkkZr~ tSlk vf/kdkj gLrkUrjd dk Fkk] Bhd ogh vf/kdkj gLrkUrfjrh dk Hkh gksxkA ;fn gLrkUrkjd dk LoRo nks"kiw.kZ gS rks ;Fkkfof/k /kkjd dk Hkh LoRo nks"kiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA blfy,] mls izys[k dh jkf'k izys[k ds vlyh Lokeh dks okil djuh gksxhA vU; 'kCnksa esa] ;g fu;e fd ^^dksbZ Hkh O;fDr og ugha ns ldrk tks Lo;a mlds ikl ugha gS (nemo dat quod non-habet)"

vFkkZr~ dksbZ Hkh O;fDr Lo;a ls Js"B vf/kdkj ugha ns ldrk] **vfofue;

lk/;** js[kkafdr psd ij ykxw gksrk gSA

vr,o ^^vfofue; lk/;** 'kCn ds lkFk js[kkafdr psd rc rd fofue;

lk/; gS tc rd fd mldk Lo;a dk LokfeRo Js"B gSA tc ,d ckj gLrkUrjd ;k i`"BkadudrkZ _(endorser) dk LokfeRo nks"kiw.kZ gks tkrk gS rks ,sls nks"k ls gLrkUrfjrksa ds LokfeRo ds vf/kdkj ij Hkh izHkko iM+rk gS vkSj gLrkUrfjrh ;Fkkfof/k /kkjd ds vf/kdkjksa ds fy, nkok ugha dj ldrkA Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk tkjh uohure funsZ'kksa ds vuqlkj ¼₉-₉-

1992½ ^vfofue; lk/;* 'kCn fy[kdj psd dks js[kkafdr djrs le;

^^vknkrk** ds [kkrs esa (Account Payee) 'kCnksa dks tksM+uk vkns'kd ds fy, lqjf{kr jgsxkA U;k;ky;ksa us ;g fu.kZ; fn, gSa fd ^^vknkrk ds [kkrs esa** js[kkafdr djuk okLro esa laxzkgd cSad ds fy, ,d funsZ'k gS fd psd dh jkf'k olwy gks tkus ij mldk fdl izdkj iz;ksx fd;k tk,A cSadj dsoy vius tksf[ke vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro ij bl funsZ'k dh vogsyuk dj ldrk gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa ^^vknkrk ds [kkrs esa** js[kkafdr psdksa dk laxzg.k dsoy mlh vknkrk ds fy, fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftldk uke psd ij

^^vknkrk** ds :i esa fy[kk gqvk gS vkSj fdlh vU; O;fDr ds fy, ughaA

;fn cSad ^^vknkrk ds [kkrs esa** js[kkafdr psdksa dk laxzg.k dsoy mlh vknkrk ds [kkrs esa** js[kkafdr psd dh jkf'k dk laxzg.k] psd esa fy[ks

^^vknkrk** ds vfrfjDr fdlh vU; O;fDr ds fy, djrk gS] rks cSad bl laifjorZu ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksxkA

vU; 'kCnksa esa] ;fn dksbZ cSad ^^vknkrk ds [kkrs esa** js[kkafdr psd dk laxzg.k] psd ij fy[ks vknkrk ds vfrfjDr fdlh vU; O;fDr ds fy, djrk gS] rks og ,slk vius tksf[ke ij djrk gSA blfy, laxzgdrkZ

(collecting) cSad ds fgr esa ;g vfuok;Z gS fd og vius xzkgd ds LoRo

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vf/kdkj dh tkap djus esa vR;Ur lko/kkuh cjrs vkSj Lo;a dks bl ckr esa lUrq"V djs fd laxzg.k ds fy, ,sls psd dks izLrqr djus okys xzkgd ds LoRo _(Title) esa dksbZ nks"k rks ugha gSA

(viii) ^^vknkrk ds [kkrs esa** fpfàr psd (Cheque marked "Account Payee")— psd ds eq[k i`"B ij ^^vknkrk ds [kkrs esa** 'kCn fy[kuk] izfrcU/kkRed js[kkadu dk ,d Lo:i gSA bl izdkj dk js[kkadu laxzkgd cSadj ds fy, psrkouh dk dk;Z djrk gS fd bl izys[k esa fy[kh /kujkf'k dsoy vknkrk ds [kkrs esa gh tek djsA ;fn laxzkgd cSad bl izdkj ls js[kkafdr fdlh psd dh jkf'k dks fdlh vU; [kkrs esa tek djus dh vuqefr nsrk gS rks /kujkf'k ds xyr laifjorZu (Conversion) ds fy, mlds fo#) dksbZ dk;Zokgh fd, tkus dh fLFkfr esa] cSad dks ykijokgh dk nks"kh ekuk tk ldrk gSA ;s 'kCn js[kkadu ds lkFk tqM+s gq, ugha gSa cfYd izkIrdrkZ ;k laxzkgd cSad ds fy, funsZ'k ek= gSaA ;s ,sls HkqxrkudrkZ cSadj dks izHkkfor ugha djrs ftldk drZO; ;g lqfuf'pr djuk ugha gS fd okLro esa psd vknkrk O;fDr ds fy, gh laxzg.k fd;k x;k gSA

,slh fLFkfr esa tc psd ij ^^vknkrk ds [kkrs esa** js[kkafdr gS ijUrq fdlh vU; cSad ds uke fo'ks"k :i esa js[kkafdr ugha gS] rks Hkqxrku djus okys cSad dks dsoy ;g ns[kuk gh vko';d gS fd psd ij vkSj dksbZ vU;

i`"Bkadu ugha fd;k x;k gS vkSj ;g vU; lHkh rjg ls fu;ekuqlkj gSA ijUrq tc psd fo'ks"k :i ls fdlh cSad ds uke js[kkafdr gSa rks HkqxrkudrkZ dks dsoy js[kkadu esa ukfer cSad dks gh Hkqxrku djuk pkfg,A ;g fu.kZ; fn;k tk pqdk gS fd psd ij ^^vknkrk ds [kkrs esa**

js[kkafdr djus ds lkFk&lkFk psd ij fdlh cSad dk uke fy[kuk i`"Bkafdrh ds }kjk psd ds iqu% ijkØe.k dks vekU; cukus ds mn~ns'; ls izfrcU/kkRed i`"Bkadu ugha gSA

