5. Stenbruk under tretusen år
5.4. Epilog
Boken handlar om stenbruk mellan 9200–6000 f.Kr. i östra Mellansverige.
Till området kom människor västerifrån på besök kort efter inlandsisen drog sig tillbaka. I bagaget hade de med sig både flinta och kambrisk flinta.
Vid besöken upptäckte de att de välkända materialen inte fanns tillgängliga, varefter man började använda sig av lokala råmaterial i mindre skala. Man tillverkade de föremål som behövdes med de teknologiska traditioner som fanns på den svenska västkusten. Redan omkring 8500 f.Kr. hade männis-korna på sina återkommande resor upptäckt att det även fanns lokalt till-gängliga material som fyllde deras behov under de allt längre vistelserna i den östra skärgården.
Under den tretusen år långa period som studerats här, reste männis-korna kontinuerligt mellan nuvarande västra och östra Sverige, kontakter upprätthölls även långt efter det att vattenvägarna hade stängts till. Avstån-den utgjorde inga hinder och det migrerande livet var det normala. VärlAvstån-den
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hade initialt under den studerade perioden inga begränsningar för männis-korna. Mot slutet av perioden blev den kanske till och med större, trots att man mer eller mindre levde permanent inom denna del av den skandina-viska halvön. Stenbruket förändrades över tid, men resandet bestod.
Denna studie har som alla andra sina ramar. Under forskningsprocessen har flera olika spår uppdagats som jag inte haft möjlighet att utveckla och undersöka vidare, frågor som helt enkelt kommit att hamna utanför detta arbete. En sådan är att studien tidsmässigt upphör vid 6000 f.Kr. Det hade varit intressant att följa upp stenbruket fram till neolitikums början. Till exempel förekommer inte kristianstadsflinta på de undersökta lokalerna inom studieområdet, däremot är materialet närvarande på senmesolitiska lokaler. Hade kontaktytorna och resvägarna förändrats mot sydöstra Skåne och Smålandskusten, till förmån för den äldre etablerade öst-västliga rutten?
Ett annat spår som jag endast antytt i boken handlar om grönstens-yxornas chaîne opératoire i östra Mellansverige. En intressant aspekt är att det verkar finnas en fysisk uppdelning av tillverkningsprocessen. Männis-korna förlade olika delar av yxtillverkningen till geografiskt åtskilda platser.
Men det är en annan historia som jag kan få anledning att återkomma till i framtiden.
Summary
Uses of stone – Lithic artefacts, raw materials and mobility in Eastern Middle Sweden during the Early- and Middle Mesolithic
This book explores the subject of stone use (sv. stenbruk), i.e. stone tools, raw material and lithic technology. The chronological framework is set to 9200–6200 cal BC and the geographical setting is eastern central Sweden, which consists of the counties of Stockholm, Södermanland, Uppsala, Väst-manland, Örebro and Östergötland.
On Mesolithic sites in Eastern Central Sweden, the lithic assemblages usually consist of more than 90 percentages of knapped quartz. The domi-nant raw material has been interpreted by various researchers as an indi-cation that the first people to arrive in the area most likely came from present Finland, where the material also was commonly used during the Mesolithic.
The overall purpose of the study is to investigate when people first came to Eastern Central Sweden and where they came from. More precisely, it provides a typological, geographical and chronological survey of artefacts and the use of different raw materials.
The study deals with assemblages of artefacts from more than thirty archaeologically excavated sites and loose finds in Eastern Central Sweden.
The objects have then been compared with established typologies and chronologies for the rest of the Nordic countries and to some extent Russia and the Baltic States. In order to get more sufficient knowledge of different raw materials and to gather rocks for comparison, different places where lithic materials could have been collected during the Mesolithic was visited, such as Cambrian flint at Kinnekulle or vulcanite in Bergslagen.
In the introductory chapter a short research history concerning the area of study is presented under the headings of greenstone axes, quartz and shore line displacement. In addition, a discussion about the dated sites which are included in the study is made. Most of them are 14C-dated, but a few have been dated according to shore line displacement curves.
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In Chapter 2, the pioneer and colonization concepts are examined more closely with a subsequent discussion of resident and mobility during Early and Middle Mesolithic. Researchers studying the period often tend to de-scribe how people left one place for another and imply that movement then stopped. This conclusion suggests that the normal condition for people are to be resident, however, this contradicts with the idea that the early Mesolithic society is characterized as mobile.
The artefacts that are present in the area of study are described and analyzed in Chapter 3 where the chronological frame work of the objects is discussed, and comparisons with other areas are made. The objects consist of chubby pecked axes, core axes, flake axes, shaft hole picks, microliths and micro burins, points, burins, rulers, unifacial blade cores, conical cores, micro blade cores, blades, drills, retouched blades and micro blades.
