ÉJã~áäW=Ñáêëíå~ãÉKëìêå~ãÉ]ÖêáKÖìKëÉ==eçãÉé~ÖÉW=ïïïKÜ~åÇÉäëKÖìKëÉLÖêá =

dof=EdçíÜÉåÄìêÖ=oÉëÉ~êÅÜ=fåëíáíìíÉFI=pÅÜççä=çÑ=bÅçåçãáÅë=~åÇ=`çããÉêÅá~ä=i~ï=~í=d∏íÉÄçêÖ=

råáîÉêëáíóI=_çñ=SMMI=pb=QMR=PM=d∏íÉÄçêÖI=mÜçåÉW=HQS=TTP=NM=MMI=c~ñW=HQS=TTP=RS=NVI=

ÉJã~áäW=Ñáêëíå~ãÉKëìêå~ãÉ]ÖêáKÖìKëÉ==eçãÉé~ÖÉW=ïïïKÜ~åÇÉäëKÖìKëÉLÖêá =

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

dofJê~ééçêí=OMMQWR=

=

lå=qáãÉI=pé~ÅÉI=~åÇ=^Åíáçå=kÉíë=

=

_~êÄ~ê~=`ò~êåá~ïëâ~==

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

m~éÉê= éêÉé~êÉÇ= Ñçê= íÜÉ= fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä= `çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ= çå= Spacing and Timing: Rethinking Globalization and StandardizationI=m~äÉêãçI=fí~äóI=kçîÉãÄÉê=NJPI=OMMNK=qÜÉ=~ìíÜçê=ïáëÜÉë=

íç=íÜ~åâ=h~êáå=håçêê=`Éíáå~I=~å=~åçåóãçìë=êÉîáÉïÉê=~åÇ=ãÉãÄÉêë=çÑ=íÜÉ=êÉëÉ~êÅÜ=éêçÖê~ã=

?lêÖ~åáòáåÖ= áå= ^Åíáçå= kÉíë?= ~í= dçíÜÉåÄìêÖ= oÉëÉ~êÅÜ= fåëíáíìíÉ= Ñçê= íÜÉáê= ÅçããÉåíëK= qç=

~ééÉ~ê=áå=OrganizationK=

=

=

=

lk=qfjbI=pm^`bI=^ka=^`qflk=kbqp=

=

^Äëíê~Åí=

i~Äçê~íçêó=ëíìÇáÉëI=ÉëéÉÅá~ääó=íÜçëÉ=Äó=i~íçìê=~åÇ=tççäÖ~ê=ENVTVLNVUSF=~åÇ=håçêê=

`Éíáå~= ENVUNF= éêçîÉÇ= íç= ÄÉ= ~å= áåî~äì~ÄäÉ= ëçìêÅÉ= çÑ= áåëéáê~íáçå= Ñçê= ëíìÇÉåíë= çÑ=

çêÖ~åáòáåÖK= i~Äçê~íçêáÉëI= ÜçïÉîÉêI= ~êÉ= ãçëíäó= êÉãáåáëÅÉåí= çÑ= ëáãéäÉ= Ñ~ÅíçêáÉëI= ~å=

çêÖ~åáò~íáçå= Ñçêã=íÜ~í= áë= åç=äçåÖÉê=ÅÉåíê~ä= áå=íçÇ~óÛë=ïçêäÇ=çÑ= ïçêâ=çêÖ~åáò~íáçåëK=

qïç= ~ëéÉÅíë= çÑ= Ñ~ÅíçêóJäáâÉ= çêÖ~åáòáåÖ= ~êÉ= éêçÄäÉã~íáòÉÇ= áå= íÜáë= é~éÉêW= íÜÉ=

Ççãáå~åÅÉ= çÑ= ÅÜêçåçäçÖáÅ~ä= íáãÉ= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ÉñáëíÉåÅÉ= çÑ= ÅÉåíÉêë= çÑ= Å~äÅìä~íáçåK=

`çãéäÉãÉåíáåÖ=íÜÉëÉ=ïáíÜ=kairotic time=~åÇ=dispersed calculation=ïáää=ÄêáåÖ=íÜÉ=íïç=

âáåÇë= çÑ= ëíìÇáÉë= ÉîÉå= ÅäçëÉêK= pìÅÜ= ~= ê~ééêçÅÜÉãÉåí= ïáää= ~ääçï= Ñçê= ~ÇàìëíáåÖ= íÜÉ=

ãÉíÜçÇçäçÖáÅ~ä= ~ééêç~ÅÜÉë= áå= ëíìÇáÉë= çÑ= çêÖ~åáò~íáçå= áå= ~= ï~ó= ëáãáä~ê= íç= íÜ~í=

Ççãáå~åí=áå=ppq=EëíìÇáÉë=çÑ=ëÅáÉåÅÉ=~åÇ=íÉÅÜåçäçÖóF=êÉëÉ~êÅÜK=qïç=ëìÅÜ=ÅÜ~åÖÉë=~êÉ=

ëìÖÖÉëíÉÇW=íÜÉ=êÉîÉêë~ä=çÑ=íÜÉ=íáãÉ=éÉêëéÉÅíáîÉ=Eaction nets=áåëíÉ~Ç=çÑ=çêÖ~åáò~íáçåë=~ë=

ëíìÇó=çÄàÉÅíëF=~åÇ=mobile ethnologiesI=Ñ~Åáäáí~íáåÖ=ëíìÇó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ï~óë=çÑ=äáÑÉ=~åÇ=ïçêâ=çÑ=

éÉçéäÉ=ïÜç=ãçîÉ=~êçìåÇ=~=ÖêÉ~í=ÇÉ~äK=

=

J=N=J=

=

lk=qfjbI=pm^`bI=^ka=^`qflk=kbqp=

=

qÜÉ=íçéáÅë=f=ïáëÜ=íç=~ÇÇêÉëë=áå=íÜáë=é~éÉê=~êÉ=íÜÉ=ÅçåíÉëí=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ÅÜêçåçäçÖáÅ~ä=~åÇ=

â~áêçíáÅ=íáãÉ=áå=ÅçåíÉãéçê~êó=çêÖ~åáòáåÖI=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÉãÉêÖÉåÅÉ=çÑ=ÇáëéÉêëÉÇ=Å~äÅìä~íáçå=

E~ë=çééçëÉÇ=íç=?Å~äÅìä~íáçå=ÅÉåíÉêë?=éçëíìä~íÉÇ=Äó=`~ääçåI=NVVUI=~åÇ=i~íçìêI=NVVV~FK=

`çåëí~åí=íáãÉ=ãÉ~ëìêÉãÉåí=~åÇ=ÅÉåíÉêë=çÑ=Å~äÅìä~íáçå=Éñáëí=ãçëíäó=~ë=ëÉÇáãÉåíë=çÑ=

ÄóÖçåÉ= áåëíáíìíáçå~ä= çêÇÉêëI= ~åÇ= íÜÉó= éä~ó= ÅÉåíê~ä= êçäÉë= çåäó= áå= ä~Äçê~íçêóJäáâÉI= çê=

Ñ~ÅíçêóJäáâÉ= ~ëéÉÅíë= çÑ= çêÖ~åáòáåÖK= få= íÜÉ= ÅÉåíÉê= çÑ= ÅçåíÉãéçê~êó= çêÖ~åáòáåÖ= ~êÉ=

â~áêçíáÅ=íáãÉ=~åÇ=ÇáëéÉêëÉÇ=Å~äÅìä~íáçåK=_ìí=áÑ=ëíìÇÉåíë=çÑ=çêÖ~åáòáåÖ=~êÉ=íç=í~âÉ=íÜáë=

áåíç=~ÅÅçìåíI=íÜÉáê=~ééêç~ÅÜ=íç=íÜÉáê=ëíìÇó=çÄàÉÅíë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÅÜ~åÖÉÇI=~åÇ=ëíìÇáÉë=çÑ=

ëÅáÉåÅÉ=~åÇ=íÉÅÜåçäçÖó=Ü~îÉ=ãìÅÜ=íç=çÑÑÉê=ÜÉêÉK=

=

få=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=éä~ÅÉI=íÜÉ=íáãÉ=éÉêëéÉÅíáîÉ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÅÜ~åÖÉÇW=?çêÖ~åáò~íáçå?=åÉÉÇë=íç=ÄÉ=

ëÉÉå= ~ë= ~= íóéÉ= çÑ= ~= Ñáå~ä= éêçÇìÅíI= ~åÇ= åçí= ~ë= ~= ëí~êíáåÖ= éçáåíK= pÉÅçåÇäóI= íê~Çáíáçå~ä=

ÉíÜåçÖê~éÜóI= ÄçìåÇÉÇ= ~ë= áí= áë= íç= çåÉ= éä~ÅÉI= ãáëëÉë= íÜÉ= ãçÄáäáíó= áåÜÉêÉåí= áå=

ÅçåíÉãéçê~êó= çêÖ~åáòáåÖK= cçÅìëáåÖ= çå= action nets= ~åÇ= mobile ethnology= ~êÉ= éçëëáÄäÉ=