(ix) vjs[kkafdr psdksa ds lEcU/k esa laj{k.k (Protection in respect of uncrossed cheques)—tc vkns'k ij ns; fdlh psd dks vknkrk _(Payee) ds }kjk ;k mldh vksj ls i`"Bkafdr fd;k tk,] rks og cSad ftlds uke psd fy[kk x;k gS ml psd dk ;Fkkfof/k Hkqxrku dj nsrk gS] rks HkqxrkudrkZ cSad bl izdkj Hkqxrku dh xbZ jkf'k xzkgd ds [kkrs esa MsfcV

(Debit) dj ldrk gS] Hkys gh vknkrk dk i`"Bkadu ckn esa tkyh fl) gksrk gS ;k i`"Bkadu vknkrk ds ,tsaV }kjk fcuk vf/kdkj izkIr fd, x;k gksA vU; 'kCnksa esa] ;fn cSad psd ij fd, x;s i`"Bkadu dh vlfy;r ;k oS/krk dk irk ugha yxk ikrk gS fd psd dk i`"Bkadu vknkrk ;k mlds ,tsaV ds }kjk fd;k x;k gS vFkok ugha] rks cSad nkf;Ro eqDr gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, _(i) ,d psd ^^c ds vkns'k ij ns;** fy[kk x;k vkSj psd

pksjh gks x;kA mlds i'pkr~ pksj ;k fdlh vU; O;fDr us ^c* ds uke ls tkyh i`"Bkadu dj fn;k vkSj Hkqxrku ds fy, og psd cSad dks izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA psd dk Hkqxrku djus ij cSad dh jkf'k ls vkns'kd _(Drawer) ds

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[kkrs dks MsfcV dj ldrk gSA blh izdkj ;fn mi;qZDr ekeys esa] psd pksjh ugha gksrk cfYd blds ctk; ^c* ds ,tsaV }kjk ml ij ^c* ds fy,* _(Per

Pro for B) i`"Bkadu djds Hkqxrku ds fy, iz;qDr fd;k x;k gS vkSj psd dk Hkqxrku gks tkrk gS] rks cSadj vkns'kd ds [kkrs esa jkf'k MsfcV dj ldrk gSA og bl vk/kkj ij nks"kh ugha ekuk tk,xk fd mlus ^c* ds ,tsaV }kjk i`"Bkafdr psd dk Hkqxrku dj fn;k vkSj ,tsaV us og jkf'k xcu dj nhA mnkgj.k % _{(ii) X} us ,d psd _Y dks vFkok vkns'k ij tkjh fd;kA nqHkkZX;o'k

og [kks x;k vkSj _Y dk i`"Bkadu tkyh FkkA ckn esa cSad us psd dk Hkqxrku dj fn;kA D;k cSad nkf;Ro ls eqä ¼_discharged½ gS\ ;fn vkns'kd ds gLrk{kj tkyh Fks rks D;k ifj.kke gksaxs\

Hkqxrku djus okyk cSad nkf;Ro ls eqä gS blds ckotwn fd vknkrk ds i{k esa fd;k x;k i`"Bkadu tkyh gS vkSj ;g fofue; lk/; izys[k vf/kfu;e ₁₈₈₁ dh /kkjk ₈₅ ¼₁½ ds v/khu izkIr fo'ks"k lqj{kk ds dkj.k gSA

,d vU; ekeys esa tgk¡ vkns'kd ds gLrk{kj tkyh gSa] cSad vkns'kd ds izfr mÙkjnk;h cuk jgrk gS ;Fkkfof/k Hkqxrku ds ckotwn vkSj og vkns'kd ds [kkrs dks MsfcV ugha dj ldrkA

,slk laj{k.k Mªk¶Vksa ds fy, Hkh iznku fd;k x;k gS] tks fdlh cSad dh ,d 'kk[kk }kjk mlh cSad dh nwljh 'kk[kk ds uke fy[kk x;k ,d vkns'k gksrk gSA ¼/kkjk _85A)

(x) js[kkafdr psdksa ds lEcU/k esa laj{k.k (Protection in respect of crossed cheques)—;fn dksbZ cSad lk/kkj.k js[kkafdr psd ¼mlds xzkgd }kjk fyf[kr½ dk Hkqxrku fdlh cSadj dks] vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls js[kkafdr psd dk Hkqxrku ml cSadj dks djsxk ftlds uke ;g js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gS ;k laxzg.k ds fy, mlds ,tsUV ¼tks cSadj gS½ dks djrk gS] rks og Hkqxrku dh x;h jkf'k ds xzkgd ds [kkrs esa MsfcV dj ldrk gS] Hkys gh psd dh jkf'k mlds vlyh Lokeh ds ikl ugha igqaprhA

mi;qZDr of.kZr nksuksa esa ls fdlh Hkh ekeys esa laj{k.k dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;fn ;Fkkfof/k Hkqxrku fd;k x;k gks vFkkZr~ fofue; foi= ds izdV 'kCnksa ds vuqlkj iw.kZ ln~Hkkouk ls vkSj fcuk fdlh ykijokgh ds psd izLrqr djus okys dks ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkqxrku fd;k gks ftuls ;g rfud Hkh lUnsg ugha gksrk fd og psd dk Hkqxrku ikus dk vf/kdkjh ugha gSA

iw.kZ ln~Hkkouk vkSj fcuk ykijokgh dh 'krks± dks ,slh izfØ;k ds vk/kkj ij fuf.kZr fd;k tk,xk] tSlk fdlh laxzkgd cSadj ds O;ogkj dks fu'p;u djus ds fy, viuk;h tkrh gSA la{ksi esa] Hkqxrku lkekU; vuqØe esa ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftlesa lkekU; cqf) okyk dksbZ O;fDr

;g lUnsg ugha djsxk] fd Hkqxrku dk nkok djus okyk O;fDr vlyh Lokeh ugha gSA

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;|fi] fdlh xyr O;fDr dks psd dk Hkqxrku dj fn, tkus ds fy, cSadj dks laj{k.k izkIr gS] fdUrq psd dk vlyh Lokeh] psd dh jkf'k dk Hkqxrku ml O;fDr ls ikus dk gdnkj gS] ftldk psd ij dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha gSA

