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(1)Några skrivtips Lena Abrahamsson. Universitetstryckeriet.

(2)

(3) Några skrivtips. Lena Abrahamsson. Luleå tekniska universitet Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle Avdelningen för Arbetsvetenskap.

(4) Tryck: Universitetstryckeriet, Luleå ISBN 978-91-7439-502-0 Luleå 2012 www.ltu.se.

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(70)    .

(71) *"#"&$!#3 "## . − #'  #,$%0&-'.2'*",, ,+)*3$ E(!+2,,,,)*,F%"*,%2,,*,,+$*"..-&'*> ,5$*&5#%" !,',,.*)*"+"+$*".',>,-'*? %2,,*(,2.'%2+*!,'(!5*+,3%+'(&%2+*'$' B!5*B"'*5+,> − %%$#'44# %3 '(&."++(*+$'"' +2%,<2&'' %%*(*+$* *-))*)++*,+" "',,,+$*".B# B>' $(&)*(&"++$'.*,,3,&"'+,('+$*".# (*&"&,(? +$*".'"' '>, 5*,,1%" *35*" +#2%.(!5* %2+*'.&+(& #(*,.(!."%$.%+(&- #(*,(!.*? 5*>'$'-"*+,'.,0,'!3%%%",&*B"+,'+B> '2.'""'%'"' '2*-"+$-,**"'.%.(*+$? '"' +)*(%&<B+,-"(#$,B(!+1,'2*,(,+'1 * (!2*%" *,,+$*".# E3,&"'+,(')3'3 *+,2%%'F>,, 2%%*2.'",.+%-,'"+$-++"('+.+'",,,(!)3%% '*+,2%%'2*-&3+,5*!3%%" ,"%%'3 (,>%%,5* &3' B# B$'($$2''+5*)*+('%" ,<+3'3 *$'+$ !5.**'++(*,"+%-,*" *"' '> − #'#%(%0$*"..-&'*<+$*".,-,2'$*<-%%? 5%#,'$ 3' *'> 2&'%*" ,"%%%2+*',, "++.- 5*5*'%1+<**5*+%-,+,+<.*5*-.2%#*#-+,,&? )"*"+$0&)%,%%*.*5*-",**'3 (''''(*+$? '"' >5*+5$($+3%3,%",,+2 %*+$*"'(!+&& &'"' %%*B&%%'**'B>,2*-+(&+$ 5*'? %1+*'<"',%2+*'>'."$%5+,!2' '+,1$'%%*",,> -&3+,+$*".-,!-*,0,.+'",,'!2' *"!()>*# +,1$+$!,,-+$)<,,"''!3%%>'."$-'$%',1? '"' *<+.2.'-,,%''< '*%"+*"' *(!+.)' (*&-%*"' *> . HN.

(72)   . 3 *+$*".,")+D '*!&++('. . − #'#"%2,2*' *-'* %5*%%,+$*".'>"' ,0,%"*"',&*B.,'+$)%" B*5*,,-'.2'* &3' +.3*(*(!$*3' %" &'"' *>'.2'"',(*%? %* *))+(&-"',5*+,3*,"%%*2$%" ,>"++)*"+? *))!5.*-+2$*,!E(!++5*-5*$%*<"? '"*F<&'"!-.-+$$%**-" %3' ,&.'%" ,+)*3$? *-$E2.'(&, ".,."++$.*+$%" ,F>5*+5$($%3, %",,'.2'.* %" (*)3'',+2,,',.* %"  E'%%&2''5*+,3%+'.(*,F>&-.2%#*,, 5* ,,&3+,-,1%" 5*"''.2''"' .(*'> − '.2'"',5*$(*,'"' *+(&E)3+&&+"",,"? " ****.*$,F(!E'5*,*,F"''"%5),0, %%*"**'+)*',+*E.+> *.*+1+,&,F> "(! '.2'+'2***'+*'"''+"(,'5,,*E.+>0(*? +1+,&,F>&'.2'+"%5),0,*"+$**%2+*'%2,,,, ,))(*,+" ".&+(&+2 *.> −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(74) *"#"&$!#3 "## . − 5*+5$,,B+%* B"+3!5 -,+,*2$'"' +(&&5#%" ,< '.2'%%,+3"','*!'+**'+*> − !#/%!!"#$!# %/ 2+*'5* '(&!%-))+,+'%%*.!'%"' '$-''$2'',, ,(*"<&,((!&)"*"(*&*'!%!,>(*+$'"' +*3 < &,((!*+-%,,C+.*"%* &'+&,'* -&',,"('< ','$ 3' %%*$#+(&"',5*B*1,+B>,*2$* "',,,-!*B$#'B%%**5,*3'"",,!-.-<%2+*' &3+,$-''5%#'""',0,> '%'"' +."+"+$*".)*(+? +'$'-!5..*5.*,1%" &''!%!,>$*".-, "$%*,0,!-*-,2'$*,,+$*(!,"' !2' *"!()5*,, +')3+%-,,&*%3,,0,'2*+" +#2%.<.+>$%"))(*, 5.*,1%" !,*(!-))*)'"' *(!$'+$('5" B& ,,&'*# B> − #& %%!  6$#'$% 7 '#4 &%'4/41 &%'4#4&%'4/-!5.*%%,+3"', 3.2 ' *3'* -&',,"%%+%-,+,+>-$'%"$ 2*' 3'*.2 '< .+>5*#"+%-,+,+'(!-,.$%* -&',,"('+$#'5* ,,."+!-*-$(&&",*&,"%%"'+%-,+,+> > %$ D5*#*&&)"*"+$(+*.,"('*(! 3* ."*+-%,,C'%1+,"%%&5'+,*C* %*(!,(*" > %$ D5*#*&* %*C&5'+,*C,(*"*(! 3* ."&)"*","%%*+-%,, > %$ D5*#*&*+-%,,(! 3*."* ? %*C&5'+,*C,(*","%%&)"*"(!,"%%$,"%%*+-%,, . . HP.

