ELECTRONIC MONITORING AND ALTERNATIVE SANCTIONS Chair: Jörg Kinzig Chair: Jörg Kinzig

1.18 ELECTRONIC MONITORING AND ALTERNATIVE SANCTIONS

67 0068 - ELECTRONIC MONITORING OF HIGH-RISK OFFENDERS IN GERMANY

Jörg Kinzig (Germany)¹; Anne Bräuchle (Germany)¹ 1 - University of Tübingen

Beginning in 2009, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) decided that some of Germany’s preventive detention practices violated the European Convention on Human Rights.

The ECHR decision meant that the German legislature had two tasks to perform: Parliament had to pass a new bill concerning preventive detention, and they had to prepare for the release of detainees who were believed to be very dangerous. The solution for the latter was the 2011 law introducing Electronic Monitoring (EM) for these high-risk offenders.

While electronically supervised curfew orders had previously existed in some German states (“Länder”), this new measure allows for GPS-monitoring of released offenders who have fulfilled their full sentence.

In 2013, the Institute of Criminology at the University of Tübingen launched a research project to evaluate the legal and practical implications of this new law. Our presentation will discuss the main results of this quantitative and qualitative study, which was funded by the German Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection.

We will explore what kind of offenders are being put on EM and show that most of them have been released after serving regular prison sentences, not due to the ECHR ruling. Additionally, evaluations of offenders’ court files allowed us to understand the courts’ motivations to place the EM order – or to refrain from it. The presentation will furthermore analyze challenges in the process of monitoring and investigate the different roles played by judges, supervision officers, probation officers, and the police. These professionals’ practical knowledge and opinions on the topic, as well as the experience of those monitored, will be examined. We will finally draw some conclusions and indicate possible improvements in the field of legal policy.

0069 - ALTERNATIVE SANCTIONS IN SLOVAK REPUBLIC Lucia Šimunová (Slovakia)¹

1 - The Faculty of Law, Trnava University in Trnava

Penal sanctions are primary object of interest of penal policy. However, during the last years we can see an increase of number of perpetrators and new forms of criminality to be a serious problem in many countries. Imprisonment is discussed as a traditional and elementary solution of the most of the criminal cases. Recently, however, this does not proved to be effective because of minimal resocialization effect and lack of financial or moral compensation for victims. We must say, that imposing a short - term prison sentence is the most preferred one implemented by courts. We also see overcrowded prisons as a serious long-time problem.

Alternative sanctions represent new ways in sanction policy not only in Slovak republic. This contribution deals with alternative punishments in Slovak republic. It makes introduction to the application and enforcement of alternative sanctions in Slovak republic, especially home arrest, punishment of compulsory labour (in many countries known as community service) and financial penalty.

This contribution shows also phenomenology and advantages and disadvantages of enforcement of these sanctions. It focuses on the main aspects of these sanctions, especially their effectiveness and current usage in judicial praxis.

In conclusion of the contribution we consider this form of penal sanctions as an important part of modern criminal policy and we hope for its better application and co-operation among all institutes that deal with these problems.

0070 - ELECTRONIC MONITORING OF OFFENDERS IN POLAND- PERSPECTIVES OF NEW SYSTEM.

Bartosz Kędzierski (Poland)¹

1 - University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Law and Administration, Institute of Criminology

In the following presentation the author describes the evolution process of polish criminal law, especially probation and community sanctions matters in the light of Electronic Monitoring System. In fact, the electronic monitoring of offenders is a new method in criminal justice in Poland. The first example of the usage of electronic tagging in Poland was the Act from 2007 about the usage of electronic monitoring against offenders who have the maximum of one year imprisonment sentence. The first stage of this regulation was only an experiment in polish penal system. According to the Act from 2007, electronic tagging was appropriate only for some part of Poland and was only a term Act (from 1.07.2008- to 30.06.2013). Polish legislative power has change this regulation in 2008 year. First the territory range of Act from 2007 was widened to the whole Country. The temporary character of regulation, was first changed in 2008 and was extend up to 31.08.2014, the second change took place in 2013 and the validity was derogated. Polish legislator has noticed the advantages of the existing system.