ï~óë=çÑ=ÉëÅ~éáåÖ=íÜÉ=áêçå=Å~ÖÉ=çÑ=êÉëÉ~êÅÜ=íê~ÇáíáçåK=

`ÜêçåçäçÖáÅ~ä=~åÇ=â~áêçíáÅ=íáãÉ=

jó=ëíìÇó=çÑ=íÜÉ=áåíêçÇìÅíáçå=çÑ=ëìÄJãìåáÅáé~ä=ÅçããáííÉÉë=áå=pïÉÇÉå=E`ò~êåá~ïëâ~J gçÉêÖÉëI=NVUUF

=ëí~êíÉÇ=ïáíÜ=~=ëÉãáJëíêìÅíìêÉÇ=áåíÉêîáÉï=ÄÉÖáååáåÖ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=

áååçÅÉåí= èìÉëíáçåW= ?`~å= óçì= íÉää= ãÉ= ëçãÉíÜáåÖ= ~Äçìí= íÜÉ= Üáëíçêó= çÑ= íÜÉ= êÉÑçêã\=

tÜÉå=ÇáÇ=áí=~ää=ÄÉÖáåI=áå=óçìê=îáÉï\?=f=êÉÅÉáîÉÇ=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=íóéÉë=çÑ=~åëïÉêëW=

=

J=áå=~åÅáÉåí=dêÉÉÅÉI=

J=áå=sáâáåÖ=îáää~ÖÉëI=

J=áå=íÜÉ=NVQMëI=

J=áå=NVSO=EíÜÉ=óÉ~ê=çÑ=~=ÅÉåíê~äáòáåÖ=~Çãáåáëíê~íáîÉ=êÉÑçêãF=

J=áå=NVTN=EíÜÉ=ãáÇÇäÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅÉåíê~äáòáåÖ=êÉÑçêãF=

J=áå=NVTT=

J=áå=NVTV=

J=áå=NVUR=EëÉêáçìëäóFK=

=================================================

N

=fí=ï~ë=~å=áãéçêí~åí=êÉÑçêãI=~ë=äçÅ~ä=ÖçîÉêåãÉåíë=~êÉ=ÅêìÅá~ä=íç=pïÉÇáëÜ=éìÄäáÅ=~Çãáåáëíê~íáçåI=áå=

Åçåíê~ëí=íç=ãçëí=bìêçéÉ~å=ÅçìåíêáÉë=ïÜÉêÉ=éìÄäáÅ=~Çãáåáëíê~íáçå=Éèì~äë=ëí~íÉ=~Çãáåáëíê~íáçåK=

J=O=J=

f=ï~ë=ëçãÉïÜ~í=í~âÉå=~Ä~Åâ=Äó=íÜÉ=î~êáÉíó=çÑ=êÉëéçåëÉëI=ÅÜçëÉ=~=ãáÇÇäÉ=ï~ó=EÉ~êäó=

ÄÉÖáååáåÖë=áå=íÜÉ=ãáÇJNVTMëI=Åìäãáå~íáçå=~í=éêÉëÉåíFI=~åÇ=ÅçãÑçêíÉÇ=ãóëÉäÑ=íÜ~íI=~ë=

ÉîÉêóÄçÇó=âåçïëI=êÉëéçåÇÉåíëD=ãÉãçêáÉë=~êÉ=åÉîÉê=êÉäá~ÄäÉK=_ìí=ãó=ìåÉ~ëÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜáë=

Éñéä~å~íáçå= êÉíìêåÉÇ= ïÜÉå= ~= ÅçääÉ~ÖìÉ= íçäÇ= ãÉ= íÜ~íI= áå= ~= ëáãáä~ê= ëíìÇó= ÅçåÇìÅíÉÇ=

ä~íÉêI=ÜÉ=~ëâÉÇ=éÉçéäÉ=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=çêáÖáåë=çÑ=~=êÉçêÖ~åáò~íáçå=íÜ~í=ï~ë=í~âáåÖ=éä~ÅÉI=~åÇ=

ï~ë=áåÑçêãÉÇ=íÜ~í=áí=ëí~êíÉÇ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=é~êíáÅáé~íáçå=çÑ=ëÉîÉê~ä=éÉêëçåë=áå=~=ÅçåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=

çêÖ~åáòÉÇ=áå=_êìëëÉäëK=fåíÉêÉëíÉÇ=áå=íÜáë=ÅçåÑÉêÉåÅÉI=ãó=ÅçääÉ~ÖìÉ=íêáÉÇ=íç=äçÅ~íÉ=áí=áå=

ÉñáëíáåÖ= ÇçÅìãÉåíëI= ~åÇ= Å~ãÉ= íç= íÜÉ= ÅçåÅäìëáçå= íÜ~íI= íç= Üáë= ~åÇ= brJéÉçéäÉDë=

âåçïäÉÇÖÉI=åç=ëìÅÜ=ÅçåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÉîÉê=íççâ=éä~ÅÉK=eÉ=ÅçåÑêçåíÉÇ=Üáë=áåíÉêäçÅìíçêë=ïáíÜ=

íÜáë=éáÉÅÉ=çÑ=åÉïë=~åÇ=ÜÉ~êÇ=áå=êÉëéçåëÉI=?tÉääI=éÉêÜ~éë=áí=ï~ë=åçí=áå=_êìëëÉäëI=Äìí=áí=

ï~ë=ëçãÉïÜÉêÉI=~åÇ=~êçìåÇ=íÜ~í=íáãÉ?K=i~íÉê=çå=f=êÉ~äáòÉÇ=íÜ~íI=äççâáåÖ=~ë=ïÉ=ÄçíÜ=

ïÉêÉ= Ñçê= ?íÜÉ= ÄÉÖáååáåÖ?I= ïÉ= Ñ~áäÉÇ= íç= åçíáÅÉ= íÜ~í= áí= áë= íÜÉ= ÉåÇáåÖ= íÜ~í= ÅÜççëÉë= áíë=

ÄÉÖáååáåÖI=åçí=íÜÉ=çíÜÉê=ï~ó=~êçìåÇK=aáÑÑÉêÉåí=ÉåÇáåÖë=êÉèìáêÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=ÄÉÖáååáåÖë=

Ó=íÜáë=áë=Üçï=íÜÉ=ÅçåëíêìÅíáçå=çÑ=~=ëíçêó=éêçÅÉÉÇë=Eçå=ÉåÇáåÖJÉãÄÉÇÇÉÇ=ëíçêáÉëI=ëÉÉ=

j~åÇäÉêI=NVUQFK=

=

^=ëÉãáå~ê=çå=?eáëíçêáÅ~ä=cìäÑáääãÉåí?=Äó=e~óÇÉå=tÜáíÉ=EOMMMF=ÜÉäéÉÇ=ãÉ=íç=ã~âÉ=

ëçãÉ=ëÉåëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=ÅçåÑìëáåÖ=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉëK=tÜáíÉ=Åä~áãë=íÜ~í=áí=áë=áãéçëëáÄäÉ=íç=ëéÉ~â=

~Äçìí= Üáëíçêó= ~ë= íÜÉ= ëíìÇó= çÄàÉÅí= Ñçê= íÜÉ= ÇáëÅáéäáåÉ= çÑ= ÜáëíçêóW= íÜÉ= ä~ííÉêDë= éêçéÉê=

ëìÄàÉÅí=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ÜáëíçêáçÖê~éÜáÉëI=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=ï~óë=çÑ=ïêáíáåÖ=ÜáëíçêóK=qÜÉ=íê~Çáíáçå~ä=

ÇáëÅáéäáåÉ= çÑ= Üáëíçêó= ÇÉÇáÅ~íÉë= ~äãçëí= åç= ~ííÉåíáçå= íç= íÜÉ= Ñçêã= íÜáë= ïêáíáåÖ= í~âÉë= Ó=

íÜìë= ~= íáíäÉ= çÑ= çåÉ= çÑ= tÜáíÉDë= ÄççâëI= The Content of the Form= ENVUTFK= píìÇóáåÖ=

ïÉëíÉêå= ÜáëíçêáçÖê~éÜóI= ÜÉ= Å~ãÉ= íç= íÜÉ= ÅçåÅäìëáçå= íÜ~í= áí= ìåÇÉêïÉåí= ~= Çê~ã~íáÅ=

ÅÜ~åÖÉ=çÑ=é~ê~ÇáÖãW=Ñêçã=ÅÜêçåçäçÖáÅ~ä=íç=â~áêçíáÅ=íáãÉ=çêÇÉêáåÖK=

=

`Üêçåçë= EchrónosF= ï~ë= íÜÉ= dêÉÉâ= ÖçÇ= Eçê= ~í= äÉ~ëí= áãéÉêëçå~íáçåF= çÑ= íáãÉI= ïÜáäÉ=

h~áêçë=ï~ë=íÜÉ=ÖçÇ=çÑ=êáÖÜí=íáãÉI=çÑ=éêçéÉê=íáãÉK=Kairós áå=dêÉÉâ=ãÉ~åë=?íáãÉI=éä~ÅÉI=

