7. Diskussion och slutsatser
7.6 Coda
Sammanfattningsvis måste slutsatserna/hypoteserna som genererats i avhandlingen genom de fyra explorativa delstudierna, undersökas vidare och valideras för att kunna bilda ett substantiellt bidrag till teoribildningen på området. Våldsforskning måste bättre inkorporera forskning från olika skolbildningar för att kunna förstå samspelet mellan motverkande och möjliggörande faktorer hos både aktör och struktur. Våldsforskning måste för att inte låsas i det som är lätt att empiriskt konstatera (Sayer, 1992) tänka i termer av latent kausalitet bakom våld där orsak och verkan kan vara separerade från varandra i tid och rum och endast möjligt att inträffa under speciella omständigheter. Kvalitativ och kvantitativ emotionsorienterad våldsforskning med integrerande ambitioner antas ha störst potential att ta forskningen om effektiva terapiformer mot våld ett steg vidare. Ett ojämlikt samhälle som både bidrar till produktionen och reproduktionen av våld försvårar dock för alla terapiformer att lyckas, vilket sätter fokus på terapiers framtida förmåga att också erkänna våldförövare som offer för de negativa förutsättningar som ojämlika strukturer producerar genom bl.a. våldsutsatthet i barndomen! För att öka förståelsen av latent kausalitet bakom våld måste samspelet mellan skadliga erfarenheter i barndomen och skyddande erfarenheter och strukturer under uppväxt och vuxenliv undersökas djupare. Den emotionsrelaterade forskningen riskerar annars att endast knyta skam och våld till socioekonomiskt marginaliserade grupper samtidigt som de mekanismer som gör att män inte blir våldsamma eller använder mindre våld förblir ett mysterium.
Det är vidare i den fortsatta forskningen viktigt att sträva efter att få in data från både förövare och offer för att på så sätt få information om hur parternas respektive barndomserfarenheter och socialisation samverkat med varandra då våld eller icke-våld blivit resultatet (se Lansky, 1987). Parternas skuld- respektive skambenägenhet har därvidlag stor betydelse för den dynamik som t.ex. framkallas av vad som en eller båda partnerna uppfattar som en
kränkning. Föräldrar av båda könen som i den egna barndomen utsatts för våld och övergrepp och som i interaktionen med andra återupplever smärtsam skam ligger, enligt den teoribildning som legat till grund för avhandlingen, i riskzonen för att använda aggressioner och våld även mot barn, då det inte finns något som utesluter att bypassprocesserna aktiveras även i denna relation. Kunskap som kan ha betydelse för den ökade förståelsen av generationsvis tradering av våld via utsatthet för våld från båda föräldrarna samt hur kausaliteten mellan utsatthet för våld och eget våld ska kunna brytas. Detta relationella synsätt på våld är dock inte bara relevant för studiet av interpersonellt våld utan även för relationen mellan terapeut och klient inom våldsterapier. Personer som varit utsatta för våld i barndomen som sökt sig till den våldsterapeutiska professionen skulle kunna hamna i situationer där klienternas berättelser får terapeuterna att återuppleva egna trauman. Betydelsen av att ha medvetandegjort egna barndomsupplevelser i utbildningen till terapeut måste i detta perspektiv betraktas som helt nödvändigt för att inte framkalla icke avsedda konsekvenser eller rentav negativa effekter av våldsbehandling. Olika terapiutbildningars inriktning mot kognitiva eller psykodynamiska metoder har sannolikt stor betydelse för om egna barndomsupplevelser aktualiseras eller inte.
Kvalitativa studier som fördjupar förståelsen av de mekanismer som aktiveras då våld äger rum/icke äger rum är vidare av stor vikt eftersom de kan synliggöra kausala samspel mellan faktorer som probabilistiskt förklarande studier saknar förmåga till. Kvalitativa studier kan dessutom synliggöra det komplexa samspelet mellan medvetna och omedvetna processer och därmed på sikt komma att avfärda ontologiska premisser som tenderat att konstruera våldsamma män som antingen medvetna och rationella eller som omedvetna och irrationella.