On 20.02.2015 there was amendment adopted to the penal codifications (to criminal code, criminal procedure code and executive penal code). According to Act from 2015 year the new system of electronic monitoring of offenders may be a solution of many problems of polish criminal justice systems such as overcrowding in polish prisons, popularity of custodial sentences conditionally suspended for a some trial period (now 70 % of all penalties), and serious dangerous offenders after imprisonment sentence. Since July 2015 Electronic Monitoring System will be used as part of community sentence, as an alternative to custodial sentence, preventive measures, protective measures and a supplement of punitive measures.

However, in the author’s opinion the most serious problems with the new system are a

69 1.19 SCHOOL AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

Chair: Irena Cajner Mraovic

0071 - A TEST OF MST (MACRO LEVEL STRAIN THEORY) ON SCHOOL CONTEXTUAL VARIATIONS IN SELF-REPORTED OFFENDING

Julia Sandahl (Sweden)¹

1 - Department of Criminology, Stockholm University

Something that is rarely addressed in studies on the relationship between education and crime is that both school failure and delinquency are context specific features. They both occur within a climate in which conditions are possible to modify. My point of departure is that context largely is being ignored in the kind of research that has the greatest impact on today´s policy and practice. Preventive intervention programs often focus narrowly on modifying individual or personality characteristics instead of environmental ones. In a previous study I found contextual differences in delinquency between schools over and above the student composition. In the current study, the intended overall aim is to examine whether mechanisms related to the school context derived from Macro level strain theory (MST) could contribute to this variation. The data used is the Stockholm municipality school survey (a sample of almost all students in ninth grade in lower secondary school in Stockholm), combined with register data on social stratification at the school level. The main method I intend to use is multilevel (logistic) regression.

0072 - JUVENILE DELINQUENCY, BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS AND STUDENTS ENGAGEMENT WITH SCHOOL

Paulo Moreira (Portugal)¹; Marta Pacheco (Portugal)¹; Olga Cunha (Portugal)¹^,² 1 - Universidade Lusíada do Porto; 2 - Universidade do Minho

Background: Delinquent behaviours are better conceptualized by behavioural sciences as disruptive externalizing behaviours, which frequently constitute clinical diagnosable conditions such as behavioural disorders. The bidirectional relation between delinquent behaviours/behavioural problems and several academic outcomes (such as academic performance, school dropout, etc.) is empirically established. However, less is known about the interaction between delinquent behaviours/behavioural problems and academic processes (such as students’ engagement with school), which are amongst the strongest predictors of academic outcomes. Students’ engagement with school is a multidimensional phenomenon referring to the students’ subjective experience towards school. Previous research has described the associations between some dimensions of students’ engagement with school

and delinquent behaviours. However, studies describing the associations between students’

engagement with school and delinquent behaviours using students’ engagement multidimensional frameworks are scarce.

Objective: The objective of this study was to describe the associations between students’

engagement with school from a multidimensional framework perspective (including individual and contextual dimensions) and adolescents’ delinquent behaviours/behavioural disorders.

Methodology: Participated in this study 571 adolescents (with 14 to 17 years old; Mean age 15.59). Students’ engagement with school was captured throughout the “Students Engagement Instrument” (Appleton et al., 2006). Delinquent behaviours/behavioural problems were assessed using the scales of the Youth Self-Report (Achenbach, 1991).

Results: Results revealed a negative significant relation between all indicators of dimensions and sub-dimensions of students’ engagement with school and the scales of disruptive externalizing problems (both the DSM diagnostic clinical scales and the behavioural scales).

Students presenting higher levels of behavioural problems registered lower levels of engagement with school in all the assessed dimensions (Control and relevance of school work, Future academic goals, intrinsic motivation, Family support for learning, Peers support for learning and Teachers support for learning).

Discussion and implications: These results have strong implications for the promotion of positive academic trajectories. Specifically, these results are of great importance for the development of educational policies aiming the prevention of maladaptive academic results and processes (such as poor academic performance, low engagement with school, and, ultimately, early school dropout).