ÅáêÅìãëí~åÅÉë= çÑ= ~= ëìÄàÉÅí?= Ei~åÜ~ã= NVVNFK= tÜáäÉ= `Üêçåçë= ãÉ~ëìêÉë= íáãÉ= áå=

ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=áåíÉêî~äëI=h~áêçë=àìãéë=~åÇ=ëäçïë=ÇçïåI=çãáíë=äçåÖ=éÉêáçÇë=~åÇ=êÉã~áåë=

áå=çíÜÉêëK=^ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=tÜáíÉI=íÜÉ=ëïáíÅÜ=Ñêçã=ÅÜêçåçäçÖáÅ~ä=íç=â~áêçíáÅ=íáãÉ=áë=ÄÉëí=

ëóãÄçäáòÉÇ= Äó= íÜÉ= ÅçåîÉêëáçå= çÑ= p~ìäW= íáãÉ= ëí~êíÉÇ= ~åÉï= Ñçê= Üáã= ~ÑíÉê= ÜÉ= ÄÉÅ~ãÉ=

m~ìäK= få= bìêçéÉ~å= ÜáëíçêóI= çåÉ= Å~å= íê~ÅÉ= íÜÉ= ÅÜ~åÖÉ= Ñêçã= ?~åå~äë?= íç= ?ÅÜêçåáÅäÉë?=

~åÇ= íç= ~= ?éêçéÉê= Üáëíçêó?K= tÜáíÉ= èìçíÉë= íÜÉ= ?eáëíçêó= çÑ= cê~åÅÉ?= Äó= oáÅÜÉêìë= çÑ=

oÜÉáãë=EÅ~=VVUF=~ë=ÄÉáåÖ=Ü~äÑï~ó=ÄÉíïÉÉå=~=éìêÉäó=ÅÜêçåçäçÖáÅ~ä=~ÅÅçìåí=EëìÅÜ=~ë=

=

J=P=J=

~åå~äëF= ~åÇ= ~= â~áêçíáÅ= å~êê~íáîÉ= E?éêçéÉê= Üáëíçêó?FK= fí= Ü~ë= ~= ÅÉåíê~ä= ëìÄàÉÅíI= ~=

ÖÉçÖê~éÜáÅ~ä=ÅÉåíÉêI=~=ëçÅá~ä=ÅÉåíÉêI=~åÇ=~=ÄÉÖáååáåÖ=áå=íáãÉK==

=

_ìí= íÜÉ= ïçêâ= Ñ~áäë= ~ë= éêçéÉê= ÜáëíçêóI= ~í= äÉ~ëí= ~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ= íç= íÜÉ= çéáåáçå= çÑ= ä~íÉê=

ÅçããÉåí~íçêëI= Äó= îáêíìÉ= çÑ= íïç= ÅçåëáÇÉê~íáçåëK= cáêëíI= íÜÉ= çêÇÉê= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÇáëÅçìêëÉ=

Ñçääçïë=íÜÉ=çêÇÉê=çÑ=ÅÜêçåçäçÖóX=áí=éêÉëÉåíë=ÉîÉåíë=áå=íÜÉ=çêÇÉê=çÑ=íÜÉáê=çÅÅìêêÉåÅÉ=

~åÇ= Å~ååçíI= íÜÉêÉÑçêÉI= çÑÑÉê= íÜÉ= âáåÇ= çÑ= ãÉ~åáåÖ= íÜ~í= ~= å~êê~íçäçÖáÅ~ääó= ÖçîÉêåÉÇ=

~ÅÅçìåí=Å~å=ÄÉ=ë~áÇ=íç=éêçîáÇÉK=pÉÅçåÇI=éêçÄ~Ääó=çïáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=?~åå~äáëíáÅ?=çêÇÉê=çÑ=

ÇáëÅçìêëÉI= íÜÉ=~ÅÅçìåí=ÇçÉë=åçí=ëç=ãìÅÜ=ÅçåÅäìÇÉ=~ë=ëáãéäó=íÉêãáå~íÉ=KKKK=ENVUTI=

éKNTFK=

=

f= ï~ë= ëíêìÅâ= Äó= íÜÉ= ëáãáä~êáíó= çÑ= íÜÉëÉ= íê~åëÑçêã~íáçåë= áå= ÜáëíçêáçÖê~éÜó= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ=

íê~åëÑçêã~íáçå=çÑ=ÉîÉåíë=áåíç=~=ëíçêó=EÜáëíçêóF=~í=íÜÉ=`áíó=lÑÑáÅÉ=áå=píçÅâÜçäã=ÇìêáåÖ=

ãó= ëíìÇó= E`ò~êåá~ïëâ~I= OMMPFK= qÜÉ= ã~áå= ÉîÉåí= ~ííê~ÅíáåÖ= ÉîÉêóÄçÇóDë= ~ííÉåíáçåI=

íáãÉ= ~åÇ= ÉÑÑçêí= ~í= íÜ~í= íáãÉ= ï~ë= íÜÉ= ÇáëíêáÅí= êÉÑçêã= E~= î~êá~íáçå= çå= ëìÄJãìåáÅáé~ä=

êÉÑçêã= ïÜáÅÜ= píçÅâÜçäã= ÇÉÅáÇÉÇ= íç= áåíêçÇìÅÉ= NM= óÉ~êë= ä~íÉê= íÜ~å= ãçëí= çíÜÉê=

ãìåáÅáé~äáíáÉëFK=f=ÅçìäÇ=ëÉÉ=áí=Ü~ééÉåáåÖX=f=~äëç=áåíÉêîáÉïÉÇ=íÜÉ=éêçàÉÅí=äÉ~ÇÉêI=~åÇ=f=

ï~ë=ä~íÉê=ÖáîÉå=~=ÜáëíçêáÅ~ä=éÉêëéÉÅíáîÉ=çå=íÜÉ=ÉîÉåíK=eÉêÉ=áë=~=ëÜçêí=ÉñÅÉêéí=Ñêçã=ãó=

ÑáÉäÇ=åçíÉëK=

=

låÉ=a~ó=~í=~=`áíó=lÑÑáÅÉ=EëÜ~ÇçïáåÖ=çÑ=~=j~å~ÖÉêF=

MUKMM=jçîáåÖ=áåíç=íÜÉ=åÉï=çÑÑáÅÉK=mÉçéäÉ=ãçîÉ=ìé=~åÇ=Ççïå=íÜÉ=ÅçêêáÇçêI=Å~êêó=

ÄçñÉëI=~êê~åÖÉ=íÜÉ=ÅçÑÑÉÉ=êççãK=

= MUKPM=`çåîÉêë~íáçå=E~Äçìí=ÇáëíêáÅí=êÉÑçêãF=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=êÉëÉ~êÅÜÉê=áå=~=Å~ê=çå=íÜÉ=ï~ó=

íç=íÜÉ=íê~áåáåÖ=C=ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåí=ÅÉåíÉê=

=

MVKMM=`çÑÑÉÉ=ÅÜ~í=E~å=ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó=ëíçé=áå=íÜÉ=ëìÄï~ó=ëóëíÉã=éêÉîÉåíÉÇ=ãçëí=çÑ=íÜÉ=

ÅçìêëÉ=é~êíáÅáé~åíë=Ñêçã=~êêáîáåÖ=çå=íáãÉF=

=

MVKQR=fåíêçÇìÅíáçå=íç=íÜÉ=ÅçìêëÉ=EÇÉÇáÅ~íÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=éêÉëÉåí~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=

ÅçåëÉèìÉåÅÉë=çÑ=ÇáëíêáÅí=êÉÑçêã=íç=íÜÉ=`áíó=lÑÑáÅÉF=

=

NMKPM=oÉíìêå=íç=íÜÉ=çÑÑáÅÉK=^=íçìê=~êçìåÇ=åÉï=çÑÑáÅÉëI=ÅÜ~íë=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=êÉÑçêãK=

=

NMKQR=j~å~ÖÉê=ïçêâë=~í=Üáë=ÅçãéìíÉê=

=

NNKNM=^=îÉåíáä~íáçå=ëéÉÅá~äáëí=ÅçãÉë=áå=EåÉï=çÑÑáÅÉë=Ü~îÉ=Ñ~ìäíó=îÉåíáä~íáçåF=

=

KKK~åÇ=ëç=çåKKKK=

= kçí=ãìÅÜ=çÑ=~=ëíçêóI=êáÖÜí\=^åÇ=óÉí=áí=áë=~=ÅÜêçåçäçÖáÅ~ääó=ëíêìÅíìêÉÇ=~ÅÅçìåí=çÑ=Üçï=

íÜÉ=êÉÑçêã=éêçÅÉÉÇëK=få=ã~åó=ÅçåíÉñíë=ëìÅÜ=~=äçÖÄççâ=ãáÖÜí=ÄÉ=~å=~ÅÅÉéíÉÇ=Ñçêã=çÑ=

