RF-ID at ITE RF-ID at ITE
Bengt Oelmann
Mitthögskolan, ITE
Outline Outline
RF-ID technology overview
RF-ID project at ITE
RF-ID Motivation RF-ID Motivation
Increasing degree of automation in the production process requires increasing demand on automatic identification
Automatic ID systems
Barcode RF-ID technology
(cont) RF-ID Motivation (cont) RF-ID Motivation
RF-ID technology - a key technology
– It works without direct contact to the object
– There is no need for a direct line of sight – Data can be stored on the object
– A simultaneous identification of various
objects in a reading field is possible
Electronic Identification Methods Electronic Identification Methods
Automatic ID Systems grouped by physical medium
– Magnetic stripes – Barcode
– RF-ID
RF-ID divided into groups by
– The frequency band they are using
– The power supply technique they are using
RF-ID is the only technology that can
exchange data in two directions
Basic RF-ID function Basic RF-ID function
RF Control Signal processing Reader/writer unit R/W antenna
Transponder antenna Transponder chip
RF-ID System
– Transponder: repeats the received signal with encoded information (e.g ID of transponder)
– Reader/writer unit: Sends a activation signal and analyses the
response
Transponder types Transponder types
Transponder
ferrite rod air coil
encapsulated in glass flexible material
Smart labels Smart labels
Smart labels
– new development (started 3-4 years ago) – air coil type
– laminated into flexible materials (like paper or foils)
– inexpensive transponder type
– Available from a few producers
Application Specific Capabilities Application Specific Capabilities
Important criteria for transponder design
– Frequency band – Energy supply
– Transmission protocol – Read/write capability – data capacity
– anti-collision capability (multiple access)
Frequency Frequency
Governmental regulations limits
– frequency bands that can be used – emission power
Available frequency bands
– 100 - 135 kHz – 3 - 30 MHz
– 2.45 GHz
– 5.8 GHz
(cont) Frequency (cont) Frequency
Selecting frequency band
– reflection on surfaces – absorption in materials – energy demands
– size of electronic parts and antenna
– speed of data transmission
Energy supply Energy supply
Transponder
Active Passive
Has its own power supply (battery)
Sends data over several meters Limited life-time
Without power supply Energy through induction
Transmission length about 1 m
live forever
Technical features - overview Technical features - overview
Main frequency band
Energy supply
Data
exchange
Estimated costs (transponder)
Field of application
100 – 135 kHz Passive R/O , R/W 1 – 5 Euro car enabling
system, Animal ID, logistics in closed systems
13.56 MHz Passive R/O , R/W 0.5 – 2.5 Euro card systems, smart labels, logistics in open systems
2.45 GHz Passive, Active
R/O , R/W > 5 Euro container- and
vehicle-ID, logistics in open/closed
systems
Source: Recent development and Future Requirements, ICECS’99
Technical requirements on Technical requirements on
passive RF-ID for different passive RF-ID for different
applications
applications Application frequency Reading range
Data capacity
R/O R/W
Anti
collision
Animal ID kHz 1 m 64 bit R/O NO
Vehicle enabling kHz < 0.1 m 64 bit R/O or R/W NO
Vehicle ID GHz 1 – 5 m ? R/W NO
Material flow kHz 0.1 – 1 m 64 bit R/O YES/NO
Personell ID kHz 1 m 64 bit R/O YES/NO
Airline luggage MHz 1 m 256/384 R/W YES
Parcel service MHz 1 m 256/384 R/W YES
Ticketing MHz 1 m 256/384 R/W YES
Textile tracking MHz 1 m 256/384 R/W YES
Source: Recent development and Future Requirements, ICECS’99
Factors for frequency choice Factors for frequency choice
Low frequency kHz
High frequency MHz
Ultra high frequency GHz
In cr ea se o f im pa ct
Dimension of antenna Energy demand
Penetration through water
Data transmission speed
Surface reflection
Development steps of RF-ID Development steps of RF-ID
1990 1995 2000
S iz e
Wild animals, Military
applications
Time A p p li ca ti on Agriculture,
Animals Pets
Industrial applications in closed systems
Industrial applications in open systems
Radio devices Neck collar transponders
Injectable glass transponders
Plastic transponders Glass transponders
Smart labels re-use transponder
logistics vehicle ID Person ID
single-use transponder logistics
tickets parcels luggage
RF-ID project at ITE RF-ID project at ITE
RF-ID Project
RF-ID technology RF-ID applications
RF-ID Applications RF-ID Applications
RF-ID applications
Overview Demonstrator
Goal: get an overview of the area Deliverable: Report
Resources: -
Goal: demonstrate applications of RF-ID using commercially available HW and Windows application
programs developed at ITE
Deliverable: Working demonstrator Resources: Bengt Oelmann,
Richard Johansson
RF-ID Technology RF-ID Technology
RF-ID technology
Radio system Low power electronics Material technology
Radio system Radio system
Radio system
Deals with problems related to:
•system model
•selection of frequency bands
•antennas
•power requirement
•multiple access
•error control
•specification of radio electronics
Goal: determine system model for the design and specify the key design parameters
Deliverable: Reports (MSc. Thesis) Resources: Youshi Xu,
Bengt Oelmann, Johan Sidén, Peter Jonsson
Low Power Electronics Low Power Electronics
Low Power Electronics
Deals with problems related to:
•Digital electronics
•Analog (RF) electronics
•Antenna interfaces
•Power supply
Goal: Find circuit solutions for transponder design.
Deliverable:Lab. Report on low- power digital design technique for digital logic.
Resources:
Bengt Oelmann, Håkan Norell
Material technology Material technology
Material technology
Deals with problems related to:
•IC technology
•Assembly: antenna-to-IC, transponder-to-paper