0073 - MORAL EMOTIONS OF SHAME AND GUILT: RELATIONSHIP WITH PARENTING AND TEMPERAMENT IN CHILDHOOD

Margarida Santos (Portugal)¹; Josefina Castro (Portugal)¹; Carla Cardoso (Portugal)¹ 1 - School of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Porto

Moral emotions are an essential component of the human moral apparatus. Its importance had been supported by several studies, suggesting that they are crucial to individuals understanding and compliance to their own moral standards. In this study we explored the relationship between moral emotions of guilt and shame in children in middle school (ages between 8 and 10 years), parenting and child temperament. More specifically, we sought to understand how the disciplinary parenting strategies and temperamental features of the child (effortful control and impulsivity) contribute to the explanation of guilt and shame-proneness in children.

71 Using a quantitative methodology, 69 parents completed measures of disciplinary strategies and child temperament (SOMA-PC and TMCQ), 81 children completed measures of shame and guilt-proneness (TOSCA-C) and performed a laboratory task (DNT) to assess effortful control.

Results suggest that positive parental strategies, like victim-oriented induction are positively related to guilt proneness. We didn’t find a relationship between power-assertion, love withdrawal and guilt proneness. Furthermore, no relationship between parenting practices and shame-proneness has been found. It was also found that the use of negative parenting strategies focused on children is positively associated with lowest inhibitory control and attention focusing and greater impulsivity and sensation-seeking in children. Regarding the relationship between temperament and moral emotions, it was found that effortful control predicts guilt-proneness, and impulsivity predicts shame-proneness. Finally, no interaction effects between parental disciplinary practices, temperament and guilt and shame-proneness were found.

These results support the role of parenting in moral development, as well its contribution to the development of children’s self-regulation. It also provides a new insight into the relationship between morality and temperament in children, showing a relationship between these two fundamental systems.

0074 - CRIME TRENDS AND RISKS MANAGEMENT IN SCHOOLS: THE CASE OF CROATIA AND SERBIA

Irena Cajner Mraovic (Croatia)¹; Zelimir Kesetovic (Serbia)³; Dubravko Derk (Croatia)²

1 - University of Zagreb, Centre for Croatian Studies; 2 - Zagreb Holding; 3 - University of Belgrade, Faculty of Security Studies

Croatia and Serbia are post-socialist countries that have a common history and have undergone a similar experience of transition, including war and post-war period, and more recently are faced with a similar security problems and risks. One of them is bullying and other forms of crime and deviance in schools. The problem of improving safety in educational institutions is the subject of expert discussion and scientific research in both countries since the beginning of the 21st century. Starting from the premise that the insight into the phenomenology of security events in schools is a necessary precondition for developing preventive measures, authors analyze trends in the scope and nature of crime in schools in Croatia and Serbia during the last ten years. An examination of crime rates across similar countries, years, and types of crime reveals a much more complex picture than national studies. Using official police statistics on reported crime, authors find oscillating trends in criminal violence and other forms of crime in schools in both observed countries. It is to be noticed that approximately one tenth of all reported criminal injuries committed by children and minors in Croatia as well in Serbia occur right in schools. Given data also reveal the increase in number of reported crimes in Serbia in schools that have a school police officers.

One can assume that school police reduces the dark number in school crime. Crime prevention in Croatian schools is carried out in different ways based on protocol for security risks and

crisis management in schools on national level and relevant local and school protocols and including measures as video surveillance, private security, community policing, youth mentoring and communities that care. The legal framework for crime prevention in schools in Serbia includes rules on protocol for security risks and crisis management in schools on national level and relevant local and school protocols and provides similar measures as it is the case in Croatia. The only difference is in policing approach and authors compare the contact-police officer approach in Croatia to school contact-police approach in Serbia.

1.20 POLICE LEGITIMACY AND TRUST Chair: Sarah MacQueen

0075 - THE IMPACT OF POLICE CONTACT ON TRUST AND POLICE LEGITIMACY IN BELGIUM Anjuli Van Damme (Belgium)¹