J=Q=J=

Üáëíçêó= Ó= éêçÄ~ÄäóI= áå= ëÉííáåÖë= çêÖ~åáòÉÇ= ~êçìåÇ= ã~ÅÜáåÉëI= ëìÅÜ= ~ë= Äç~íëI= éä~åÉëI=

ä~Äçê~íçêáÉëK= _ìí= åçí= áå= çêÖ~åáò~íáçåë= f= îáëáíÉÇI= ïÜÉêÉ= íÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉë= ïÉêÉ= ëçÑí= ~åÇ=

çÑíÉå= áåîáëáÄäÉ= EíÜ~í= áëI= ÑçêÖçííÉå= çê= åçí= êÉÅçÖåáòÉÇ= ~ë= íÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉëFK= qÜÉ= éêçàÉÅí=

äÉ~ÇÉêI=~ë=áí=íìêåÉÇ=çìíI=ìëÉÇ=~=j~ëíÉêmä~å=éêçÖê~ã=E~åçíÜÉê=ÅÜêçåçäçÖáÅ~ä=ÇÉîáÅÉF=íç=

êìå= ÜÉê= éêçàÉÅíI= Äìí= ëÜÉ= ÇáÇ= åçí= íÉää= íÜÉ= ëíçêó= ~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ= íç= íÜÉ= j~ëíÉêmä~åK= eÉê=

~ÅÅçìåí=êÉëÉãÄäÉÇ=~=ÅÜêçåáÅäÉW=íÜÉêÉ=ïÉêÉ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêëI=~=ÅçåíÉñíI=íÜÉêÉ=ï~ë=~=ÄÉÖáååáåÖ=

Ó= Äìí= íÜÉ= ÉåÇ= ï~ë= çåäó= íÜÉ= ÉåÇ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ~ÅÅçìåíK= qÜÉ= éäçí= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= éçáåí= ïÉêÉ= ëíáää=

ãáëëáåÖK= qÜÉ= éäçí= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= éçáåí= ïÉêÉI= ÜçïÉîÉêI= îÉêó= îáëáÄäÉ= áå= íÜÉ= ÑçääçïáåÖ=

áåíÉêîáÉïë= íÜ~í= ÅçããÉåíÉÇ= çå= íÜÉ= ÇáëíêáÅí= êÉÑçêã= EÑçê= ~= ÑìääÉê= ~ÅÅçìåíI= ëÉÉ=

`ò~êåá~ïëâ~I=OMMPFK=qÜÉêÉI=`Üêçåçë=~äãçëí=ÅçãéäÉíÉäó=óáÉäÇÉÇ=íç=h~áêçëK==

=

få= çêÖ~åáò~íáçåë= f= Ü~îÉ= îáëáíÉÇI= ÅÜêçåçäçÖáÅ~ä= ~ÅÅçìåíë= ïÉêÉ= ê~ï= ã~íÉêá~ä= Ñçê=

â~áêçíáÅ~ääóJçêÖ~åáòÉÇ=å~êê~íáîÉëI=àìëí=~ë=íÜÉó=ïÉêÉ=Ñçê=ãÉ=áå=ãó=êÉëÉ~êÅÜK=jçëí=äáâÉäóI=

â~áêçíáÅ= íáãÉ= Å~ååçí= ÄÉ= ÇáêÉÅíäó= ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉÇI= åçí= ÉîÉå= áå= ä~Äçê~íçêáÉëW= áí= ãìëí= ÄÉ=

ã~ÇÉK=gçÜå=i~ï=ENVVQF=éçáåíÉÇ=çìí=íÜ~í=åçíÜáåÖ=ÉîÉê=Ü~ééÉåë=êáÖÜí=ïÜÉêÉ=~åÇ=ïÜÉå=

íÜÉ=êÉëÉ~êÅÜÉê=áë=çÄëÉêîáåÖK=^ää=áãéçêí~åí=ÉîÉåíë=Ü~ééÉå=~í=ëçãÉ=çíÜÉê=íáãÉI=áå=ëçãÉ=

çíÜÉê= éä~ÅÉK= tÜáäÉ= áå= íÜÉ= ÄÉÖáååáåÖ= íÜÉ= êÉëÉ~êÅÜÉêë= íÉåÇ= íç= é~åáÅ= ~åÇ= íêó= íç= ÅÜ~ëÉ=

?íÜÉ= ~Åíáçå?I= áå= íáãÉ= íÜÉó= äÉ~êå= íÜ~í= ?áãéçêí~åí= ÉîÉåíë?= ÄÉÅçãÉ= ëìÅÜ= áå= ~ÅÅçìåíëK=

kçÄçÇó=áë=~ï~êÉ=íÜ~í=~å=áãéçêí~åí=ÉîÉåí=áë=Ü~ééÉåáåÖ=ïÜÉå=áí=í~âÉë=éä~ÅÉI=~äíÜçìÖÜ=

áå=ãçëí=Å~ëÉë=éÉçéäÉ=~êÉ=~ï~êÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=íáãÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ç~óI=íÜÉ=Ç~ó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ãçåíÜ=ÉíÅK=_ìí=

íÜÉó=~êÉ=åçí=~ï~êÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=áãéçêí~åÅÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉîÉåíX=ÉîÉåíë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ã~ÇÉ=áãéçêí~åí=

Eçê=åçíFK=`ÜêçåçäçÖó=çêÖ~åáòÉë=íÜÉ=éêÉëÉåí=EÉñíÉåÇÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=áããÉÇá~íÉ=ÑìíìêÉFK=qÜÉ=

é~ëí=~åÇ=íÜÉ=Çáëí~åí=ÑìíìêÉ=~êÉ=ÖçîÉêåÉÇ=Äó=â~áêçíáÅ=íáãÉK==

=

káâä~ë= iìÜã~åå= çÑÑÉêÉÇ= ~å= áåíÉêÉëíáåÖ= áåëáÖÜí= çå= íÜáë= íçéáÅ= áå= Üáë= ëóëíÉãë=

îçÅ~Äìä~êóK=h~áêçíáÅ=íáãÉI=?íÜÉ=êáÖÜí=íáãÉ?I=áë=íÜ~í=ïÜáÅÜ=ÅêÉ~íÉë=~=temporal autonomy=

Ñçê=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉãK=håçêê=`Éíáå~=ENVVVW=OTF=éçáåíÉÇ=çìí=íÜ~í=ä~Äçê~íçêáÉë=åÉÉÇ=åçí=ÇÉ~ä=

ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÉîÉåíë=when they happenW=íÜÉó=ãáÖÜí=êÉÅçêÇ=íÜÉã=~åÇ=éìí=çÑÑ=í~ÅâäáåÖ=íÜÉã=

ìåíáä=~=?ÄÉííÉê=íáãÉ?I=ïÜÉå=íÜÉêÉ=~êÉ=ãçêÉ=êÉëçìêÅÉëI=ÄÉííÉê=ã~ÅÜáåÉëI=çê=êÉëÉ~êÅÜÉêë=

ïáíÜ=íáãÉ=~í=íÜÉáê=Ü~åÇëK=jçëí=ÅçåíÉãéçê~êó=çêÖ~åáò~íáçåë=~êÉ=ÉñéÉÅíÉÇ=íç=êÉ~Åí=íç=

ïÜ~í=Ü~ééÉåë=ïÜÉå=áí=Ü~ééÉåëK=_ìíI=ë~óë=iìÜã~ååI=?xáÑz=~=ëóëíÉã=~äï~óë=Ü~Ç=íç=êÉ~Åí=

íç=íÜÉ=ÉåîáêçåãÉåí~ä=ÉîÉåíë=íÜ~í=ÄÉÑ~ää=áí=íÜÉ=ãáåìíÉ=íÜÉó=Ü~ééÉåI=áí=ïçìäÇ=Ü~îÉ=äáííäÉ=

ÅÜ~åÅÉ=íç=ëÉäÉÅí=áíë=ãçÇÉ=çÑ=êÉ~ÅíáåÖ?=ENVVRWNUSFK=h~áêçíáÅ=íáãÉ=éÉêãáíë=?áåÇáîáÇì~ä?=

íáãáåÖW=?fí=áë=íçç=É~êäó=íç=Çç=ëçãÉíÜáåÖ=~Äçìí=áí=åçïK?=fÑI=ÜçïÉîÉêI=çêÖ~åáò~íáçåë=ê~å=

çå=â~áêçíáÅ=íáãÉ=çåäóI=åç=íê~áå=ïçìäÇ=ÉîÉê=äÉ~îÉ=çå=íáãÉK=?qÜìë=íÉãéçê~ä=~ìíçåçãó=