In the study, two chronologically separated groups have emerged among the artefacts, one is between c. 9200 and 8000 cal BC and the other between 7500 and 6200 cal BC. Thus, a period of 500 years occurs in between, which is not as distinct regarding artefact types. However, from the investigation, both chronological similarities and differences have emerged among the artefacts, which have made it possible to divide the studied period into three different phases of approximately 1 000 years each.
From the period 9200–8000 cal BC, there are artefacts in Eastern Central Sweden which show that groups of people visited the area just shortly after the Weichselian ice cap had withdrawn from the area. The characteristic finds for the period disappeared around 8000 cal BC. The excavated sites are few in number and small in size. The objects exhibit great similarities to those found on the Swedish west coast. Between 8000 and 7000 cal BC the number of sites increases in the area. However, the period begins with 500 years of considerably low numbers of formal artefacts present in the area, while around 7500 cal BC the numbers of lithic artefacts increase. During this period there are vast numbers of both small and large sites present in the area of study and the artefacts are still clearly connected with the types present on the Swedish west coast, even though the waterways between the east and the west at this point have been closed due to land up lift processes.
From the period 7000–6200 cal BC, the picture resembles the previous phase regarding sites and artefacts, which indicates that the network of contacts was still extensive.
Chapter 4 starts with a presentation of identified raw materials from early and middle Mesolithic sites in Eastern Central Sweden, a study which is both descriptive and analytical in character. The materials are also
SUMMARY
included in a chronological and geographical context. The raw materials included in the study are the non-local rocks of flint and Cambrian flint, as well as the local raw materials as quartz, greenstone, local vulcanite, mylo-nite and red porphyry.
The study has observed differences and similarities in the use of raw material over time and in space which appears to be somewhat different from the chronological situation than that was observed in the previous chapter.
From the earliest sites, c. 9200–8800 cal BC, the assemblages consist primarily of non-local flint and Cambrian flint and quartz, vulcanite and mylonite, albeit to a limited extent. The flint types have an obvious western and/or southwestern origin. Already around 8500 cal BC there is a radical change in the choice of raw materials in Eastern Central Sweden. From now on, quartz became the most widely used raw material. There is also an in-creased use of other local materials, such as vulcanite. At c. 7500 cal BC two new raw materials was introduced, namely greenstone and red porphyry. The former rock is from this point more or less frequent on Mesolithic sites in the area which can relate to the production of chubby pecked axes.
Chapter 5 is an evaluation of the analyses presented in chapters 3 and 4, with a subsequent discussion that corresponds to the purposes of the disser-tation, i.e. when people first came to the area of study and where they came from. In addition, a discussion regarding mobility and migration in Eastern Central Sweden during early post glacial time is carried out.
The previously proposed interpretation that the first people that arrived in present Eastern Central Sweden would have come from Finland have not been confirmed. On the contrary, the study has shown that people first came for short visits from the Swedish west coast shortly after the with-drawal of Weichselian ice. They brought both flint and Cambrian flint in their luggage. During their visits they soon discovered that flint was not present in the eastern archipelago, and soon they began to use locally availably raw materials on a small scale. They produced the objects they needed with the technological traditions that are documented in the archaeological assemblages found on the Swedish west coast. Already around 8500 cal BC quartz had become the most commonly used raw material, which suggests that people had realised that locally available materials could fill their need for sharp edges during their stays in the eastern archipelago, a place that could be seen as an extended resource area for the west coast groups. The objects and raw materials tell us about mobility and migration, not regionalism. Travels and journeys was one of the pillars of the Mesolitic society, while places and sites were temporary.
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Travelling large distances over land or water was not a problem, it was everyday life.
The early Mesolithic people who lived along the Swedish West Coast and southern Norway identified themselves with the islands and the sea. As they travelled eastwards during the late Yoldia and early Anculus periods, they could easily navigate through the seascape, for it was a part of them, just as the land-/seascape they had left behind them. They did not experience the eastern archipelago as something different. It was already rooted in their consciousness. In other words, one could say that those who came to the eastern seascape were already here.
In this study a clear difference among artefacts and the uses of different raw materials between 8000 and 7000 cal BC have been highlighted. For this reason, it is proposed that the shift between Early and Middle Mesolithic can be set at 7500 cal BC, in difference to the earlier division (6700/6500 cal BC), at least in the case for Eastern Central Sweden.
During the three thousand year long period, travelling between the Wes-tern and EasWes-tern Sweden continued, contacts were maintained even after the waterways were closed, due to land uplift processes. Distances were not an obstacle, and migrating life was the ordinary way to live. The use of stone changed over time, but travel was consistent.
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