(i) vkns'kd] vknsf'krh] LohdrkZ] opunkrk] vknkrk bR;kfn (Drawer, Drawee, Acceptor, Maker, Payee etc.)—

(i) ;g O;fDr tks fofue; foi= ;k psd ;k fdlh vU; izys[k dks fy[krk gS]

mls vkns'kd _(Drawer) dgk tkrk gSA

(ii) og O;fDr ftl ij ,slk psd ;k fofue; foi= fy[kk tkrk gS] vknsf'krh

¼_drawee½ dgykrk gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa] og O;fDr ftls Hkqxrku djus dk vkns'k fn;k tkrk gS] mls vknsf'krh dgrs gSaA

(iii) fdlh fofue; foi= dk vknsf'krh] ftlus vkns'kd ds vkns'k ij viuh lgefr ns nh gS] LohdrkZ _(Acceptor) dgykrk gSA tc LohdrkZ fdlh fcy ij viuh lgefr ;k LohÑfr ns nsrk gS rks og /kkjd ds izfr mÙkjnk;h gks tkrk gS ;kfu LohÑfr nsus ls igys og mÙkjnk;h ugha gksrk gSA

tc LokHkkfod :i ls ,d iz'u mBrk gS fd LohdrkZ _(Acceptor) dkSu gks ldrk gS\ vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk ₃₃ ds v/khu] fdlh fofue; foi= ds vknsf'krh] ;k dbZ vknsf'krh gksus ij mu lHkh ds }kjk ;k muesa ls dqN ds }kjk] ;k fofue; foi= esa ftls ^^vko';drk ds le; dk vknsf'krh

^^(Drawee in case of need) crk;k tk,] mlds vfrfjä dksbZ vU; O;fDr LohÑfr dj Lo;a dks ck/; ugha djrkA /kkjk ₃₄ ds v/khu] ;fn fdlh fofue; foi= ds dbZ vknsf'krh gSa tks lk>snkj ugha gSa] rks muesa ls izR;sd vknsf'krh ml fcy ij dsoy viuh vksj ls gh LohÑfr ns ldrk gS] vU;

vknsf'kfr;ksa dh vksj ls ughaA vU; vknsf'krh dh rjQ ls og rHkh LohÑfr ns ldrk gS tc blds fy, mlls vf/kdkj izkIr gks vFkkZr~ fcuk vf/kdkj izkIr fd, og vU; vknsf'kfr;ksa ds fy, LohÑfr ugha ns ldrkA

mi;qZDr mica/kksa ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd fuEufyf[kr O;fDr LohdrkZ gks ldrs gSa_—

(a) vknsf'krh] vFkkZr~ ftls Hkqxrku djus dk funsZ'k fn;k tkrk gSA

(b) dbZ vknsf'kfr;ksa esa ls lHkh ;k dqN] tc ,d ls vf/kd vknsf'kfr;ksa ds uke gSaA

(c) vko';drk ds le; dk vknsf'krh (Drawee in case of need)A

(d) vknjkFkZ LohdrkZ (acceptor for honour)A

(e) mi;qZDr of.kZr fdUgha O;fDr;ksa ds ,tsaVA

(f) tc fofue; foi= esa fdlh vknsf'krh dk uke ugha gks] fdUrq dksbZ O;fDr bls Lohdkj djrk gS] rks mls LohdrkZ ds :i esa mlds nkf;Ro ls bUdkj djus ls jksdk tk ldrk gSA

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(iv) tc fcy dk vknsf'krh fcy ds eq[k Hkkx ij ^^LohÑr** _(accepted) 'kCn ds lkFk ;k blds fcuk vius uke ds gLrk{kj djds vkSj fofue; foi=

dh lqiqnZxh ns nsrk gS] rks lkekU;r% bls LohÑfr dgrs gSaA vr,o LohÑfr ls rkRi;Z vkns'kd ds vkns'k ds izfr lgefr izdV djus o mldh liqnZxh ls gS ;k LohÑfr dh lwpuk dks nsus ls gSA

vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk ₂₆,oa ₂₇ ds v/khu] lafonk djus esa l{ke izR;sd O;fDr Lo;a ;k fof/kor] izkf/kÑr ,tsaV ds ek/;e ls fdlh izfrKk i=]

fofue; foi= ;k psd dh jpuk] ys[ku] Lohdj.k] i`"Bkadu] lqiqnZxh vkSj ijØke.k dj ldrk gSA ,tsaV nks izdkj ds gLrk{kj dj ldrk gS vFkkZr~

¼_a½ og iz/kku ds uke gLrk{kj dj ldrk gS] D;ksafd bl ckr ls dksbZ vUrj ugha iM+rk fd fdu gkFkksa ls iz/kku ds uke gLrk{kj gq, gSa] tcfd okLro esa ,tsaV ds ikl bl izdkj gLrk{kj djus ds vf/kdkj ekStwn gksa]

¼_b½ og izys[k ds eq[k Hkkx ij ;g mYys[k djrs gq, fd og ,tsaV ds :i esa gLrk{kj dj jgk gS] vf/kdkj i= ds }kjk gLrk{kj dj ldrk gSA vr,o ;g vko';d gS fd tc ,tsaV fdlh fofue; foi= ij vius gLrk{kj djrk gS rks mlds ikl iz/kku dh vksj ls vuqcU/k djus ds fy, Li"V ;k xfHkZr vf/kdkj gksuk pkfg,A tcfd iz/kku fof/k l{ke (sui juris)

gksA fdlh uksV ;k fcy dh jpuk djus] fy[kus] Lohdkj djus ;k i`"Bkadu djus ds fy, fdlh ,tsaV dk vf/kdkj] ,tsalh dh lkekU; fof/k ij fuHkZj djrk gS vkSj ;g ,d rF; dk iz'u gSA ijUrq /kkjk ₂₇ vkSj ₂₈ dk voyksdu djus ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd O;olk; djus dk lkekU;

vf/kdkj vkSj _.kksa dks pqdkus dk vf/kdkj] fdlh ,tsaV dks mlds iz/kku dk izfrc) djus ds iz;kstu ls fofue; foi= dks i`"Bkafdr djus dk vf/kdkj iznku ugha djrk vkSj u gh ,tsaV O;fDrxr nkf;Ro ls cp ldrk gS tc rd fd og ;g u izdV djs fd og ,tsaV ds :i esa gLrk{kj dj jgk gS vkSj O;fDrxr nkf;Ro mRiUu djus dk mldk dksbZ bjknk ugha gSA _[izeksn dqekj ikVs cuke nkeksnj lkgw] vkbZ- ,y- vkj-