=

J=R=J=

ÅêÉ~íÉë=áíë= çïå= éêçÄäÉãë= Ñçê= íÜÉ= ëóëíÉãI= ïÜáÅÜ= êÉèìáêÉ=íÜÉáê= çïå= ëçäìíáçåë?=EáÄáÇKF=

qÜÉëÉ=~êÉ=ëçäìíáçåë=áåíÉåí=çå=ÅÜêçåçäçÖóW=j~ëíÉêmä~åëI=cáäçÑ~ñÉëI=áååìãÉê~ÄäÉ=ÅäçÅâë=

~åÇ=~ä~êãëK=fí=áë=íÜáë=áåíÉêéä~ó=çÑ=â~áêçíáÅ=~åÇ=ÅÜêçåçäçÖáÅ~ä=íáãáåÖ=íÜ~í=åÉÉÇë=íç=ÄÉ=

ëíìÇáÉÇ=áå=çêÖ~åáòáåÖK=e~êÇJíÉÅÜåçäçÖóJÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=çêÖ~åáòáåÖ=ãáÖÜí=ÑçêÅÉ=éêáçêáíó=íç=

ÅÜêçåçäçÖáÅ~ä= íáãÉI= ïÜáäÉ= çêÖ~åáòáåÖ= ÇÉéÉåÇÉåí= çå= ëçÑí= íÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉë= ãáÖÜí= Ü~îÉ=

ãçêÉ= çééçêíìåáíáÉë= íç= ÅêÉ~íÉ= â~áêçíáÅ= íáãÉK= ^í= éêÉëÉåíI= ÜçïÉîÉêI= çêÖ~åáò~íáçå=

ëíìÇÉåíë=áãéçëÉ=íÜÉáê=çïå=íáãáåÖ=E~åÇ=íÜÉáê=çïå=éêÉÑÉêÉåÅÉëF=çå=íÜÉ=çêÖ~åáòáåÖ=íÜÉó=

ëíìÇóK=tÜáäÉ=íÜáë=áë=~=åÉÅÉëë~êó=áåÖêÉÇáÉåí=çÑ=çêÖ~åáòáåÖ=~=íÉñíI=áí=åÉÉÇë=åçí=ÄÉ=ÇçåÉ=

ìåêÉÑäÉÅíáîÉäóK=

aáëéÉêëÉÇ=Å~äÅìä~íáçå=

`bkqbo= lc= `^i`ri^qflkW= ^åó= ëáíÉ= ïÜÉêÉ= áåëÅêáéíáçåë= ~êÉ= ÅçãÄáåÉÇ= ~åÇ=

ã~âÉ=éçëëáÄäÉ=~=íóéÉ=çÑ=Å~äÅìä~íáçåK=fí=Å~å=ÄÉ=~=ä~Äçê~íçêóI=~=ëí~íáëíáÅ~ä=áåëíáíìíáçåI=

ÑáäÉë=çÑ=~=ÖÉçÖê~éÜÉêI=~=Ç~í~=Ä~åâ=~åÇ=ëç=ÑçêíÜK=qÜáë=ÉñéêÉëëáçå=äçÅ~íÉë= áå=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=

ëáíÉë = ~å= ~Äáäáíó= íç= Å~äÅìä~íÉ= íÜ~í= áë= íçç= çÑíÉå= éä~ÅÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= ãáåÇK= Ei~íçìêI= NVVV~W=

PMQI=áí~äáÅë=~ÇÇÉÇF=

=

bèìáééÉÇ= ïáíÜ= íÜáë= ÇÉÑáåáíáçåI= f= äççâÉÇ= Ñçê= ~å= ÉÅçåçãáÅ= Å~äÅìä~íáçå= ÅÉåíÉê= Eçê=

ÅÉåíÉêëF= áå= ~= píçÅâÜçäã= ìíáäáíó= Åçãé~åó= ïÜÉêÉ= f= Ü~Ç= ÄÉÉå= ëÜ~ÇçïáåÖ= çåÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ=

ÉñÉÅìíáîÉë= E`ò~êåá~ïëâ~I= OMMMÄFK= `çããçå= ëÉåëÉ= ÖìáÇÉÇ= ãÉ= Ñáêëí= íç= íÜÉ= cáå~åÅÉ=

aÉé~êíãÉåí= Ó= ïÜáÅÜ= ï~ë= íÜÉ= ÅçêêÉÅí= ÇáêÉÅíáçåI= Äìí= ïáíÜ= ëçãÉ= áåíÉêÉëíáåÖ=

ÅçãéäáÅ~íáçåëK=qÜÉ=cáå~åÅÉ=aÉé~êíãÉåí=ÅçääÉÅíÉÇ=~ää=íÜÉ=êÉäÉî~åí=Ç~í~=~åÇ=Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ=

Ó=Äìí=ëç=ÇáÇ=~äãçëí=ÉîÉêóÄçÇó=ÉäëÉK=qÜÉ=êÉëìäíë=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=Å~äÅìä~íáçåë=ÇáÇ=åçí=~äï~óë=

í~ääóI= ïÜáÅÜ= éêçîçâÉÇ= ~= åÉï= êçìåÇ= çÑ= Å~äÅìä~íáçåë= EÉîÉêóïÜÉêÉFI= Äìí= ~äëç= ~Åíáî~íÉÇ=

åçåJÅ~äÅìä~íáîÉ=ãçÇÉë=çÑ=åÉÖçíá~íáçåK=

=

f= Ü~îÉ= íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ= ~ëëìãÉÇ= íÜ~í= íÜÉêÉ= ï~ë= åçí= çåÉI= Äìí= ã~åó= ÅÉåíÉêë= çÑ= Å~äÅìä~íáçåK=

cáêëíäóI=íÜÉêÉ=ïÉêÉ=ëÉîÉê~ä=îÉêëáçåë=çÑ=íÜÉ=?cáå~åÅÉ=aÉé~êíãÉåí?W=íÜÉ=éêÉëÉåí=çåÉI=~åÇ=

íÜÉ= çäÇ= çåÉ= íÜ~í= ï~ë= Öìáäíó= çÑ= íÜÉ= ãáëí~âÉ= áå= íÜÉ= äçåÖJíÉêã= éä~åK= pÉÅçåÇäóI= É~ÅÜ=

ÇÉé~êíãÉåí= Ü~Ç= áíë= çïå= Ñáå~åÅÉ= ìåáí= íÜ~í= Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ= íÜÉ= Åçëíë= ~åÇ= éêçÇìÅÉÇ= íÜÉ=

ÄìÇÖÉíëK=qÜÉëÉ=Å~äÅìä~íáçåë=ïÉêÉ=~Åíì~ääó=åçí=ÉîÉå=ã~ÇÉ=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=ÅçÇÉK==

=

^ííÉåÇáåÖ=~=ÄìÇÖÉí=ãÉÉíáåÖ=~í=íÜÉ=aÉé~êíãÉåí=çÑ=båîáêçåãÉåíI=f=ï~ë=ëíêìÅâ=Äó=íÜÉ=

äáîÉäó=áåíÉêÉëí=çÑ=~ää=éêÉëÉåí=áå=ìåÇÉêëí~åÇáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÉÅçåçãáÅ=Å~äÅìä~íáçåë=~åÇ=íÜÉáê=åçíJ ëçJàÉëíÑìä=ëìÖÖÉëíáçåë=íÜ~í=íÜÉáê=ÇÉé~êíãÉåí=ÅçìäÇ=Çç=áí=ãìÅÜ=ÄÉííÉêK=^í=íÜ~í=éçáåíI=f=

ï~ë=ëíáää=éêçåÉ=íç=ëÉÉ=áí=~ë=~=ã~ííÉê=çÑ=áåíÉêÇÉé~êíãÉåí~ä=ÅçãéÉíáíáçå=Eçìê=Å~äÅìä~íáçå=

J=S=J=

ÅÉåíÉê=áë=ÄÉííÉê=íÜ~å=óçìêë>FK=_ìí=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåíë=ÅçåîáåÅÉÇ=ãÉ=íÜ~í=íÜÉêÉ=

áë=ãçêÉ=íç=áíK=

=

qÜÉ= eÉ~Ç= çÑ= båîáêçåãÉåíI= äççâáåÖ= Ñçê= ï~óë= íç= ~ÅÅçããçÇ~íÉ= íÜÉ= åÉï= Ñáå~åÅá~ä=

~ÇàìëíãÉåíë=E~=åÉÉÇ=Ñçê=ë~îáåÖëFI=ÇÉÅáÇÉÇ=íç=ìëÉ=íÜÉ=Ñ~ãçìë=pïÉÇáëÜ=áåëíêìãÉåí=íÜÉ=

?ÅÜÉÉëÉ=ëäáÅÉê?I=çê=ê~íÜÉêI=~ë=ëÜÉ=éìí=áíI=~=?Ü~äÑJÅÜÉÉëÉ=ëäáÅÉê?W=^ää=ïÉêÉ=ÖçáåÖ=íç=Ü~îÉ=íç=

ã~âÉ=ÅìíëI=íÜçìÖÜ=åçí=Éèì~ääóK=pÜÉ=ïÉåí=~êçìåÇ=ÜÉê=ÇÉé~êíãÉåí=~åÇ=ëéçâÉ=íç=~ää=íÜÉ=

