CRIME AND PLACE 1: REDUCING CRIME Chair: Marre Lammers Chair: Marre Lammers

1.9 CRIME AND PLACE 1: REDUCING CRIME

45 crimes against stores located in the parishes included in this study. Having secured the inmates’ informed consent, questionnaires were administered to understand their views on the role of street lighting. Results will be presented, integrated and discussed, as will their practical implications in terms of policy, policing and crime prevention, namely situational crime prevention and crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED).

0035 - DOES PREVENTION ADVICE MITIGATE THE RISK OF REPEAT VICTIMIZATION OF BURGLARY?

Henk Elffers (Netherlands)¹ 1 - NSCR Amsterdam

It is well known that people having been victimized often have a comparatively high risk of being victimized again in a subsequent period, and that is certainly the case for burglary.

One of the common police reactions on victimization is offering prevention advice to the victims. It is known that dwellings satisfying high standards of target hardening (such as good locks and bolts, adequate lighting) have a lower risk of being burgled. Combining the two, would it follow that offering and taking prevention advice after a burglary would reduce the risk of repeat victimization?

Using survival analysis methods, we have investigated this question using burglary and prevention advice data on the level of individual homes from Adelaide, SA.

0036 - EFFECTS OF A MULTI-COMPONENT RESPONSIBLE BEVERAGE PROGRAMME SERVICE (RBS) ON VIOLENT ASSAULTS IN OSLO

Torbjorn Skardhamar (Norway)²^,³; Silje Bringsrud Fekjaer (Norway)¹; Willy Pedersen (Norway)³ 1 - The Norwegian Police University College; 2 - Statistics Norway, Research Department; 3 - University of Oslo, department of sociology and human geography

This paper evaluates the effect on violence of a multi-component Responsible Beverage Service (RBS) program in the city center of Oslo, Norway, as a large share of the violence occurred in relation to alcohol-serving premises. A RBS program was implemented in a pre-defined geographical area in the city center of Oslo in 2012 with collaborations between the municipality of Oslo, and the police. The focus on the intervention was on three main components (i) increased competence for employees in the business; (ii) dialogue between the municipality/the police and the business; (iii) increased level of controls and necessary sanctions. Previous formative evaluations have shown that the program took a while to be properly implemented and establishing cooperation between the agencies, taking full effect only at the end of 2013. However, the targeted area was expanded in February 2014 with immediate full implementation. The expansion in 2014 represents an exogenous chock in that

area, and we use similar areas as control areas. Using geographical information system (GIS), we pinpoint which reported crimes occur inside each of the areas to allow studying trends in each area. We aim at estimating the causal effect of the intervention.

1.10 GENDER, CRIME AND JUSTICE WORKING GROUP. PANEL 1: GENDER, CRIME AND JUSTICE

Chair: Michele Burman

0037 - AN INVESTIGATION OF GENDER, CRIME AND DECISION-MAKING: WHAT DO THE PRELIMINARY RESULTS SAY?

Louise Rooney (Ireland)¹

1 - University College Dublin, Institute of Criminology

A strong debate exists within the criminological literature as to whether women offenders are treated more leniently by the criminal justice system than men. Some scholars argue that female offenders experience leniency as a result of chivalrous/ paternalistic attitudes, whilst others claim that policy shifts toward gender equality has resulted in similar treatment across the sexes. Furthermore, some theorists propose that female offenders receive harsher treatment by the criminal justice system because they are viewed as ‘doubly deviant’ having breached the formal law and the socially ascribed gender code of conduct. To complicate matters further, research into the role of offender gender in criminal justice outcomes has produced mixed results.

Criminological research has also generated evidence to suggest that certain sub-groups of female offenders who breach traditional gender-role norms by committing ‘masculine’ crime types are treated more leniently than male counterparts. For example, a small body of research indicates that women who commit sexual crimes against children receive a significantly higher rate of judicial lenience when compared to males. In recent years these findings have been explained in terms of the ‘denial’ thesis, which suggests that deep set societal beliefs regarding femininity cause professionals to deny the culpability of female abusers. This process ultimately results in lenient criminal justice outcomes.