¼₁₉₅₃½ dVd _221]

oS/k LohÑfr ds vko';d y{k.k fuEufyf[kr gSa (The Essentials of a valid acceptance are as follows) :

(a) LohÑfr fyf[kr gksuh pkfg, (Acceptance must be written)—

vknsf'krh viuh lgefr izdV djus ds fy, fdlh Hkh mi;qDr 'kCn dk iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA fofue; foi= ij dsoy gLrk{kj djus dks Hkh i;kZIr LohÑfr eku ldrs gSa] pkgs gLrk{kjksa ds lkFk dqN 'kCn u Hkh tksM+s tk,aA ijUrq ;g Lej.k j[kuk pkfg, fd ekSf[kd LohÑfr dks dkuwu ekU;rk ugha nsrkA fdUrq gqf.M;ksa ds ekeys esa ekSf[kd Lohd`fr i;kZIr gks ldrh gS] ;fn fdlh fo'ks"k izFkk dk fo|eku gksuk fl) fd;k tkrk gSA

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(b) LohÑfr gLrk{kfjr gksuh pkfg, (Acceptance must be signed)—

bl iz;kstu ds fy, LohdrkZ ds dsoy gLrk{kj gksuk gh i;kZIr gSA oSdfYid :i ls] fofue; foi= ds eq[k Hkkx ij ^^LohÑr** 'kCn fy[kdj vkSj mlds uhps gLrk{kj djds LohÑfr nh tk ldrh gSA

;fn fofue; foi= ij gLrk{kj ugha gS] rks bls LohÑfr ugha ekuk tk,xkA

(c) LohÑfr fofue; foi= ij nh tkuh pkfg, (Acceptance must be on the bill)—LohÑfr fofue; foi= ds eq[k Hkkx ij gks] ;g vko';d ugha gSA fofue; foi= ds ihNs dh rjQ fy[kh x;h LohÑfr dks fof/k esa i;kZIr LohÑfr ekuk x;k gSA lcls egRoiw.kZ ckr gS fd LohÑfr fofue; foi= ij nh tkuh pkfg, vU;Fkk ;g ml O;fDr ds izfr] tks bl izdkj gLrk{kj djrk gS] LohdÙkkZ ds :i esa mÙkjnk;h ugha gksrkA ;fn fofue; foi= dh izfrfyfi ij LohÑfr ds gLrk{kj gksa rks D;k gksxk vkSj tc ;g izfrfyfi fcy dk dksbZ Hkkx ugha gS vkSj ;fn fofue; foi= ds lkFk layXu fdlh dkxt ij LohÑfr nh tkrh gS] rks D;k gksxk\ buesa ls fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa LohÑfr dks i;kZIr ugha ekuk tk,xkA

(d) lqiqnZxh nsdj LohÑfr iw.kZ dh tkuh pkfg, (Acceptance must be completed by delivery)—LohÑfr rc rd iw.kZ ugha gksxh vkSj vknsf'krh blls rc rd ck/; ugha gksrk tc rd fd vknsf'krh fofue; foi= /kkjd _(holder) dks lqiqnZ ugha djrk ;k fofue;

foi= ds /kkjd vFkok mldh rjQ ls fofue; foi= izkIr djus okys dks lwpuk ugha nsrkA

tc fofue; foi= lsV~l _(Sets) esa fy[ks x;s gSa rks LohÑfr mlds fdlh ,d Hkkx ij nh tkuh pkfg,A tc vknsf'krh us nks ;k vf/kd Hkkxksa ij LohÑfr fy[kdj gLrk{kj fd;s gSa] rks og izR;sd Hkkx ds fy, i`Fkd~ :i ls mÙkjnk;h gks ldrk gSA

(e) LohÑfr lkekU; _(General) ;k l'krZ (Qualified) gks ldrh gSA lkekU; LohÑfr ds }kjk LohdrkZ fcuk fdlh 'krZ ds] vkns'kd ds vkns'k dks Lohdkj djrk gSA tc vknsf'krh izys[k ds izdV vk'k;

ds vuqlkj bls Lohdkj ugha djrk] cfYd og LohÑfr ds lkFk dqN 'krs± tksM+ nsrk gS ftlds izHkko ls mldk ¼LohdrkZ½ nkf;Ro de gks tkrk gS ;k nkf;Ro dh LohÑfr dfri; 'krks± ds v/khu gksrh gSA ,slh LohÑfr dks l'krZ LohÑfr dgrs gSaA fofue; foi= dk /kkjd iw.kZ vkSj 'krZjfgr LohÑfr izkIr djus dk vf/kdkjh gSA vkSj bls

;fn bl izdkj Lohdkj ugha fd;k tkrk rks og fofue; foi= dks vukn`r (Dishonour) gqvk le> ldrk gSA rFkkfi og l'krZ LohÑfr ds fy, lger gks ldrk gS] ijUrq og ,slk viuh tksf[ke ij djrk gS] D;ksafd mlds Lo;a ds igys ds lHkh i{kdkjksa dk

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nkf;Ro lekIr gks tkrk gS] tc rd mlus mudh lgefr u izkIr dj yh gksA

vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk ₈₆ dh O;k[;k ds vuqlkj] LohÑfr dks fuEu fLFkfr;ksa esa l'krZ ekuk tkrk gS&

(1) tc ;g 'krZ lfgr gks] rks LohdrkZ fdlh fof'k"V ?kVuk ds

?kfVr gksus ij Hkqxrku djus dh 'krZ yxk ldrk gS tSls]

