CRIME CAUGHT ON CAMERA Chair: Wim Bernasco Chair: Wim Bernasco

3.9 CRIME CAUGHT ON CAMERA

171 video footage are analyzed in order to identify cues of righteous anger, contempt, disgust etc.

as well as other to situational and bodily/emotional patterns. The guiding research question is:

Does revenge violence has a certain controlled character given that revenge is about proportional punishment, and can situational and bodily features be identified as characteristic of violent revenge situations? This data provides insights into how moral emotions in a broad sense motivate revenge oriented street violence. Revenge violence is driven by moral outrage and is not primarily about overcoming tension/fear, shame or repressed anger. In revenge violence individuals plan to punish another person and they work up certain ‘negative’ moral emotions to be energized to carry out penalizing violence. This study teaches us about the complex emotional dynamics and situational patterns involved in street violence seeking justice. Further research should look more into the complex interactional and emotional dynamics that influence how revenge is realised.

0219 - TACKLING VIOLENT CRIME IN PUBLIC SPACES: LESSONS FROM A BEHAVIOURAL MICROANALYSIS OF CCTV FOOTAGE

Richard Philpot (United Kingdom)¹; Mark Levine (United Kingdom)¹ 1 - University of Exeter

The development of night-time economy leisure zones, fuelled by cheap alcohol, has led to a rise in violent encounters in public space. Partly in response to this, public spaces - particularly in the UK - now have extensive CCTV coverage. In this paper, we will describe an analysis of a corpus of CCTV footage which captures aggressive and violent events. We show how a detailed microanalysis of behaviour (using CCTV footage) helps to change our perspective on the nature of violence itself. Traditionally groups and group processes have been seen to create the conditions for violence as a result of the anonymity and lack of accountability they can engender in individuals. However, our microanalysis of actual behaviours shows that groups are not simply a force for violence, but are in fact key to creating conditions for collective self-regulation and violence reduction. We describe how this new analysis has been used to inform and change policing practices in night-time public spaces. We conclude by recognising that, although there is good evidence that CCTV surveillance in itself is not an effective method of reducing violence in public places, the data it captures allows us to challenge preconceptions of the role of groups in violent events.

0220 - NON-VERBAL CUES OF EMOTIONS IN INTERACTIONAL PROCESSES OF VIOLENCE Lasse Liebst (Denmark)¹; Marie Heinskou (Denmark)¹; Richard Philpot (United Kingdom)²; Marie Lindegaard (Netherlands)³; Charlotte Bloch (Denmark)¹

1 - University of Copenhagen; 2 - University of Exeter; 3 - Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law

Traditional analyses of situational violence are methodologically constrained by the brevity of social interactions which are often too small and brief to be readily observable by the unaided eye. The increased availability of high-quality videos of violence helps to circumvent this issue, and allows scholars to retrospectively identify and code key non-verbal moments and movements of a recorded violent episode. Non-verbal behavioural cues have been widely studied within research of social communication; yet comparably few researchers have focused on non-verbal behaviour and expressions as cues of emotions. One notable exception and pioneer within the study of emotional cues is Charles Darwin, who suggests that innate emotions are expressed on the vocal, facial and bodily level. Since this seminal work, studies of facial expression have been further developed, most notably Paul Ekman’s studies on facial cues of universal emotions such as fear, anger, and happiness. This line of research has recently been adopted by micro-sociological scholars on situational violence, among others Thomas Scheff, Randall Collins, and Stefan Kluserman. This article suggests that micro-sociology of violence and related criminological fields might benefit from supplementing the Ekmanian focus on facial cues with analysis of bodily postures, which may be more easily identified and coded from video material. This argument draws upon recent evidence suggesting that the social emotions of pride, shame and embarrassment are associated with innate bodily postures. We provide a coding framework that goes beyond the face to consider bodily postures as non-verbal indicators of key emotional dynamics – e.g. emotional dominance – inherent in violent situations. We validate our framework against a corpus of CCTV footage comprising of both street violence and robbery data collected from three European countries. We conclude by considering the methodological and theoretical implications of this suggested framework, and discuss how it may complement our understanding of emotional cues beyond the Ekmanian face.

0221 - SYNCHRONIC MOVEMENTS OF VICTIMS AND OFFENDERS AS REGULATION OF VIOLENCE DURING ROBBERIES

Marie Rosenkrantz Lindegaard (Netherlands)¹; Wim Bernasco (Netherlands)² 1 - NSCR; 2 - NSCR and Amsterdam Free University

The effect of victim resistance on the degree of physical force used by offenders during robberies is contested. Offender-based studies suggest that offenders only apply physical force when the victim challenges their dominance and refuses to comply. Victim-based studies suggest that the behaviour of victims during robberies has no effect on the physical force used by offenders. Based on an analysis of interaction between offenders and victims captured by camera footage of 42 robberies in the Netherlands, we show how violence is regulated through synchronization of offender and victim movements in terms of distance, direction and pace. When victims remain on a stable distance from offenders, follow their direction of movements, and move on similar pace, they are least at risk of getting exposed to physical

173 3.10 WOMEN IN PRISON

Chair: Dawn Beichner

0222 - WOMEN PRISONERS’ FORMS AND METHODS OF RESISTANCE AND STRATEGIES FOR COPING

Emily Luise Hart (United Kingdom)¹ 1 - Liverpool Hope University

This paper aims to present initial findings from an investigation into the methods and forms of resistance women prisoners employ when negotiating their way through their day to day life in a closed prison.