ã~å~ÖÉêëK=nìáíÉ=çÑíÉå=íÜÉó=ïçìäÇ=Ü~îÉ=éçÅâÉí=Å~äÅìä~íçêë=ïáíÜ=íÜÉãI=çê=ÉäëÉ=íìêå=íç=

íÜÉáê=ÅçãéìíÉêë=íç=ÅÜÉÅâ=íÜÉ=åìãÄÉêëK=f=êÉ~äáòÉÇ=íÜ~íI=èìáíÉ=~é~êí=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=cáå~åÅÉ=

aÉé~êíãÉåíI= éê~ÅíáÅ~ääó= ÉîÉêóÄçÇó= áå= ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí= Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ= ~åÇ= ï~ë= éêÉé~êÉÇ= íç=

ÇÉÑÉåÇ=ÜÉê=çê=Üáë=Å~äÅìä~íáçåë=~Ö~áåëí=ÉîÉêóÄçÇó=ÉäëÉÛëK=`~äÅìä~íáçå=ï~ë=åçí=éä~ÅÉÇ=áå=

íÜÉ=ãáåÇI=Äìí=åÉáíÜÉê=ï~ë=áí=éä~ÅÉÇ=çå=~=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=ëáíÉW=áí=ï~ë=ãçîáåÖ=~êçìåÇK=

=

qÜáë=ÅçìäÇ=ÄÉ=~=Åìëíçã=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=Ñçê=íÜáë=ìíáäáíóI=ïÜáÅÜ=ï~ë=êìå=Äó=íÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉÉêëI

=Äìí=

áí=ÇáÑÑÉêÉÇ=ëíêçåÖäó=Ñêçã=ëáãáä~ê=ìåáíë=f=ëíìÇáÉÇ=áå=t~êë~ïI=ïÜÉêÉ=ÉåÖáåÉÉêë=ëíÉÉêÉÇ=

ÅäÉ~ê=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ÉÅçåçãáÅ=Å~äÅìä~íáçåë=~åÇ=ÉñéêÉëëÉÇ=çéáåáçåë=çåäó=çå=íÜÉ=çìíÅçãÉëI=

åçí=çå=íÜÉ=éêçÅÉÇìêÉë=E`ò~êåá~ïëâ~I=OMMM~FK=tÜ~í=f=ïáíåÉëëÉÇ=ï~ë=~=ÅäÉ~ê=ëóãéíçã=

çÑ=íÜÉ=?~ìÇáí=ëçÅáÉíó?=EmçïÉêI=NVVTFI=ïÜÉêÉ=ÉîÉêóÄçÇó=Ü~ë=~=Çìíó=Ó=~åÇ=~=éêáîáäÉÖÉ=Ó=

íç=Çç=ÉÅçåçãáÅ=Å~äÅìä~íáçåëK

=^å=áåíÉêÉëíáåÖ=Å~ëÉ=áå=éçáåí=áë=íÜ~í=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=Äó=^ååJ

`ÜêáëíáåÉ= cê~åÇëÉåI= ïÜÉêÉ= ~= åìêëÉ= ÉãéçïÉêÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ~= êÉëéçåëáÄáäáíó= ~ÅÅçìåí=

ÉãéäçóÉÇ=~=êÉëÉ~êÅÜÉê=~ë=~å=áåÑçêã~ä=Åçåëìäí~åí=íç=ëìééçêí=ÜÉê=Å~äÅìä~íáçåë=~Ö~áåëí=

íÜÉ=íê~Çáíáçå~ä=?ÅÉåíÉê?=Ecê~åÇëÉåI=OMMMFK=qÜìëI=~äíÜçìÖÜ=Å~äÅìä~íáçå=ÅÉåíÉêë=ëíáää=Çç=

ÉñáëíI= íÜÉ= ~Åíáîáíó= çÑ= Å~äÅìä~íáçå= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= ÇáëéÉêëÉÇ= áå= ÉÅçåçãáÅ= çêÖ~åáò~íáçåëK=

jìäíáéäáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=ÅÉåíÉêë=çÑ=Å~äÅìä~íáçå=äÉÇ=íç=~=ëáíì~íáçå=ïÜÉêÉ=áí=áë=éçáåíäÉëë=íç=ëéÉ~â=

çÑ=?ÅÉåíÉêë?=çê=?ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=ëáíÉë?K=kç=ÇçìÄí=íÜÉ=áåíÉåëÉ=ÉÇìÅ~íáçå=çÑ=?Å~äÅìä~íáåÖ=~Åíçêë?=

E`~ääçåI=NVVUF=ëìééçêíë=íÜáë=éêçÅÉëëI=~äíÜçìÖÜ=åçí=Éñ~Åíäó=áå=íÜÉ=ëÉåëÉ=áåíÉåÇÉÇ=Äó=

åÉçÅä~ëëáÅ~ä=ÉÅçåçãáÅëK=qÜÉó=ãáÖÜí=ÄÉ=Å~äÅìä~íáåÖ=íÜÉáê=çïå=Ö~áåë=~åÇ=äçëëÉë=çê=åçíI=

Äìí=áí=áë=íÜÉáê=Çìíó=íç=í~âÉ=~å=~ÅíáîÉ=é~êí=áå=íÜÉ=ÅçääÉÅíáîÉ=Å~äÅìä~íáçå=éêçÅÉëëK=

=

eçï=ïÉää=éêÉé~êÉÇ=~êÉ=çêÖ~åáò~íáçå=ëíìÇÉåíë=íç=Å~éíìêÉ=íÜÉëÉ=ãçÇÉë=çÑ=çêÖ~åáòáåÖ=áå=

íÜÉ=ÅçåíÉãéçê~êó=ÉÅçåçãó\==

=================================================

O

=cçê=~=Åçãé~êáëçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ééêç~ÅÜÉë=çÑ=ÉåÖáåÉÉêë=~åÇ=ÉÅçåçãáëíë=íç=íÜÉ=áëëìÉ=çÑ=ÅçëíI=ëÉÉ=e~ìëã~å=

~åÇ=kÉìÑÉäÇ=ENVUUFK=

P

=^ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=mçïÉêI=íÜÉ=?~ìÇáí=ëçÅáÉíó?=ï~ë=Éå~ÄäÉÇ=~åÇ=~áÇÉÇ=Äó=íÜêÉÉ=éêçÖê~ãëW=íÜÉ=kÉï=mìÄäáÅ=

j~å~ÖÉãÉåíI=~=ëÜáÑí=áå=~=êÉÖìä~íçêó=ëíóäÉI=~åÇ=íÜÉ=êáëÉ=çÑ=èì~äáíó=~ëëìê~åÅÉ=ENVVTWQOFK=

=

J=T=J=

^Åíáçå=åÉíëI=åçí=çêÖ~åáò~íáçåë=

tÜ~í= áë= Å~ääÉÇ= ?çêÖ~åáò~íáçå= ëíìÇáÉë?= ìëì~ääó= ÇÉåçíÉë= êÉëÉ~êÅÜ= ÑçÅìëÉÇ= çå= çåÉ= çê=

ãçêÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ëíìÇó=çÄàÉÅíëW=

=

• places=E?çêÖ~åáò~íáçåë?FK=qÜÉ=~áã=áë=ê~êÉäó=íç=ëíìÇó=~=éä~ÅÉI=Äìí=íÜÉ=êÉëìäí=áë=

çÑíÉå=àìëí=íÜ~íK=qç=ëíìÇó=?sçäîç?=áë=íç=ëíìÇó=áíë=ÜÉ~Çèì~êíÉêë=áå=dçíÜÉåÄìêÖI=áíë=

éä~åí= áå= h~äã~ê= ~åÇ= éÉêÜ~éë= áíë= mçäáëÜ= ÉñíÉåëáçå= áå= têçÅä~ïK= qÜáë= ãçîÉ= áë=

ÇáÅí~íÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=Åçããçå=ëÉåëÉ=çÑ=ÑáÉäÇïçêâW=éê~ÅíáÅÉë=~êÉ=ëáíì~íÉÇI=~åÇ=ëç=~êÉ=íÜÉáê=

ëíìÇÉåíëK=låÉ=Ü~ë=íç=ÄÉ=ëçãÉwhere=áå=çêÇÉê=íç=ëíìÇó=ëçãÉthingK=^å=ìåáåíÉåÇÉÇ=

ÅçåëÉèìÉåÅÉ= áëI= ÜçïÉîÉêI= ~å= çåíçäçÖáò~íáçå= çÑ= ~å= ÉéáëíÉãçäçÖóK= t~óë= çÑ= ÇçáåÖ=

íÜáåÖë= ÄÉÅçãÉ= éä~ÅÉë= ~åÇ= çÄàÉÅíëX= íÜáë= áë= ÄÉëí= ëÉÉå= áå= íÜÉ= Éñ~ãéäÉ= çÑ= ?äÉîÉäë= çÑ=