^^LohÑr] /kujkf'k gksus ij ns;** _[tqfy;u cuke 'kkscqzdh

1753, 2 foYl] _9]^^,l-,l- vestu ls vkus okyk eky ds laj{k.k ds fy, tgkth fcYVh (Bill of lading) ns nsus ij LohÑr** _[fLeFk cuke opwZ (1860), 30L JCP], ^^LohÑr] tc eq>s Hkstk x;k eky fcd tk,xk^^A _[fLeFk cuke ,scV_]

(2) tc va'kr% LohÑfr gks] rks LohdrkZ fofue; foi= dh jkf'k ds dqN Hkkx ds fy, viuh LohÑfr ns ldrk gS] tSls] ;fn dksbZ fofue; foi= _` ₅]₀₀₀ ds fy, fy[kk x;k gS vkSj og ml ij ^^dsoy _` ₄]₀₀₀ ds fy, LohÑr** fy[krk gSA

(3) tc LFkku dh 'krZ gks( tc fofue; foi= esa Hkqxrku djus dk LFkku fuf'pr u fd;k x;k gks] vkSj og Hkqxrku fdlh fof'k"V LFkku ij djus dh gh LohÑfr nsrk gS] vU;= dgha ugha vFkok fofue; foi= esa fy[ks LFkku ds vfrfjDr dgha vkSj Hkqxrku djsxk vkSj vU;= dgha ughaA

fdlh fof'k"V LFkku ij LohÑfr dsoy lkekU; LohÑfr gS]

tc rd fd blesa Li"V :i ls ,slk mYys[k u gks fd fcy dk Hkqxrku dsoy ogha gksxk] vU;= dgha ugha] rks ;g l'krZ LohÑfr gks tkrh gS] tSls ^^fnokyk cSad esa Hkqxrku gsrq LohÑr** ;g ,d lkekU; LohÑfr gS] tc fd ;fn ;g fy[kk tk, ^^fnokyk cSad esa Hkqxrku gsrq LohÑr] vU;= dgha ugha]** ;g l'krZ LohÑfr dk mnkgj.k gSA

(4) tc og fofue; foi= dk ml le; Hkqxrku djus dk opu nsrk gS] tks ml le; ls fHkUu gS tks ml vkns'k ds v/khu oS/k :i ls ns; gksrk] tSls] ^^frfFk ds rhu ekg i'pkr ns;**

fy[ks fcy dks ;fn ^^LohÑfr frfFk ds ₆ ekg i'pkr ns;**

fy[kdj Lohdkj fd;k tk,] rks ;g l'krZ LohÑfr gSA mi;qZDr mfYyf[kr mnkgj.kksa dh lwph fofHkUu igyqvksa ds dsoy n`"Vkar gSa ftuesa bls l'krZ cuk;k tk ldrk gS]

D;ksafd fdlh fofue; foi= dh LohÑfr dks vU; izdkj ls Hkh l'krZ cukuk lEHko gSA

(v) vko';drk ds le; dk vknsf'krh (Drawee in case of need)—tc fdlh fofue; foi= ij ;k ml ij fdlh i`"Bkadu ij] vknsf'krh ds vfrfjDr

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fdlh vU; O;fDr dk uke Hkh fy[kk tkrk gS] vko';drk] iM+us ij ftls dgk tk,] rks ,sls O;fDr dks *vko';drk ds le; dk vknsf'krh** dgrs gSaA ^^vko';drk ds le;** ls rkRi;Z gS fd ;fn vknsf'krh fofue; foi=

dks Lohdkj ugha djds ;k Hkqxrku u djds vukn`r djrk gS] rks bl O;fDr dks <wa<+k tkrk gSA fofue; foi= ds /kkjd dk ;g fodYi Hkh LorU= gS fd og vko';drk ds le; vknsf'krh ds ikl tk, ;k ughaA

(vi) vknkrk _(Payee)—og i{k ftldks vkns'k ij fofue; foi=] psd ;k izfrKk i= dh jkf'k ns; gSA

(vii) lqiqnZxh (Delivery)—blls rkRi;Z O;fDr ls nwljs O;fDr dks dCtk nsus ls gSA

(viii) fofue; lk/; izys[k ds tkjh djus dk rkRi;Z fdlh O;fDr dks iw.kZ :i ls bldh izFke lqiqnZxh ls gS tks bls /kkjd ds :i esa izkIr djrk gSA

(j) /kkjd] ewY; ds cnys /kkjd rFkk ;Fkkfof/k /kkjd (^/kkjk,¡8 ,oa ₉½ _[Holder,

holder for value and Holder in due course (Sections 8 and 9)] %

(i) fdlh fofue; lk/; izys[k ^^/kkjd** ls rkRi;Z fdlh ,sls O;fDr ls gS ftls ,sls izys[k vius uke esa vius dCts esa j[kus vkSj mlesa ns; jkf'k mlds i{kdkjksa ls vius uke esa izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj gksrk gSA vU;

'kCnksa esa] /kkjd ls rkRi;Z fdlh fofue; foi=] psd ;k izfrKk i= ds vknkrk ;k i`"Bkafdrh ls gS] ftlds dCts esa izys[k gSA okgd dks ns; [kks;s gq, izys[k dk ikus okyk] ;k ,slk dksbZ O;fDr tks izys[k ij xyr <ax ls dCtk cuk, gq, gS] /kkjd ugha gksrsA

(ii) ^^ewY; ds cnys /kkjd** ls rkRi;Z] tgk¡ rd Lo;a ds iwoZ ds lHkh i{kdkjksa dk lEcU/k gS] fdlh izys[k ds /kkjd ls gS] ftlds fy, fdlh Hkh le;

ewY; fn;k x;k gksA

(iii) ;fn fofue; foi= ß/kkjd dks ns;Þ gS] rks ^^;Fkkfof/k /kkjd** ls vk'k;

,sls O;fDr ls gS] ftlus izys[k esa fyf[kr jkf'k ns; gksus ls igys ml ij dCtk izkIr dj fy;k gSA ^^vkns'k ij ns; izys[k** dh fLFkfr esa] ;Fkkfof/k /kkjd og O;fDr gS tks bl izys[k esa esa fyf[kr jkf'k ns; gksus ls igys mlds vknkrk dk i`"Bkafdrh cu x;k gSA nksuksa gh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] izys[k izkIr djrs le; mlds ikl ;g fo'okl djus ds fy, dksbZ i;kZIr vk/kkj ugha gksuk pkfg, fd ftl O;fDr ls mlus fofue; foi= izkIr fd;k gS]

mlds LokfeRo esa dksbZ nks"k FkkA vU; 'kCnksa esa] ;Fkkfof/k /kkjd ls vk'k;