(75)   . 3 *+$*".,")+D '*!&++('. . $&% . ."%$'(*'"' +(&.+'",,(!$)",%+$*".+.*"**&5*? ,,*(!"''!3%%>,2*',-*%" ,."+."$," *$$-+$*".* E(!,,-5*#*+$*".,"" ,F2',,- 5*,"'."++(*? '"' >',$'$2''+*,,"'%'"' +."+!')%'5* +$*".',D2.'(&')%''2'*+-'*+$*".)*(++'+ 3' >'+3'*,+)%'5*+$*".',.' $))C.!'%"' $'.*= H>.

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

(77)    .

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

(79)   . 3 *+$*".,")+D '*!&++('. . 3' .2%#*,,+$*".B&,(B,*,,&'%2+,'($,(*'? $-*+".,'+$)+,(*"%%*'3 ('(*+$'"' +&,(>,2*(, '*5*#'<&'&,(.+'",,,+$"',$2''++(&' +&&',,'"' .'3 ('&,($-*+%%*&,(($>,2*"' +,-"C",,)*(#$,<"'(*+$'"' (!-+(&+$.*"($-+> 2*+$,,1%" ,*& 3!-*-!*$(&&",*&,"%%"'*? +-%,,(!+%-,+,+*>,2*."$," ,5*,,'*(*+$*+$ $-''-,.2**(!5&.-$(&&",*&,"%%> &-+$*".*'*,"$%&3+,-++-,(&$(%%-)).+(& 2%%*"(*&,>*#,"+$*",!*+"',*","('*<'(*&*(! (*&*>  3 *,")+5*&,(+$*".'"' '= − -5*!%,"' 3*3',$('$*,,"%%, '*%%>? +$*".%%,+35*+,",,&,*"%E"',<+,-"(#$,F(! .-!* #(*,<!-*<'2*<.*(!.*5*E&,(.%<&,*"%? .%< *2'+'"' *F(!"+$-,*)"$".',-%%,,, &!#2%).,(*"*> − 5*# 2*'&'$('$*,+$*".'"' .!%!,'<-))%2 ? ,)3.-!* #(*,E)*(#$,,<(*+$'"' 'F"+,(*,EB*",? '"' '5*!-+,BF<&,((%( "+$-, 3' +)-'$,*<(!*? -&',*5*,>)"$"$'- 3"')3+)""$&,(? *<5*&,*"%-*.%<,"'+&%"' <,(*"<*,'"' <%? '%1+*EB1 %&','BF(!* -&',*5*&>, 3*,,!'."++$*('(%( "+$(*'"' <2.'(&,"',2* '5.2'" ,>,2*2.'."$," ,,,-+$*".*!-*-!* #(*,'%1+'<+,,"!(),"%%'+&%"%EB!-*-!*1 , !-+,BF<'%1+&(%%>,$'0&)%."+!'%(&,,, !#2%). *-'%2 ',(*"*<&'%"$ 2*'.'*(*+? . II.

(80)    .