This paper aims to contribute to knowledge by investigating the decision-making processes of justice professionals when managing offenders across a range of offences, with a particular focus on female perpetrated child sexual abuse.

47 professionals. Data collected from the public sample will be used to explore societal attitudes regarding female criminality and may help to elucidate why females are differentially treated within the criminal justice system.

The purpose of this paper is to present the preliminary results that have come to light during the early stages of data analysis and situate these findings in the context of existing theory and research. Findings will provide valuable information to practitioners, policy makers and government agencies working within offender management and child protection.

0038 - BREAKING THROUGH THE BINARY: DOES CRIMINOLOGY NEED A THEORY OF GENDER?

Martina Althoff (Netherlands)¹ 1 - University of Groningen

Throughout the last decade, an impressive body of literature has developed regarding the gender of crime. It is interesting that this discussion is divided into two camps. One group of scholars concentrate on the empirical blind spots of females in the context of crime and criminal justice while the second group of scholars focus on advancing a gendered paradigm in analyzing and understanding crime. However, in mainstream criminology a gendered theoretical perspective is usually lacking. There is still work to be done.

The paper will discuss the idea of a gender perspective for criminology and its importance for analysing crime. In using a series of case studies, this paper will demonstrate the added value of implementing gender theory to understand and explain crime. Specifically, this theory addresses different empirical criminal phenomenon, offending and victimization in a new perspective beyond the classical binary concepts of men and women or perpetrator and victim. The paper will discuss the challenges of a changed perspective and illustrate new perceptions on the gender of crime.

0039 - EVALUATING THE COSTS/BENEFITS RELATION OF THE SPANISH CRIMINAL POLICY MODEL IN GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE

Anabel Cerezo Domínguez (Spain)¹; María José Benítez Jiménez (Spain)¹ 1 - University of Málaga

Gender-based violence against women is a usual topic in feminist criminological studies. Our research project intends to carry out an efficiency analysis (costs/benefits) of the punitive approach towards partner violence on women. More specifically, this paper is focused in knowing the efficacy, effectiveness and efficiency of criminal and procedural reforms in gender-based violence approved during last decade in Spain. In this research we are interested (1) on measuring the efficacy of the latest legislative reforms on gender-based violence in order to know whether they have achieved the objective of reducing partner violence on

women and (2) on studying whether the norm has been effective; this indicates if the prohibition norm are being fulfilled, or if it was possible to have reacted properly to the non-performance of the norm by means of enforcement of law. Both indicators lead us to (3) the efficiency analysis of the legal reforms in order to evaluate the cost/benefit relation of the current model.

From our three main hypotheses and a qualitative and quantitative methodology, some of the preliminary main results are:

1. Spanish Criminal Policy Model in gender-based violence is not efficacious because there is not a reduction of battered and killed women.

2. Spanish Criminal Policy Model in gender-based violence is effective since most of the resources of penal intervention and social resources linked to penal ones have been activated.

However, all the resources are not working appropriately. The educational resources for example have not been sufficiently developed.

3. Spanish Criminal Policy Model in gender-based violence is not efficient since there are the following costs:

- A progressive rejection of women to go to the criminal justice system to solve their problems.

- A criminalization of women, who misinformed go to the criminal justice system without knowing which implies putting it in operation.

- The Impact of criminal justice system is relapsing principally on victims and offenders with certain social characteristics tied to most socially excluded groups.

- The automatic application of the protection orders. This legal tool can become dangerous because sometimes the aggressor becomes more violent with his couple or his children.

- The overload of the capacities of management of restraining orders in the criminal justice system.

1.11 UNDERSTANDING BREACH PROCESSES IN A EUROPEAN CONTEXT