,sls ^/kkjd* ls gS tks blds vfrns; _(Overdue) gksus ls iwoZ] ewY; ds fy, ln~fo'okl esa izys[k izkIr djrk gS vkSj izys[k izkIr djrs le; mlds ikl ;g fo'okl djus dk i;kZIr dkj.k ugha Fkk fd gLrkUrjd dk LoRokf/kdkj nks"kiw.kZ gSA vr,o] ,slk O;fDr] tks ;Fkkfof/k /kkjd gksus dk nkok djrk gS mls ;g fl) djuk gksxk fd&₍₁₎ ;fn ^izys[k /kkjd dks ns;* gS] rks og fdlh ewY;oku izfrQy dk Hkqxrku djds izys[k izkIr fd;k gS ;k ;fn izys[k ^vkns'k ij ns;* gS rks og mldk i`"Bkafdr gks x;k

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gSA ₍₂₎ izys[k esa fyf[kr jkf'k ns; gksus ls igys gh og izys[k bls izkIr gks x;k Fkk( rFkk ₍₃₎ mlus iw.kZ ln~fo'okl esa izys[k izkIr fd;k Fkk vFkkZr~ izys[k izkIr djrs le; mlds ikl ;g fo'okl djus dk i;kZIr dkj.k ugha Fkk fd gLrkUrjd dk LokfeRo nks"kiw.kZ gSA ¼/kkjk ₉½

(k) ;Fkkfof/k /kkjd ds fo'ks"kkf/kdkj (Privileges of a holder in due course)

(i) viw.kZ izys[k dh n'kk esa (In Case of Inchoate Instrument)—tc ,d O;fDr] vius gLrk{kj fd;k gqvk LVkfEir izys[k] tks vU;Fkk viw.kZ gS]

fdlh nwljs O;fDr dks nsrk gS] og ;Fkkfof/k /kkjd ds izfr ;g rdZ ugha ns ldrk gS fd izys[k dks mlds }kjk iznÙk vf/kdkj ds vuqlkj Hkjk ugha x;k gS] ijUrq ;g vko';d gS fd izys[k ij ftruh jkf'k ds fy, LVkEi yxk gS] izys[k ml jkf'k ls vf/kd ugha gksuk pkfg, ¼/kkjk ₂₀½A

mnkgj.k % _A,d O;fDr ijUrq LVkEi izys[k tks mlus _Bdks fn;k gS vius uke ls gLrk{kj djds mls ;g vf/kdkj nsrk gS fd og mlesa _{` 3,000} fy[k ysaA ijUrq _Bmlesa _{` 5,000}fy[krk gSA _Bls _{` 5,000}ds cnys _Cdks gLrkarfjr djrk gS tks mls fo'okl esa ys ysrk gSA ;gka ij _Cizys[k esa fy[kh lEiw.kZ jkf'k izkIr djus dk vf/kdkjh gS D;ksafd og ;Fkkfof/k /kkjd gS] ijUrq _B/kkjd gksus ds dkj.k jkf'k izkIr ugha dj ldrk D;kasfd mlus vius vf/kdkj ls vf/kd jkf'k fy[k nh gSA

(ii) >wBs fcy dh n'kk esa (In Case of Fictitious Bill)—;fn dksbZ fofue;

foi= fdlh dfYir O;fDr dh vksj ls fy[kk x;k gS vkSj mlds vkns'kkuqlkj O;fDr dks ns; gS vkSj ftl ij mUgha gkFkksa ls i`"Bkadu fd;k x;k gS ftlus vkns'kd ds gLrk{kj fd, gSa] rks LohdrkZ] fcy ds ;Fkkfof/k /kkjd ds izfr vius nkf;Ro ls ;g dgdj eqDr ugha gks ldrk fd fcy ij uke dfYir gSA ¼/kkjk ₄₂½

(iii) 'krZ lfgr izys[k dh n'kk esa (In Case of Conditional Instrument or 'escrow')—;fn dksbZ fcy ;k izfrKk i= ;Fkkfof/k /kkjd dks gLrkUrfjr fd;k x;k gS] rks fofue; foi= ;k izfrKk i= ls lEcfU/kr vU; i{kdkj bl vk/kkj ij vius nkf;Ro ls cp ugha ldrs fd izys[k dh lqiqnZxh l'krZ ;k fdlh fof'k"V mn~ns'; ds fy, FkhA ¼/kkjk,a ₄₂ ,oa ₄₇½

(iv) voS/k <ax ls ;k vkfof/kd izfrQy izkIr fd, x, izys[k (In Case of Instrument Obtained by Unlawful Means or for Unlawful Consideration)—izys[k ds izfr mÙkjnk;h O;fDr] ;Fkkfof/k /kkjd ds izfr

;g cpko dk rdZ ugha ns ldrk fd izys[k xqe gks x;k Fkk ;k mlds ikl ls fdlh vijk/k ;k diV }kjk ;k fof/k fo#) izfrQy ds cnys izkIr fd;k x;k FkkA ¼/kkjk ₅₈½

(v) izys[k dh ewy oS/krk ls bUdkj djus ij (In Case Original Validity of the Instrument is Denied)—izfrKk i= ds ys[kd vkSj fofue; foi= ;k psd ds ys[kd vFkok izys[k ds vknjkFkZ LohdrkZ (acceptor for honour)

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dks ;Fkkfof/k /kkjd }kjk nkok djus dh fLFkfr esa ;g dgus dh vuqefr ugha gksrh fd ;g izys[k vkjEHk ls fof/kekU; :i esa rS;kj ugha fd;k x;k Fkk vFkkZr~ ;s i{kdkj bu izys[kksa dh ewy fof/k ekU;rk ls bUdkj ugha dj ldrsA ¼/kkjk ₁₂₀½