Findings are taken from a reanalysis of the data from a previous 13 month ethnography into women prisoners, on a three or more year sentence and their preparation for release and the construction of a new life. This study involved qualitative interviews with prisoners and staff (prison officers and support staff), observations and the compiling of field notes plus gaining employment in the prison education department as a relief teacher.

Findings from the original study clearly demonstrated that a responsibilisation agenda, lack in capital and numerous structural, gendered barriers were the key obstacles to planning and preparing for release and consequently the potential to desist from future crime. Despite these largely structural disadvantages, this paper argues that it is important to recognise the feminist discourse that rejects the notion that female offenders are purely victims of their class or passive sufferers of racial and other forms of discrimination. Women prisoners possess agency and are able to resist and struggle against the oppression to which they are subjected.

With this in mind this paper looks more closely at these forms of resistance; resistance that enables women to maintain some form of control over their daily lives and cope with the gendered pains of imprisonment. This could involve the way the women interact with and

‘manage’ their relationships with prison staff, the methods they use to subvert prison rules and procedures, the relationships and support networks they develop amongst themselves, individual coping strategies and also more overt forms of resistance e.g. dirty protest.

0223 - INCARCERATED WOMEN - THEIR SITUATION, THEIR NEEDS, AND MEASURES FOR SUSTAINABLE REINTEGRATION

Dawn Beichner (United States of America)¹; Otmar Hagemann (Germany)² 1 - Illinois State University; 2 - University of Kiel

This contribution, which is part of a forthcoming United Nations publication, centers on incarcerated women offenders worldwide, their lived experiences, specific problems and needs, as well as correctional programming, intended to help them reintegrate back into society. The manuscript provides a theoretical understanding of the general marginalization of women worldwide, statistical information on women prisoners in various parts of the world, gender-specific differences in women’s pathways to prison, and their distinct problems and needs, including the detrimental effects of mothers’ incarceration on children. The paper highlights promising approaches from different countries.

In the last section of the manuscript, Conclusions and Recommendations, the authors present four proposals for reform. First, we explore the abolition of prison sentences for non-dangerous women offenders. Second, we call for the conversion of existing correctional institutions into restorative prisons. Third, we provide an overview of specific Restorative Justice procedures specific to release from prison. Last, we call for sensible transition management, which addresses incarcerated women’s personal deficits (e.g., educational/vocational, substance abuse, mental health issues, debt, housing) and provides a detailed plan for successful reentry.

0224 - EXPLORING PEER MENTORING PROGRAMMES FOR WOMEN IN PRISON Melissa Henderson (United Kingdom)¹

1 - Royal Holloway, University of London

This research study takes a focused look at peer mentoring for women in custody as a contemporary form of rehabilitation programme. Despite the growing use of mentoring schemes within the criminal justice system, there is still limited research that focuses on the basic principles and practices of peer mentoring programmes, particularly for women. Peer mentoring within prison is regarded as an active offender intervention, offering advice, assistance and support for women in both a practical and emotional sense (Fletcher and Batty, 2012). This study is interested in exploring whether a mentoring relationship in prison can facilitate the construction of a reformed, positive self-identity for women and whether it could impact on attitudes to offending behaviour. Currently, there is little empirical research that investigates the use of offenders in a support role in prison and even fewer that address the use of peer mentors in female prisons.

Using a feminist research perspective, this framework will explore the role of peer mentors in a female prison from a gender-specific approach in order to develop the evidence-base of

‘what works’ for women, as well as the wider and individual benefits of mentoring. This study is also interested in examining the development of the mentoring relationship, due to the perceived positive impact that strong, social connections can have for female offenders and their desistance from crime (Brown and Ross, 2010). The research will take place within an

175 mentoring in custody can be successful at meeting the distinct criminogenic needs of female offenders. It will also look to understand the nature of the mentor-mentee relationship and the perceived impact peer mentoring can have on attitudes to reoffending.

0225 - HEALTH AND WELLBEING PROMOTION AMONG FEMALE PRISONERS: WHAT BENEFITS DOES A HORTICULTURE PROGRAMME HOLD?

Anastasia Jablonska (United Kingdom)¹ 1 - Royal Holloway, University of London

Women in prison are noted to have a worse health status than men in prison and the general population. Additionally, research suggests that women’s health declines whilst they are in prison. This research paper seeks to identify not why does women’s health decline, but what can be done to promote women’s health in prison. The central questions are what are women able to do to promote their health themselves whilst in prison, and are they interested in doing so? Research to date is limited in this area, but suggests prisoners do want to make healthy choices, however the opportunity to do so varies across establishments. The women interviewed for this research were all enrolled in horticulture programmes in the prison, and so for many this occupation held health promoting benefits of its own. This research paper will demonstrate that women in prison do want to promote their health and wellbeing, and that they have the opportunity to do so through choosing healthy meals and being physically active. Being involved in a horticulture programme enhanced these views, and many women reported wanting to continue these healthy behaviours once released. This paper will end with a discussion of these findings in light of the research available about the health and wellbeing among women prisoners, which often portrays these women to be very unhealthy with no hope of changing this whilst being in prison.

3.11 PRACTICING COMMUNITY SUPERVISION