1 - Ghent University

Personal contact with the police is mentioned as one of the key predictors of individuals’

opinions towards the police. But findings from earlier research contradict each other. Some researchers found an asymmetric relationship with a much stronger effect from unsatisfactory contact, compared with satisfactory contact, with regard to trust in the police and police legitimacy. Others found a more symmetrical relationship. In a way, these different findings can be due to different measures of trust and legitimacy. In the literature there is no consensus about the meaning and measurement of these concepts. The purpose of this study is therefore to test the (a)symmetrical relationship while taking into account criticisms about trust and legitimacy. More precisely we consider trust in police procedural justice and trust in police effectiveness as two components of trust having an influence on police legitimacy in the form of moral alignment. Feeling an obligation to obey the police is considered as an outcome of moral alignment. We used path models in MPlus to do the analyses, which were conducted on data collected from the Social capital and Well-being In Neighbourhoods in Ghent (SWING) survey, Belgium. The results show a more symmetrical relationship between contact and both components of trust. Furthermore, trust in police procedural justice was found to be a stronger predictor for moral alignment than trust in police effectiveness. Moral alignment itself seemed to be a strong predictor for feeling an obligation to obey the police.

73 0076 - CRIME VICTIMS’ PERCEPTION OF SECURITY

Sergender Sezer (Turkey)²; Halime Ünal (Turkey)¹

1 - Yıldırım Beyazıt Universitesi , Ankara ,Turkey; 2 - Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Turkey Several studies have been carried out to investigate the factors affecting individuals’

perception of security. Based on previous research, the previous victimization experiences of individuals and the victimization experiences of their relatives are two of the most important factors. Another factor is the security policies implemented in the individual’s country of residence. In this study, the relation between the level of trust a person has in the security forces and his/her perception of security is discussed. The main objective is to examine the relationship between an individual’s perception of security and his/her victimization experiences and security policies in Turkish context.

The main hypotheses of the current research are: 1) There is a positive correlation between individuals’ “previous victimization experiences” and their “perception of security”; 2) Individuals who have a higher level of trust in the security forces have also higher levels of perception of security.

The data that was used for testing these hypotheses has been collected from1600 participants with a standardized survey in Ankara and Muğla cities in Turkey in 2014 and 2015. The results showed that the individuals with previous victimization experiences felt, indeed, less secure.

However, no relation was found between the level of trust in the security forces and the perception of security.

Note: This project (113K070) is funded by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK)

0077 - ENHANCING PUBLIC TRUST AND POLICE LEGITIMACY DURING ROAD TRAFFIC ENCOUNTERS: RESULTS FROM A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL IN SCOTLAND

Sarah MacQueen (United Kingdom)¹; Ben Bradford (United Kingdom)² 1 - University of Edinburgh; 2 - University of Oxford

Aiming to replicate the Queensland Community Engagement Trial (QCET), ScotCET employed an experimental approach in the context of road policing in Scotland to test whether the introduction of improved mechanisms for communicating procedural justice during routine encounters between police and members of the public can influence public opinion on police and encourage conferment of greater legitimacy on the police. This presentation outlines the process and pitfalls of replication, and what the implications for future research and policy might be. Results demonstrate the difficulty in translating experimental interventions across policing contexts, and challenge the notion that public perceptions may be improved through a simple, additive approach to the delivery and communication of procedural justice.

0078 - THE POLICE, THE PUBLIC, AND THE PURSUIT OF TRUST. POLICE TRUST-BUILDING STRATEGIES IN DENMARK, THE NETHERLANDS, AND ENGLAND & WALES

Dorian Schaap (Netherlands)¹

1 - Radboud University, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Police-public relationships generally and trust in the police specifically are increasingly important policy topics across Europe. Improving trust has become a policy goal. It is widely believed that the police, through strategies and behaviour, can affect public attitudes towards them. There is, however, little research on how police forces think about trust: to what extent it is considered to be an issue, how they then act on it, why they do so, and how this has developed over time. Without understanding the police perspective on police-public relationships, we are ignoring an essential dimension in the construction of trust.

The present study aims to improve upon this situation by providing an analysis of police trust-building strategies in different European countries. What rationalities and sensitivities shape police strategies concerning the public, what are the underlying assumptions about the nature of police-public relationships and about citizen demands, and how did these evolve?

Field research has been conducted in England, Denmark and the Netherlands. The study consisted of semi-structured interviews with police officers, police scholars, policy makers and civil servants in each country.