~å~äóëáë?I= ïÜÉêÉ= ?ãáÅêç?= ~åÇ= ?ã~Åêç?= ëÉÉã= íç= ÄÉ= íïç= ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí= éä~åÉíë=

?áåÑäìÉåÅáåÖ?= çåÉ= ~åçíÜÉêK= qÜÉ= ë~ãÉ= Ñ~íÉ= ãÉí= ?Å~ëÉë?W= Ñ~ê= Ñêçã= ÄÉáåÖ= ?Å~ëÉë= çÑ=

ëçãÉíÜáåÖ?=E~=éÜÉåçãÉåçåI=~=éêçÅÉëëFI=íÜÉó=~êÉ=ÖáîÉå=éêçéÉê=å~ãÉë=~åÇ=ÄÉÅçãÉ=

?~=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=sçäîç?K=qÜÉ=éçáåí=áë=åçíI=ÜçïÉîÉêI=íÜ~í=çÑ=ãÉíÜçÇçäçÖáÅ~ä=éìêáíóI=Äìí=çÑ=

ãáëëáåÖ= ïÜ~í= áë= áãéçêí~åí= áå= éê~ÅíáÅÉW= ÅçåíÉãéçê~êó= çêÖ~åáòáåÖ= ãçîÉë= èìáÅâäó=

Ñêçã=çåÉ=éä~ÅÉ=íç=~åçíÜÉê=~åÇ=Ü~ééÉåë=áå=ëÉîÉê~ä=éä~ÅÉë=~í=çåÅÉK=f=ïáää=êÉíìêå=íç=

íÜáë=éçáåí=áå=íÜÉ=ä~ëí=ëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=íÜáë=é~éÉêK=

• people= EáåÇáîáÇì~äë= çê= ÖêçìéëFK= píìÇóáåÖ= áåÇáîáÇì~ä= éÉêëçåë= ~åÇ= íÜÉáê= äáÑÉ=

ïçêäÇë=áë=~=îÉêó=~ééêçéêá~íÉ=í~ëâ=Ñçê=éëóÅÜçäçÖáëíëI=áå=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=ï~ó=~ë=ëíìÇóáåÖ=íÜÉ=

~å~íçãó=çÑ=áåíÉê~Åíáçåë=áë=íÜÉ=í~ëâ=çÑ=ÉíÜåçãÉíÜçÇçäçÖáëíëK=píìÇÉåíë=çÑ=çêÖ~åáòáåÖ=

ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ÑçêíáÑáÉÇ=Äó=íÜáë=âáåÇ=çÑ=âåçïäÉÇÖÉI=Äìí=Å~ååçí=äáãáí=íÜÉãëÉäîÉë=íç=áíK=

?cäççê=í~âáåÖ?=~åÇ=?êÉé~áê?=Ü~ééÉå=áå=~ää=ÅçåîÉêë~íáçåëI=Äìí=åçí=~ää=ÅçåîÉêë~íáçåë=

ÅçåëíáíìíÉ=çêÖ~åáòáåÖ=éê~ÅíáÅÉëK=

• issuesK=pìÅÜ=ÑçÅìë=éêçãáëÉë=~=ÄÉííÉê=Öê~ëé=çå=íÜÉ=éê~ÅíáÅÉ=çÑ=çêÖ~åáòáåÖI=Äìí=

Åçåí~áåë= ~= ÇáÑÑáÅìäíóW= áëëìÉë= ~ë= ÇÉÑáåÉÇ= Äó= ïÜçã\= ~åÇ= ~í= ïÜ~í= íáãÉ\= låÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ=

ÅÉåíê~ä=~ëéÉÅíë=çÑ=çêÖ~åáòáåÖ=Åçåëáëíë=áå=ÇÉÑáåáåÖ=~åÇ=êÉÇÉÑáåáåÖ=íÜÉ=áëëìÉë=~í=ëí~âÉI=

ëç= íÜ~í= íÜÉó= ìåÇÉêÖç= ~= Åçåëí~åí= éêçÅÉëë= çÑ= transformationK= pìÅÜ= íê~åëÑçêã~íáçåI=

ÜçïÉîÉêI=ÇçÉë=åçí=Ñçääçï=~åóÄçÇóDë=ïáääI=~åÇ=ÇçÉë=åçí=Ü~ééÉå=Äó=áíëÉäÑW=áí=áåîçäîÉë=

ãìäíáéäÉ=~Åíë=çÑ=translationI=çÑíÉå=Åçåíê~ÇáÅíçêóI=ïÜáÅÜ=~êÉ=áå=íÜÉãëÉäîÉë=çÑ=ÖêÉ~í=

áåíÉêÉëí=Ñçê=çêÖ~åáò~íáçå=ëÅÜçä~êëK=

• eventsK= qÜáë= áë= éÉêÜ~éë= íÜÉ= ãçëí= éêçãáëáåÖ= ëíìÇó= ÑçÅìë= ~ë= áí= ÅçãÄáåÉë= íÜÉ=

éÉêÅÉéíáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= êÉëÉ~êÅÜÉê= ïáíÜ= íÜ~í= çÑ= íÜÉ= ~Åíçêë= áå= íÜÉ= ÑáÉäÇW= ëçãÉíÜáåÖ= Ü~ë=

Ü~ééÉåÉÇI= ~åÇ= óÉí= áí= áë= åçí= åÉÅÉëë~êó= íç= áããÉÇá~íÉäó= ÇÉÅáÇÉ= ïÜ~í= áí= ï~ëK= qÜÉ=

J=U=J=

ÇáÑÑáÅìäíó=ÜÉêÉ=áë=íÜ~íI=áå=çêÇÉê=íç=Öê~ëé=íÜÉ=éê~ÅíáÅÉ=çÑ=çêÖ~åáòáåÖI=áí=áë=åçí=ÉåçìÖÜ=

íç=ëíìÇó=ëáåÖäÉ=ÉîÉåíëK=qÜÉ=ïÜçäÉ=éçáåí=áë=íç=âåçï=Üçï=íÜÉó=~êÉ=êÉä~íÉÇ=íç=çíÜÉê=

ÉîÉåíëI= íç= ëíìÇó= chains of eventsK= ^Ö~áåI= ÉîÉåíë= Çç= åçí= ÅÜ~áå= ëéçåí~åÉçìëäóW= íÜÉ=

~Åíçêë= çê= íÜÉ= çÄëÉêîÉêë= íáÉ= íÜÉã= íç= çåÉ= ~åçíÜÉêI= ìëì~ääó= áå= íÜÉ= ~Åíáîáíó= çÑ= story makingK=

=

h~êä= tÉáÅâDë= áåíêçÇìÅíáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= íÉêã= ?çêÖ~åáòáåÖ?= ENVTVF= ï~ë= ~= äÉ~é= íçï~êÇë= ~å=

~îçáÇ~åÅÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ?çêÖ~åáò~íáçåë?Jíê~éK= qÜÉ= ÇáÑÑáÅìäíó= áå= ÉëéçìëáåÖ= Üáë= éçëíìä~íÉ= áå=

éê~ÅíáÅÉ= äáÉë= áå= íÜÉ= Ñ~Åí= íÜ~íI= ïÜÉå= ëíìÇóáåÖ= ?çêÖ~åáòáåÖ?I= êÉëÉ~êÅÜÉêë= ãçëíäó=

ÉåÅçìåíÉê=éêçÅÉëëÉë=íÜ~í=~äêÉ~Çó=Å~ãÉ=íç=~=Ü~ééóJÉåÇ=çÑ=~=âáåÇX=íÜ~í=áëI=íÜÉó=ÄÉÅ~ãÉ=

êÉáÑáÉÇ=áåíç=“çêÖ~åáò~íáçåëÒK=kÉîÉêíÜÉäÉëëI=íç=ëíìÇó=“çêÖ~åáòáåÖÒ=áë=íç=éçáåí=çìí=íÜ~í=

?çêÖ~åáò~íáçåë?= ~êÉ= Äìí= íÉãéçê~êó= êÉáÑáÅ~íáçåëI= ~ë= çêÖ~åáòáåÖ= åÉîÉê= ÅÉ~ëÉëX= íç= ëíìÇó=

?çêÖ~åáò~íáçåë?= áë= íç= ÇÉåó= íÜáë= Ñ~ÅíK= ^å= ?~Åíáçå= åÉí?= áë= ~= ÅçãéêçãáëÉ= ÇÉîáëÉÇ= íç=

ÉãÄê~ÅÉ= ÄçíÜ= íÜÉ= ~åíáJÉëëÉåíá~äáëí= ~ëéÉÅí= çÑ= ~ää= çêÖ~åáòáåÖ= EçêÖ~åáòáåÖ= åÉîÉê= ëíçéëF=

~åÇ= áíë= ~éé~êÉåíäó= ëçäáÇ= ÉÑÑÉÅíë= EÑçê= ~= ãçãÉåí= íÜáåÖë= ëÉÉã= ìåÅÜ~åÖÉ~ÄäÉ= ~åÇ=