(81) *"#"&$!#3 "## . $*+&)"*"+$+,-"*E*&5*%%,'2*-$(&&*"')3 &)"*"+$,%#*F> − !(.,.,%#*"' + *.*"**(!&3+,%'+*+ &(,$*.,)3!%!,+"%<&',2*(,*,,+$*". $($.-!* #(*,<!-*<'2*<.*(!.*5*> − .'&,*"%,E(!$(',0,'F+$+$*".+'( > ', *-*.%+)*(++'> $.%",,".(*+$'"' 2*,0,*."$? ," ,,*+(&,2*)3,+2,,,'*(*+$*$'5& "'(*+$'"' > − %'!%+,"',"!()&,((!*+-%,,>%%*&,((! &,*"%> − '.!'%"' 2*,."$," ,&+#2%.*%$,"('(!-'? *"' $*"' &,(*(!-))%2 <,>0>*%$,"('$*"' .",, %%2*,,%%.<.-.*-,,*<.-!*3,,, )3< $())%"' *,"%%(*+$'"' +*3 '<)3."%$,+2,,",,-))%2  (!"'&,(*!#2%)*" ,,+.*)3"'*3 (*> − &-!*%, ","'(*+$* *-))2*,."$," ,E*&5* %%,".!'%"' 'F,,-,1%" ,' *.#-+,-!* #(*, E(!.'*!* #(*,D(!!-*-'.2'*,F> − ,$'2.'.*)3+"')%,+,,"+$-,*(*+$*'++-? #$,".",,<.2**"' *<"' '5*5*+,3%+>"%$',1? %+!*,,,,.*#-+,-+(& #(*,- #(*D '2*, 2%%*-*.%<*3 (*<,(%$'"' *&&A'!2* 2%%* 2.'* %',,% (&2*2+,> 2+*'!5.*"',5%#!% ",,*,&,,*-,%%&2'')*+('%" B)*(%&B E$%++*+<.2*%+"%F> − &-!**,,&%, '&,(*<"',*$,".&? ,(*<"+'+2,,'&,(*<5*2'*"' ++1,'&,(*< . IJ.

(82)   . 3 *+$*".,")+D '*!&++('. . $,"('+(*+$'"' <,"%%2&)(*+$'"' %%*%"$''2*, 0,*."$," ,&3'+$*".'"' (!')*(%&,"+? *'"+$-++"('$*"' "'*(%%*"+3.2%)*(#$,,E,>0>$,"? .",,*,"%%+&&'+&'*$,5**<(* '"+,"('*F+(& (*+$'"' +)*(++'> − ,,&,($)",%E%"$+(&!%.!'%"' '<$))'%%**? ,"$%'F2*',*!'+$('+,*-$,"('>-+$%%,+3"',+$*". B-)),2$',+.2 B<&'*&5*%%,"'.!'%"' $', "''+)%,+5*'"+$-++"('$*"' "' '&( '+)*(? ++<%2*()*(++<.2 1,'<+.2' '"' *")*+)$,".> −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

(83)    .

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

(86)    .

(87) *"#"&$!#3 "## . +'",,,E"%'$'($2.',-' *(!"%'5*+%3*,"%% (!&,"+$*",',F>  3 *,")+5**+-%,,+$*".'"' '= − 5*#&,,.2%#-,*+-%,,'>+,2&."%$."'*+-%? ,,E1'<B"'"' +BF+(&+$)*+',*+ '(&,,+."%$ +(&2**%.',,"%%*3 (*+(&-)*+',**""',*(? -$,"('+.+'",,,>%%,-+,,""'+,-"!5.*"',.* &>,, 2%%*2.''2*-+$*".*'$))C.!'%"' > − * '"+*+'*+-%,,.+'",,,>+-%,,'+$)*+',? *+"'+1+,&,"+$(*'"' +3,,*2,,*'B+,(*1B>5*? +5$5%#+&&(*'"' <+&&*5,*3<+(&"5.*" *,"? $%'E%%*-))+,+'C.!'%"' 'F>, 3*3'"'+$"++>

(88) '+$!5.*- 5*,,&*,%#*,+,(%)-,$+,5*+, +(&-'.2'*+(& -"5*+$*".',>'.2','$? $*,<,*2" *&<'-&**"' *%%*'*%"$''!#2%)? &%>,*-$,-*'$'',"' '1 )3$*('(%( "+$(*? '"' <,*&,(<,*,1%+E,+(&2*."$," +,5*+,F %%*,*(%"$,&'E *-))*,,*(*+$'"' +*3 (*F>. '(&.*#.+'",,5*($,."$," +,+,35*+,> − '.2'3,"'2*-+$*".*(&"'*+-%,, − ,+$"''+'$())%"' &%%'&,((!*+-%,,>,5* *& 3!-*-!*3,,*&.*#*+-%,,<.+>."+)3'."++ &.,'!,(&,,1# "*"*"#&"1(!,, ,)3.*$*!-*&'$',(%$*+-%,,,> − (*&'5**+-%,,)*+',,"(''*(*)3,1).*+-%,, E(!(*+$'"' +&,(F>&-*(."+**+-%,,*3'"',*? .#-*2*,0&)%."+."$," ,,,,,1%" ,*& 3*.& . IN.

