”Vi kallar dem för gatubarn”
En kritisk diskursanalys av medierapporteringen om ungdomarna i Nordstan.
Författare: Nanna Nilsson, Johanna Sundquist och Hanna Dahlström Handledare: Gabriella Sandstig
Kursansvarig: Mathias. A.Färdigh Kandidatuppsats i journalistik
2017-05-10
Institutionen för journalistik, medier och kommunikation www.jmg.gu.se
Abstract
Title: “The kids of the street”- a discourse analysis about the reporting of the young people in Nordstan.
Author: Nanna Nilsson, Hanna Dahlström och Johanna Sundquist
Subject: Undergraduate research paper in Journalism studies, Dept. Of Journalism, media and communication (JMG) Gothenburg University
Term: Autumn 2017 (2017-05-09)
Supervisor: Gabriella Sandstig, JMG Gothenburg
Keywords: Orientalism, Nordstan, immigrant youth in media, immigrants in media and critical discourse analysis.
The major objective of this study is to investigate the discourses and the construction of an
“in”- and “outgroup” in the reporting of the young people in Nordstan in Swedish newspapers, and to study how media has depicted the young people. This has been done through a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) method, based on Berglez analysis schedule, together with our theoretical points of the construction of the “other”, framing, post-
colonialism, orientalism and Frida Sandströms results of subject and object. To fulfil this aim, four questions were constructed:
1. What are the articles about?
2. What role are the youth given in the reporting?
3. How is an in- and outgroup constructed in the reporting?
4. What discourses dominate the news reporting?
We’ve sorted all articles covering Nordstan where young people were in focus during the period of 1
stof June 2015 until the 15
thof Mars 2017. The empirical part of this study was conducted in May 2017. After sorting out irrelevant articles for our phase, 112 articles remained.
We answered the first question using Berglez analysis schedule, element one and two, based on the 112 articles. We conclude that these articles contain five themes: “crimes”, “the youth situation”, “insecurity in Nordstan”, “politics” and “police work”. Question two, three and four were answered using the same method, based on twelve articles that were chosen through a strategic selection. These articles were published during the period January 2016 to January 2017.
On the basis of the results of this research, we identified a number of trends in how the news depicted the youth - “quiet youngsters”, “detailed descriptions of the strangers”, “the
problem”, “the group”, “ignoring the past” and “the authority”. We also identified that the youth are not the subject of the reporting and that an in- and outgroup were constructed in several ways in the reporting. Partly in how the text is built up, but also in how the articles talked about the youth as strangers, who are not like us.
We essentially highlight three discourses. First, an authority discourse that revolves around the youth in Nordstan as an issue for the authorities to handle. Second - a discourse were the youth is seen as a problem that has consequences for both the police och the public. And third, a discourse in which the youth are talked about as strangers.
I NNEHÅLLSFÖRTECKNING
1. Inledning 4
2. Syfte och frågeställningar 5
2.1 Avgränsningar 5
2.2 Begrepp 5
3. Bakgrund 7
3.1 Vad var den så kallade “flyktingkrisen”? 7
3.2 Hur har rapporteringen sett ut? 7
3.3 Varför Nordstan? 8
4. Presentation av tidigare forskning och teori 9
4.1 Tidigare forskning 9
4.1.1 Främlingen i nyheterna 9
4.1.2 Vem tillåts höras och synas? 10
4.1.3 Invandrarungdomar i media 11
4.1.4 Stereotyperna 11
4.1.5 Negativ rapportering 12
4.1.6 Invandrarungdomar i den vardagliga journalistiken 12
4.2 Teori 13
4.2.1 Postkolonial teori 13
4.2.2 Orientalism 13
4.2.3 ”Vi” och ”dem” 14
4.2.4 Den begreppslige invandraren 15
4.2.5 Gestaltningsteori 16
4.2.6 Ideologi 17
4.2.7 Diskursbegreppet 18
5. Problematisering 19
5.1 Inomvetenskaplig problematisering 19
5.2 Samhällelig problematisering 19
6. Metod 21
6.1. Val av metod 21
6.1.1 Diskursanalys 21
6.1.2 Kritisk diskursanalys, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) 21
6.1.3 Metoddiskussion 22
6.1.4 Berglez analysschema 23
6.2 Operationalisering 25
6.3 Om oss 25
7. Material och urval 27
7.1 Material 27
7.2 Urval 28
7.2.1 Urvalsdiskussion 29
7.3 Tillvägagångssätt 29
8. Validitet och reliabilitet 31
8.1 Begreppsvaliditet och operationalisering 31
8.2 Reliabilitet 31
8.3 Resultatvaliditet 31
8.4 Intern validitet 32
8.5 Extern validitet 32
9. Resultat och analys 33
9.1 Myndighetsberoende 33
9.2 Tysta ungdomar 35
9.3 Kollektivet 36
9.4 Problemet 38
9.5 Nagelfarande blickar på de främmande 39
9.6 Historielöshet 41
10. Uppsatsens frågeställningar 43
10.1 Frågeställning 1: Vad handlar artiklarna om? 43
10.1.1 Tema 1: Brott 43
10.1.2 Tema 2: Ungdomarnas situation 43
10.1.3 Tema 3: Nordstan som otrygg plats 44
10.1.4 Tema 4: Politik 44
10.1.5 Tema 5: Polisarbete 44
10.2 Frågeställning 2: Vilken roll ges ungdomarna i rapporteringen? 45
10.3 Frågeställning 3: På vilket sätt görs ett “vi” och “dem” i rapporteringen? 45
10.4 Frågeställning 4: Vilka är de dominerande diskurserna? 46
11. Slutsatser och slutdiskussion 48
11.1 Slutsatser 48
11.2 Vad kan vi säga? 48
11.3 Slutdiskussion 49
11.4 Reflektioner kring studien 49
11.5 Framtida forskning 50
12. Referenslista 51
Bilaga 1: Presentation av den fullständiga diskursanalysen 57
Bilaga 2: Analysmoment 1-2 på de 112 artiklarna 71