Slutligen utgör inte de metodologiska svårigheter som uppmärksammats i dessa fyra explorativa studier några giltiga argument för att inte, efter bästa förmåga, fortsätta forska och terapeutiskt arbeta för att minska det lidande som våld innebär!
Summary in English
An explorative investigation of the relationship
between
men’s
childhood
experiences,
masculinities, emotions and their violence and
therapeutic interventions against violence.
The overarching purpose of the study is to explore the potential for an integrated research perspective on male violence and to exemplify how such research could be conducted. The specific objective is to increase awareness about how childhood experiences, socialization, constructions of masculinity and emotions among violent men relate to their violence against other men, women and themselves, as well as how to analyze and further develop therapeutic interventions aimed at violence in light of such knowledge. Using theoretical scientific points of departure taken from critical realism and ecological methodology, this study compares research from various schools of thought: a) psychological: childhood experiences and socialization, b) social psychological: emotions and interactions and c) sociological: social class, gender power structures and hegemonic masculinity. This approach will provide access to knowledge about the interaction between various factors associated with male violence.
Studies I and II explore the potential to examine the social bonds between
therapist/therapy and clients within therapeutic treatment of violence. Study I operationalizes indicators of emotions such as pride and shame, while study
II tests these on therapists in a CBT-oriented therapy setting. Study III
examines men in different masculinity positions, where one group is selected from the population of men sentenced to therapy for violence and abuse, and the other from the population of men who are organized and actively working for gender equality and against violence toward women. The study compares the attitudes of the two groups toward factors that earlier research has related to violence and to violence against women. Study IV examines
the pathways taken by men convicted for violence up to the point of their current standing as violent criminals, in order to gain knowledge concerning the interactions between factors that in various situations lead to such violence against other men, women and themselves. All empirical studies use qualitative methods for data collection and analysis. Study IV uses individual interviews and biographical analysis, while studies II and III use group interviews as well as deductive content analysis. Prior sociological and social psychological theory formation serve as the empirical basis of the theoretical review article explored in study I.
The thesis shows both the advantages and disadvantages of an overarching perspective compared with perspectives primarily based on a psychological, relational or structural level. Studies that transcend levels are complicated by more complex methodology that must address interactions between factors at different levels. However, the results show that an integrative perspective can reduce the risk of ecological fallacies, while augmenting understanding of the complex interaction between factors underlying male violence, thereby promoting further understanding of violence therapies. The theoretical review article (study I) exemplifies how theoretically and methodologically driven research on social bonds can be translated into pragmatic application that can be used by therapists for treatment of male violence. The applied study of CBT (study II) exemplifies how operationalized indicators of pride and shame can be used in practice to determine the quality of the social bond between therapist and client. As expected, the CBT that was examined encompasses elements that generate both shame and pride, providing examples of the type of data that the method produces in its present form. The comparison between men from diametrically opposed masculinity positions (study III) shows that both the group that works against violence toward women and the men who were sentenced to treatment for committing violent acts harbor ambivalent attitudes toward violence and violence against women. The comparison also shows that the constructions of masculinity and attitudes of these groups toward violence correspond to differences in access to socioeconomic, social, political and cultural resources. The biographically focused qualitative study of men under treatment for violence (study IV) explores their pathways to criminal violence and the symbiotic interactions between
childhood experiences, socialization, masculinity and emotions among individual perpetrators of violence. The results show that men who relate they have been subjected to serious violence in childhood are more prone to feeling shame and when violated tend to unconsciously, and without preceding feelings of shame, react more directly with aggression toward both sexes. While other men are still prone to feeling shame, they describe their violent reaction as more controlled. Two men who were brutally bullied in childhood show greater control over violence, which is assumed to be associated with learning to control their emotions in order to avoid further bullying. The personal problems of parents, along with their inadequate social conduct and parenting skills, are assumed to be related to some of the problems experienced by this group of men in school, and those men’s socializing with deviant personalities and later difficulties supporting themselves through conventional means.
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