(vi) vnkrk dh {kerk dks cspku ls bUdkj djus ij (In Case Payee's Capacity to Indorse is Denied)—izfrKk i= ds opunkrk vkSj vkns'kkuqlkj O;fDr dks ns; fofue; foi= Lohdkj djus okys dks bu izys[kksa ds lEcU/k esa ;Fkkfof/k /kkjd }kjk nkok djus ds le;] ;g dgus dh vuqefr ugha gksxh fd izfrKk i= ;k fofue; foi= dh frfFk ij] bu izys[kksa dks i`"Bkafdr djus dk vknkrk dks vf/kdkj ugha Fkk ¼/kkjk ₁₂₁½A la{ksi esa] ;Fkkfof/k /kkjd dks fofue; foi= ij Js"B LoRokf/kdkj feyrk gSA

(l) /kkjd ,oa ;Fkkfof/k /kkjd esa vUrj (Distinction between a holder and holder in due course)—

(i) izfrQy ds vk/kkj ij (On the Basis of Consideration)—/kkjd fcuk fdlh izfrQy ds Hkh izys[k dk dCtk/kkjh ;k vknkrk gks ldrk gS] tcfd

;Fkkfof/k /kkjd og O;fDr gksrk gS ftlus mldk ewY; pqdk dj ;kfu izfrQy ds cnys izys[k dks izkIr fd;k gSA

(ii) ;Fkkfof/k /kkjd] /kkjd dh rqyuk esa] og O;fDr gksrk gS] tks izys[k dh jkf'k Hkqxrku ds fy, ns; gksus ls iwoZ] izys[k ij dCtk izkIr djrk gSA

(iii) ln~fo'okl ds vk/kkj ij (On The Basis of Good Faith)—;Fkkfof/k /kkjd] /kkjd dh rqyuk esa] iw.kZ ln~fo'okl esa izys[k dk vknkrk _(Payee) cuuk pkfg, vFkkZr~ mlds ikl ;g fo'okl djus dk dksbZ dkj.k ugha Fkk fd gLrkUrjd ds LoRokf/kdkj esa dksbZ nks"k fo|eku gSA

(iv) gLrkarjd dh rqyuk esa vPNk LoÙo gksus ij (On the Basis of Better Title than Transferor)—,d /kkjd gLrkarjd dh rqyuk esa vPNk LoÙo izkIr ugha dj ldrk tcfd ;Fkkfof/k /kkjh gLrkarjd dh vis{kk vPNk LoÙo izkIr dj ldrk gSA

(m) ijkØe.k] i`"Bkadu] bR;kfn ¼/kkjk ₁₄ ,oa ₁₅½ [Negotiation, endorsement, etc (Sections 14 & 15)]—

(i) ijkØe.k ls rkRi;Z fdlh izys[k dk ewY; ds cnys fdlh O;fDr dks gLrkUrj.k djus ls gS tks bl izys[k dks Lo;a vius uke esa j[kus vkSj nkok djus dk vf/kdkjh gks tkrk gSA

(ii) /kkjk ₁₅ds vUrxZr] /kkjd }kjk i`"Bkadu fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k ys[kd ds vykok ml ij gLrk{kj fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ fofue; lk/; ds mís'; ls fHkUu {kerk esa fd;k tkrk gSA tc dksbZ O;fDr fdlh izys[k esa ihNs dh rjQ dqN mi;qDr 'kCn bl vk'k; ls fy[krk gS fd mldk vf/kdkj]

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LokfeRo rFkk fgr fdlh vU; O;fDr dks gLrkUrfjr gks tk, rks bls i`"Bkadu djuk dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] _X tks fofue; lk/; izys[k dk /kkjd gS] og ml izys[k ds ihNs dh vksj ;g fy[krk gS&_"Y dks ;k mlds vkns'k ij Hkqxrku djks** vkSj vius gLrk{kj djrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa _X}kjk _Y dks izys[k i`"Bkafdr fd;k gqvk ekuk tk,xkA ;fn _{X, Y} dks izys[k lqiqnZ dj nsrk gS] rks _X ml izys[k dk /kkjd ugha jgrk vkSj _Y mldk /kkjd cu tkrk gSA

(iii) /kkjd _(bearer) vFkkZr~ ,d ,sls izi= ds dCts okyk O;fDr gS tks /kkjd dks ns; gSA

(iv) leqns'ku (assignment) fd, tkus ds ;ksX; izys[k gLrkUrfjr fd;s tk ldrs gSa oxSj ijØke.k ds] ijUrq leqnsf'krh dks ogh vf/kdkj feyrs gSa tks leqns'kd ds gSaA

(n) ;Fkkfof/k Hkqxrku ¼/kkjk ₁₀½ [Payment in due course (Section 10)]—fofu;e lk/; izys[k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk ₁₀ ds v/khu] ^^;Fkkfof/k Hkqxrku** ,slk Hkqxrku gksrk gS tks fdlh ,sls O;fDr dks] ftlds dCts esa izys[k gS] ml izys[k ds Li"V vk'k; ds vuqlkj] ln~fo'okl ls rFkk fcuk ykijokgh ds ,slh fLFkfr;ksa esa fd;k tk, ftlesa ;g fo'okl djus dk dksbZ ;qfDrlaxr vk/kkj u jgs fd og O;fDr izys[k esa fufnZ"V jkf'k dk Hkqxrku izkIr djus dk vf/kdkjh ugha gSA bl mn~ns'; ls ,sls Hkqxrku dks fofue; lk/; izys[k dk fu"iknu gqvk ekuk tk,] bls fuEufyf[kr 'krks± dks iw.kZ djuk vko';d gS %

(i) izys[k ds Li"V vk'k; ds vuqlkj Hkqxrku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ^^Li"V vk'k;**