(89)   . 3 *+$*".,")+D '*!&++('. . +(&+2 *.E-%%*&-!*"',*.#-,F>&-.2%#* ,,)*+',**+-%,,&" -**<,%%*(!" *&5* ++$(&&',*+",0,'E&'"',-))*)+!%,F>* '( &,,B,B-)*+',**+,2&&*>

(90) (&)%,,* &+3'*+-%,,E,>0>(+*.,"('*F+(&"', 3*,, ."+"" *&(1%>3)$."$," +,)(2' *'E,>0> ,1%" *+-%,,<+$"%%'*<5*2'*"' *F5*%2+*'>-)) (.2',+$*(!$'+$&(,+,*"" *+-%,,> − +$*".*+-%,,'+3,, 3*,,5*+,35*%2+*+(&"', 2*"'+,,",%#*'""'(*+$'"' (!C%%*(*+$'"' +(&? *3>,,2*0,*."$," ,(&-+$*".*'*,"$%,*+(& -,*1&&,5*+$*".'"' .&,((!&,*"%2* *2'? +,2*>'.2',>0>)*(',%%*'**%,".&3,,"+,2%%, 5*',%>*$('+$.',(!'.2'+&&,1). +$%C(*'"' +5%#E,>0>*?3%" ,F '(&!%*+-%,,.? +'",,,> − $*".$(*,<&)*"+"('(!,1%" !,> . </ *% '.'%"  *-'%2 '"' *"'+5*,,'%1+.+'",,2*,, !2*+$$ " !"&)&# !(!"+$-,*+5*,,+.* )3"'(*+$'"' +*3 E*3'"',*(-$,"(''F>,2*!2*+(&- '.2'*"''%1+*+$)+(&-+$*.",(*"$)",%,>  '$))C.!'%"' $''%1+'*(."++",, ,$)",% E,>0>-))%,)3'%1+*.*+-%,,'*3'*+)$,". %%C%+,-"(!C%%*#2&5*'<+-&&*''%1++(*,? *,,*"',&'F<&'$'2.'"' 3"*+-%,,$)",%,%%*" . IO.

(91)    .

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

(93) ))'$' 2*'%1, "+$-++"('',"%%'!5 *'".32'".*#*,"$%>'1 *#- )3'5*#-)'%1+(!$'$'+$$(&&*&,"%%'3 (, &*> '5%#*'3 **35*+$*".',."+$-++"(''= − '% 2*'&",,!-.--+$)>'.2'2.'+&& '1$%(*<-,,*1$(!(*&+(&-'.2'*"*3 +,2%%? '"' *'""',*(-$,"('+.+'",,,> − 1 -))'B+,(*1B>))%2 ,C+,*-$,-*'(!'%( "+$ 5%#')3"+$-++"('+.+'",,,2*."$," ,>5*+5$5%#+&& %5<%( "$<(*'"' <.+>+&&*5,*3<+(&"5.*" *,"? $%'E%%*-))+,+'C.!'%"' 'F>, 3*3'"'+$"++> . IP.

(94)   . 3 *+$*".,")+D '*!&++('. .

(95) '+$!5.*- 5*,,&*,%#*,+,(%)-,$+,5*+, +(&-'.2'*+(& -"5*+$*".',>'.2','$? $*,<,*2" *&<'-&**"' *%%*'*%"$''!#2%)? &%>-+$"',!%%*,&%%,<-,'*,."$," +,> −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− !%+,"',-))'3 (''1,(*"""+$-++"('C+%-,+,+*>, *-$*.*'$%+,,,+$*"."''%1+*+$)",(*"? $)",%,5*+,<"'''-'.2'*&"'%1+(!"+$-++"('> − 5*+.*"'+.*>5*$%*.*5*'*+.*"',2*%"$*> 5*,,.*5.*,1 '2*,2.'."$," ,,,,-))%* +"(*",,'<(%"$* -&',<$'+$&(,+,*"" 5*$%? *"' *."'*+-%,,>,2*,,,$')3' ("+$-++"('>. . JG.

(96)    .

(97) *"#"&$!#3 "## . − *'( &$())%"' &%%'&,((!*+-%,,C'%1+> -))+. !,*(! *2'+'"' *""',(%$'"' *<&'-'? ."$'-*+2$,',('>

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−  "$#$=-$'+$%1,**&,,((*+$,2%,<,, $*2.*'1$(&"',"('.,(*"*C)*+)$,".<-."*-,? .$%*,(*"$*"' B",,(&*3B<&'$'+$*&5*%%,-,? .$%*'1,(*""'(&B",,+)"%(&*3BA − $ )##$=-!*$'+$'.2','&,(",,'1,, +&&'!' <)3,,'1,,+2,,A − !"#$=-$'+$+$*".*&)"*"+(&"',,"" *+,-? *,+< 5*'."$," 0)%(*,".+,-"$*"' B",,+,-"(? #$,BA . JH.

(99)   . 3 *+$*".,")+D '*!&++('. . −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

(100)    .

References

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