The analysis shows that police trust-building strategies in these countries over the past decades tend to oscillate between notions of instrumental policing modes on the one hand, assuming that the public will trust a police that fights crime effectively, and more proximity-focused strategies on the other, reasoning that citizens rather trust a familiar, cooperative and approachable police. Meanwhile, gradually increasing attention to procedural justice, professionalism and preventing scandal is found in all three countries. Additionally, there is evidence of more than these three trust-building strategies, such as the central notion of democratic accountability in England. Moreover, despite superficially similar ideas and strategies, large differences between the cases are found in terms of background, motivation and assumptions underlying police trust-building.

75 1.21 JUVENILE DELINQUENCY: RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS

Chair: Marie Christine Bergmann

0079 - RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR VIOLENT BEHAVIOUR AMONG PALESTINIAN ADOLESCENTS IN ISREAL

Adeem Massarwa (Israel)¹

1 - The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Our study examines a model that integrates interacting factors to explain violence among Arab youth in Israel. The model is based on existing research and theories addressing youth violence in general as well as youth violence among minorities in particular.

The study examines the involvement of Arab youth in violence in light of a wide rage of variables. Some of these are at the individual level, such as gender, age, and sense of discrimination. Others are at the family level, such as attachment and supervision, and at the community level, such as exposure to violence.

This study will fill a significant gap in the literature by examining Arab youth involvement in violence and examining individual, family, and community contributors. It will provide policy makers, professionals, and parents with important information on the adverse and positive effects of different factors on the wellbeing of Arab children. The results will be instrumental in the design and development of culturally sensitive interventions dealing with violent behaviour among Arab youth.

The overall sample of the study includes 2700 students in grades 7 to 11 (ages 13 to 17) in the official school system supervised by the Israeli Ministry of Education.

The data collection was completed during the last week and we are now working on data analysis. Results will be presented in the conference.

0080 - BULLYING AMONG JAPANESE HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS: APPLYING SOCIAL BOND THEORY

Emiko Kobayashi (Japan)¹ 1 - Kanazawa University

The present article tests the applicability of Hirschi’s social bond theory in explaining bullying behaviours among Japanese high school students. According to Hirschi, deviance occurs when the individual’s bond to conventional society is weak or broken. But in previous studies, direct tests have focused on adolescent delinquency in the West, primarily in the United States, and have used measures different from those used by Hirschi. Drawing on the previous discussions

of cultural differences between Japan and the United States, a rationale is developed for predicting that the effects of all four elements of Hirschi’s social bonds will be stronger in a sample of Japanese than in previous samples of Americans. In fact, the results from the Japanese sample concerning the relative importance of attachment to conforming others, commitment to conventional goals, involvement in conventional activities, and beliefs in the law as legitimately binding one’s own behaviour are similar to previous results from American samples. Implications of these findings are considered for the debate concerning the cross-cultural applicability of theories of deviance – the debate concerning whether other theories of deviance that have been developed in the United States and have dominated the discipline are equally effective in explaining Japanese deviant behaviour.

0081 - DOES INTERGENERATIONAL CLOSURE REDUCE DEVIANT BEHAVIOR OF JUVENILES OVER TIME?

Marie Christine Bergmann (Germany)¹; Bettina Doering (Germany)²

1 - Criminological Research Institute of Lower Saxony; 2 - Leibniz Universität Hannover

It is a well-documented finding, that social capital has a crime reducing impact in various settings. In this context Coleman (1990) stresses the importance of intergenerational closure for informal social control, by which behaviour can be monitored and sanctioned more easily.

Research in the field of juvenile delinquency could indeed show that intergenerational closure reduced fighting at school, truancy or the level of alcohol abuse. This paper aims to shed further light on the longitudinal impact of intergenerational closure between parents on different forms of deviant behaviour of juveniles. Therefore, it is analyzed how ties between parents can reduce deviant behaviour of juveniles over time. It is expected that a high level of intergenerational closure between parents at t1 will reduce the likelihood of deviant behaviour at t2.

In order to answer this research question longitudinal multilevel data from a German student survey of approximately 500 8^th graders is used. The respondents were surveyed two years in a row: 2010 when they were in the 7^th grade and one year later when they were in 8^th grade. At both time points the same paper and pencil questionnaire was used, including among others intergenerational closure and self-reported delinquency.

0082 - PSYCHO-SOCIAL FACTORS AS ANTECEDENTS OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOUR IN ADOLESCENTS

Shahnila Tariq (Pakistan)¹; Rukhsana Kausar (Pakistan)¹