Att gå vidare: försök med psykoaktiva substanser och klardrömmande

Formans PCE-begrepp, som formulerades för mer än trettio år sedan, är fortfarande högaktuellt inom modern medvetandefilosofi och neuroforskning. Det finns en rad olika vägar att gå vidare med detta undersökningsobjekt, men vi får nöja oss med följande tre uppslag:

1) Exakt vilket fenomenologiskt innehåll har PCE/MPE/DIED-erfarenheter?

Kunskapen om detta framstår som skissartad i den undersökta litteraturen. I John Hopkins-universitetets psilocybin-studier mäter man exempelvis mystika erfarenheter efter M-skalan, utan att specifikt fokusera på PCE/MPE/DIED-upplevelser (Griffith et al. 2006). Filosofen Metzinger hänvisar i sin argumentation till ett knappt dussin ”fall-studier” som han hämtat ur tidigare litteratur (Metzinger 2020), medan Millière gör sitt bästa att tolka diffust formulerade beskrivningar om drogupplevelser från webbplatsen erowid (Millière 2020).

PCE/MPE/DIED-erfarenheter hos försöksdeltagare via exempelvis psykoaktiva substanser, och därefter noggrant kartlägger det fenomenologiska innehållet. Motsvarar verkligen en DIED-upplevelse en erfarenhet av rent medvetande i Formans bemärkelse, eller är det fråga om ett annat fenomen?

2) Kan PCE-liknande tillstånd utforskas systematiskt via klardrömmande?

Stephen LaBerge och andra drömforskare har visat att det går att träna upp förmågan att klardrömma, vilket har öppnat möjligheten att undersöka drömmandets fenomenologi. Bland annat har man experimentellt kunnat påvisa att en fysisk aktivitet, som till exempel att knyta skorna, tycks ta lika lång tid att utföra i en dröm som i verkligheten. Drömtid och vakentid tycks alltså gå lika fort (Baird et al. 2019, s. 305–306). Skulle det på liknande sätt gå att öva upp klardrömmare att utforska det PCE-liknande tillståndet ”vita drömmar”? Kanske skulle man här kunna hämta inspiration och övningar från drömyogan.22

3) Går det att kartlägga PCE-tillståndets neurala korrelat?

Om det går att praktiskt inducera PCE-liknande tillstånd, borde också dess neurala korrelat kunna kartläggas via MEG-, EEG- och fMRI-teknik. Detta skulle vara intressant ur flera olika aspekter, inte minst för att det eventuellt skulle kunna ge oss ytterligare kunskap om hur vårt självmedvetande fungerar.23

22 Se till exempel Parkers artikel: Training attention for conscious non-REM sleep: The yogic practice of yoga-nidrā and its implications for neuroscience research (Parker 2019)

23 Inom kognitiv neurovetenskap används främst tre tekniker som kompletterar varandra: MEG, magnetencefalografi: Mäter de svaga magnetfält som hjärnans elektriska aktivitet ger upphov till. EEG, elektroencefalografi: Mäter de elektriska strömmarna i hjärnan. fMRI, funktionell magnetresonanstomografi: Ger en tredimensionell avbildning av lokala förändringar i hjärnans blodflöde. (http://www.psykologiguiden.se, hämtad 24/5 2021).

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