WOMEN AND CHILDREN AS VICTIMS AND OFFENDERS – INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES PERSPECTIVES

Chair: Evelyn Shea

0208 - CHILDREN AS VICTIMS AND OFFENDERS: CHANCES FOR CRIME PREVENTION Helmut Kury (Germany)¹

1 - Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law

During the last decades, international empirical research has increasingly shown that there is a substantial correlation between the development of children in the first years of live and their behaviour at a later age. In particular, severe criminal behaviour can consistently be linked to more or less severe problems in early development. Measures to help families in crisis would be one way to prevent delinquency later on and much cheaper than tardive preventive interventions, for instance in prison. This paper will present important results and discuss against this background crime prevention measures, opportunities to reduce costs and the question why these convincing results have so little influence on crime policy.

165 0209 - COMPARING AND DELIVERING JUVENILE JUSTICE ACROSS THE WORLD: A FOCUS ON EDUCATION IN SECURE FACILITIES

Philip Reichel (United States of America)¹; Jay Albanese (United States of America)² 1 - University of Northern Colorado; 2 - Virginia Commonwealth University

Formal responses to misbehaving youth vary according to factors such as a country’s legal tradition, cultural perceptions of childhood, and the preferred juvenile justice model. Although recognizing the importance of jurisdictional autonomy on those issues, there is also a growing consensus regarding the need for international standards when nations respond to juvenile delinquency. This paper briefly reviews the role of legal tradition, perception of childhood, and juvenile justice models, and then elaborates on the specific issue of education for children in custody. We link this issue to the Open Working Group’s Sustainable Development Goal 4 (inclusive and equitable education) and Goal 16 (accountable and inclusive institutions) as we review the state of knowledge regarding education guidelines and practices for juvenile delinquents in detention facilities. We conclude with an overview of the recently published collaborative report by the U.S. Department of Education and the U.S. Department of Justice on guiding principles for providing high-quality education in juvenile justice secure care settings. Similar reports from other countries are noted and implications for future developments are introduced.

0210 - THE USE OF CHILDREN IN ARMED CONFLICT Evelyn Shea (Switzerland)¹

1 - team72

Children have been used in armed conflict throughout history but rarely as frontline fighters:

the sheer weight of fighting equipment has precluded their participation in actual combat. The proliferation of light weapons has now changed the situation. Whereas children formerly served as spies, messengers or domestic helpers around the camp, today they are trained to kill. In this talk, I provide facts and statistics to illustrate the dimensions of the problem before considering the role of international organisations and NGOs that are trying to block the recruitment of children and to help with the reintegration of young people who have witnessed or even participated in killings, rape and destruction. The real challenge is finding ways of helping them find their way back into civil society.

0211 - GENDER-NEUTRAL OR -SENSITIVE ANTI-CORRUPTION EDUCATION ACROSS THE UNITED NATIONS WORLD

Slawomir Redo (Austria)¹ 1 - University of Vienna

Rampant as corruption is, its countering requires more incisive and tailored measures. This presentation looks from three perspectives (Western, Eastern and United Nations) into the question of gender-sensitive anti-corruption. At the end of the story all corruption acts are choices, which do rest on it and on personal ethics. Accordingly, blending these three perspectives, the implementation of the UN goal of “peaceful and inclusive societies”

envisioned for 2016-2030 in which countering bribery and corruption is included, will depend on how well in sustainable development terms the present and succeeding generation will in a gender-sensitive way muster anti-corruption individual ethical education for women and children.

0212 - THE BOLOGNA PROCESS AND THE THIRTEENTH UN CRIME PREVENTION CONGRESS:

WILL EUROPE RESPOND TO ITS PLACE IN THE POST-2015 UNITED NATIONS CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?

Emil Plywaczewski (Poland)¹ 1 - University of Bialystok

The post-2015 United Nations criminal justice education agenda may focus on various sustainable development goals determined for the years 2016-2030 by the United Nations General Assembly. In their light, this paper looks into standards and the quality of higher legal education qualification in Europe (The so called “Bologna process”) against the North American universities’ outreach, and proposes new avenues for matching it by the European universities. It first examines the Bologna Process: its goals, achievements and failures. Special emphasis will be put on the mobility component of the Bologna Process – Erasmus program and its potential for the future. The US system of legal education will be then shortly presented with special emphasis on the clinical legal education as the American method, which in regions all over the world has promoted not only an effective teaching mechanisms but core, fundamental principles such as rule of law and human rights. In conclusion, the paper looks into some combined Western criminological developments that may contribute to the post-2015 UN criminal justice education agenda.

1219 – DEALING WITH DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN SHIA COMMUNNITIES Batoul Pakzad (Iran)¹

1 - Islamic Azad University, Tehran

The fact that domestic violence against children or women exists in Shia communities across the Muslim World cannot be denied. This violence is sometimes justified through the

167 have selective and personal aspects. Family issues in the Shia tradition depend on a dynamic jurisprudence. Hence, some jurisprudents have attempted to interpret religious laws in a correct and up-to-date manner and expressed some new thoughts about women, such as equalizing the amount of blood money between men and women, preferring women over men as caretakers of children, or disapproving of ill-treatment of women by men. These new approaches have been reflected in the laws of Iran as the most populated Shia State. The method of the current research is an analytical method based on Islamic sources combined with a statistical approach. The current research focuses on the basis of justice in Shia families and the causes of domestic violence. The findings of this research show that the justice in Shia families is based on the balance of rights instead of equity.