'kCnksa ls vk'k; gS fd izys[k ds eq[k Hkkx ij tks fy[kk gS] ogh i{kdkjksa dk bjknk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i ;g vfuok;Z gS fd ifjiDork ij ;k ifjiDork dh frfFk ds ckn Hkqxrku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ifjiDork dh frfFk ls iwoZ fd;s x;s Hkqxrku dks izys[k ds Li"V vk'k; ds vuqlkj Hkqxrku ugha ekuk tk,xk vkSj blfy, ;g ;Fkkfof/k Hkqxrku ugha gSA blds vfrfjDr] /kkjk ₁₀ ds iz;kstu ds fy, ,slk Hkqxrku dsoy eqæk _(money) esa gh fd;k tkuk pkfg, D;ksafd izys[k ls udn jkf'k esa Hkqxrku izdV fd;k x;k gSA fdlh nwljs rjhds ls Hkqxrku fd;k tk ldrk gS ijUrq dsoy izi= ds /kkjd dh lgefr lsA

(ii) ftl O;fDr dks Hkqxrku fd;k tkrk gS] izys[k mlds dCts esa gksuk pkfg,A vr,o ^/kkjd* dks ;k mldh vksj ls izkf/kÑr O;fDr dks Hkqxrku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A eku yhft,] izys[k fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k dks ;k mlds vkns'k ij ns; gS vkSj mlds }kjk i`"Bkafdr ugha fd;k x;k gS] rks ,slh fLFkfr esa izys[k ds dCtk/kkjh O;fDr dks fd;k x;k Hkqxrku] ;Fkkfof/k Hkqxrku ugha dgyk,xkA ijUrq ;fn izys[k /kkjd dks ns; gS ;k ml ij dksjk i`"Bkadu fd;k gqvk gS]

vkSj izys[k dk Hkqxrku lUnsg jfgr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,sls fdlh O;fDr dks fd;k tkrk gS] ftlds dCts esa izys[k gS] rks ;g ;Fkkfof/k Hkqxrku dgyk,xk] fofue;

foi= dk dksbZ Hkh i{kdkj] fdUrq dksbZ vtuch ugha] bldk Hkqxrku dj ldrk

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gS] vkSj Hkqxrku djus ij] mlds iwoZ ds lHkh i{kdkjksa ds fo#) og /kkjd ds vf/kdkj izkIr djus ij] mlds iwoZ ds lHkh i{kdkjksa ds fo#) og /kkjd ds vf/kdkj izkIr djrk gSA ijUrq dksbZ vtuch izlk{; (Supra protest) ds i'pkr~

fofue; foi= ;k izfrKk i= ds fdlh i{kdkj ds vknjkFkZ (for honour) Hkqxrku dj ldrk gSA

(iii) ;g fd Hkqxrku lR;fu"Bk ls] fcuk ykijokgh ds vkSj ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fd;k tkuk pkfg, og fo'okl djus ds fy, ;qfDr&;qDr vk/kkj iznku ugha djrk fd ftl O;fDr dks Hkqxrku fd;k x;k gS] og jkf'k izkIr djus dk vf/kdkjh ugha gSA ;fn lUnsgtud ifjfLFkfr;k¡ fo|eku gSa] rks Hkqxrku djus okys O;fDr dks rRdky vko';d iwNrkN djuh pkfg,A ;fn og vko';d iwNrkN ugha djrk] rks ,sls Hkqxrku dks ;Fkkfof/k Hkqxrku ugha dg ldrsA 2.5 izys[kksa dk oxhZdj.k (Classification of Instruments)

(a) /kkjd vkSj vkns'k izys[k (Bearer and order instruments)—fdlh izys[k dks ₍₁₎ okgd dks ns; ;k ₍₂₎ fdlh fof'k"V O;fDr dks ;k mlds vkns'k ij ns; cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ¼/kkjk ₁₃½

izys[k /kkjd dks rc ns; gksrk gS tc mls bl izdkj pqdk;s tkus dk Li"V mYys[k gksrk gS] ;k tc ml ij bl izdkj mYys[k fd;k tk, "R" dks ;k /kkjd dks Hkqxrku djksA ;g ml le; Hkh /kkjd dks ns; gksrk gS tc bl izys[k ij fd;k x;k ,dek= ;k vfUre i`"Bkadu] dksjk i`"Bkadu gSA _[/kkjk ₁₃ dk Li"Vhdj.k _(iii)]

izys[k vkns'k ij ns; rc gksrk gS_—¼₁½ tc ;g fdlh fufnZ"V O;fDr ds vkns'k ij ns; gks ;k ¼₂½ fdlh fufnZ"V O;fDr dks ;k mlds vkns'k ij ns; gksA ¼₃½ tc og fdlh fufnZ"V O;fDr dks ns; gksrk gS rFkk mldk gLrkUrj.k fuf"k) djus ;k jksdus lEcU/kh mlesa dksbZ 'kCn ugha gksrs ftlls ;g bjknk izdV gks fd izys[k gLrkUrfjr ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A tc dksbZ izys[k ;k rks ekSfyd :i ls ;k i`"Bkadu ds }kjk fdlh fufnZ"V O;fDr ds vkns'k ij ns; cuk;k x;k Fkk rFkk mls ;k mlds vkns'k ij ugha] rks mls fodYi ij ;g mls ;k mlds vkns'k ij ns; gSA _[/kkjk ₁₃ dk Li"Vhdj.k _(i),oa _(iii)]

tc fdlh izys[k dks /kkjd dks ns; ugha cuk;k x;k gks] rks ;qfDr ;qDr lqfuf'prk ds lkFk vknkrk dk uke izdV djuk pkfg,A

/kkjd izys[kksa dk egRo (Significance of bearer Instruments)—^/kkjd* izys[k dk vk'k; fdlh ,sls izys[k ls gS] pkgs og izfrKk i=] fofue; foi= ;k psd gks ftls bl izdkj ns; gksus ds fy, dgk x;k gS ;k ftl ij vfUre i`"Bkadu dksjk

(Blank) gS ¼fofue; lk/; izys[k vf/kfu;e] ₁₈₈₁dh /kkjk ₁₃ dh O;k[;k ₂½A /kkjk ₄₆ ds v/khu] tc fdlh izys[k dks /kkjd dks ns; cuk;k tkrk gS] rks bldh dsoy lqiqnZxh ls bls gLrkUrfjr fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkkZr~ ml ij fcuk fdlh vfrfjDr i`"Bkadu ds og gLrkUrj.kh; gSA izys[k dh bl fo'ks"krk dks ckn esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd /kkjk ₄₉ esa izko/kku fd;k x;k gS fd dksjs