“çêÖ~åáòÉÇJÑçêJÖççÇÒFK=

=

qÜÉ=ÅçåÅÉéí=çÑ=?~Åíáçå=åÉíë?=çêáÖáå~íÉë=áå=~=ÅçãÄáå~íáçå=çÑ=åÉï=áåëíáíìíáçå~ä=íÜÉçêó=

~åÇ= íÜÉ= ëçÅáçäçÖó= çÑ= íê~åëä~íáçåI= Äìí= áë= í~áäçêÉÇ= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~ääó= Ñçê= çêÖ~åáò~íáçå= ëíìÇáÉë=

E`ò~êåá~ïëâ~I= NVVTFK= fí= áë= ÑçìåÇÉÇ= çå= íÜÉ= áÇÉ~= íÜ~í= áå= É~ÅÜ= íáãÉ= ~åÇ= éä~ÅÉ= áí= áë=

éçëëáÄäÉ=íç=ëéÉ~â=çÑ=~å=“áåëíáíìíáçå~ä=çêÇÉê?I=~=ëÉí=Eåçí=~=ëóëíÉãF=çÑ=áåëíáíìíáçåë=Eåçí=

åÉÅÉëë~êáäó= ÅçÜÉêÉåíF= éêÉî~äÉåí= êáÖÜí= íÜÉå= ~åÇ= íÜÉêÉK= pìÅÜ= áåëíáíìíáçåë= ëÜ~éÉ=

çêÖ~åáòáåÖ= áå~ëãìÅÜ= ~ë= íÜÉó= ÇáÅí~íÉ= ïÜáÅÜ= ~ÅíáçåëI= ÅçåîÉåíáçå~ääóI= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= íáÉÇ=

íçÖÉíÜÉêK=få=çìê=éêÉëÉåí=áåëíáíìíáçå~ä=çêÇÉêI=íÜÉ=çåÉ=ïÜç=éêçÇìÅÉë=áë=ëìééçëÉÇ=íç=íêó=

íç= ëÉää= ÜÉêLÜáë= éêçÇìÅíëI= íÜÉ= çåÉ= ïáíÜ= ãçåÉóI= íç= ë~îÉ= çê= áåîÉëí= áíK= qÜÉ= ÅçåÅÉéí= çÑ=

?~Åíáçå= åÉí?= Ü~ë= åç= ~å~äóíáÅ~ä= éêçéÉêíáÉëX= çå= íÜÉ=Åçåíê~êóI= áí= íêáÉë= íç= ãáåáãáòÉ= íÜ~í=

ïÜáÅÜ= áë= í~âÉå= Ñçê= Öê~åíÉÇ= éêáçê= íç= íÜÉ= ~å~äóëáëK= ^= ëí~åÇ~êÇ= ~å~äóëáë= ÄÉÖáåë= ïáíÜ=

“~ÅíçêëÒ=çê=?çêÖ~åáò~íáçåë?W=~å=?~Åíáçå=åÉí?=~ééêç~ÅÜ=éÉêãáíë=åçíáÅáåÖ=íÜ~í=íÜÉëÉ=~êÉ=

éêçÇìÅíëI=ê~íÜÉê=íÜ~å=ëçìêÅÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=çêÖ~åáòáåÖ=Ó=í~âáåÖ=éä~ÅÉ=ïáíÜáåI=Éå~ÄäÉÇ=ÄóI=~åÇ=

ÅçåëíáíìíáîÉ=çÑI= ~å= ~Åíáçå=åÉíK=fÇÉåíáíáÉë=~êÉ= éêçÇìÅÉÇ=Äó= ~åÇ= áå= ~å= ~Åíáçå=åÉíI=åçí=

îáÅÉ=îÉêë~K=

=

?lêÖ~åáò~íáçåë?= ÄÉÅçãÉ= ~Åíçêë= ÇìÉ= íç= ~= êÉéÉ~íÉÇ= íóéÉ= çÑ= ~Åíáçå= äÉÖáíáãáòÉÇ= Äó= ~=

?äÉÖ~ä= éÉêëçå?= ÅÉêíáÑáÅ~íÉK= fÑ= ïÉ= í~âÉ= ~= ÅäçëÉê= äççâ= ~í= íÜÉãI= ïÉ= ãáÖÜí= ÅçåëáÇÉê= áí=

çééçêíìåÉ=íç=Öç=Ä~Åâ=íç=íÜÉ=Åä~ëëáÅ~ä=ÇÉÑáåáíáçå=çÑ=mÉêêçï=ENVUSFW=çêÖ~åáò~íáçåë=are

íççäëI= íÜÉó= ~êÉ= ã~ÅÜáåÉëI= ãçëí= ÅäçëÉäó= êÉëÉãÄäáåÖ= êçÄçíëK= ^å= çêÖ~åáò~íáçå= áë= ~=

=

J=V=J=

ÅçãÄáå~íáçå=çÑ=~=dispatcher=Ei~íçìêI=NVVU~F=~åÇ=~=translatorX=~=ã~ÅÜáåÉ=íÜ~í=áë=ÖáîÉå=

~=äÉÖ~ä=éÉêëçå~äáíóI=íÜìë=~ÅèìáêáåÖ=íÜÉ=êáÖÜí=íç=~å=áÇÉåíáíóI=~=ïáääI=~å=áã~ÖÉK=eìã~åë=

~êÉ= åçí= ?ÅçÖë?= áå= íÜáë= ã~ÅÜáåÉ= ~åóãçêÉ= íÜ~å= íÜÉó= ~êÉ= ÅÜáéë= áå= íÜÉáê= ÅçãéìíÉêë=

E~äíÜçìÖÜ= ~= éçÉíáÅ~ääó= ãáåÇÉÇ= ïêáíÉê= ãáÖÜí= ÅÜççëÉ= íç= ãÉí~éÜçêáòÉ= íÜÉã= ëçFX= íÜÉó=

ÅçåëíêìÅíÉÇ=íÜáë=ã~ÅÜáåÉ=ÄìíI=çåÅÉ=ÅçåëíêìÅíÉÇI=íÜÉ=ã~ÅÜáåÉ=ÅçåíáåìÉë=íç=ÅçåëíêìÅí=

íÜÉãK= qÜÉ= íïç= ã~áå= é~êíëI= ~= Çáëé~íÅÜÉê= ~åÇ= ~= íê~åëä~íçêI= ~êÉ= ÇÉéÉåÇÉåí= çå= çåÉ=

~åçíÜÉêK=qç=ÄÉ=~ÄäÉ=íç=ëÉåÇ=çÄàÉÅíë=~åÇ=Üìã~åë=íç=íÜÉ=êáÖÜí=éä~ÅÉë=~í=íÜÉ=êáÖÜí=íáãÉI=

íÜÉ=Çáëé~íÅÜÉê=ãìëí=âåçï=Üçï=íç=Åçåí~Åí=íÜÉãX=íÜÉ=Çáëé~íÅÜÉê=ÇÉéÉåÇë=çå=íê~åëä~íçê=

ëÉêîáÅÉëK=qÜÉ=íê~åëä~íçê=áë=åÉÉÇÉÇ=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=íÜÉêÉ=áë=~=ãçîÉãÉåí=çÑ=éÉçéäÉ=~åÇ=çÄàÉÅíëW=

Ü~Ç= íÜÉó= ëí~óÉÇ= ~í= íÜÉ= ë~ãÉ= éä~ÅÉI= íÜÉêÉ= ïçìäÇ= ÄÉ= åç= åÉÉÇ= Ñçê= íê~åëä~íáçåI= ~ë=

EëìééçëÉÇäóF=íÜÉêÉ=ï~ë=áå=íÜÉ=Å~ëÉ=áå=íÜÉ=íçïÉê=çÑ=_~ÄÉä=ÄÉÑçêÉ=áíë=Ñ~ääK=

=

tÜ~í=áë=íÜÉ=êÉä~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=åçíáçå=çÑ=?~Åíáçå=åÉíë?=íç=ÅçåÅÉéíë=ëìÅÜ=~ë=“çêÖ~åáò~íáçå~ä=

ÑáÉäÇÒI=“åÉíïçêâÒI=çê=“^ÅíçêJkÉíïçêâÒ\=iÉí=ãÉ=ëí~êí=ïáíÜ=?çêÖ~åáò~íáçå~ä=ÑáÉäÇ?K=

=

tÜÉå=aáj~ÖÖáç=~åÇ=mçïÉää=ENVVNF=Åçãé~êÉÇ=íÜÉ=“çäÇÒ=áåëíáíìíáçå~äáëã=EpÉäòåáÅâI=

NVQVF= íç= íÜÉ= “åÉïÒ= çåÉI= íÜÉó= éçáåíÉÇ= çìí= íÜ~í= ïÜÉå= pÉäòåáÅâ= í~äâÉÇ= ~Äçìí= ?~å=

áåíÉêçêÖ~åáò~íáçå~ä=ÑáÉäÇÒ=ÜÉ=áåÅäìÇÉÇ=~ää=~Åíì~ä=áåíÉê~Åíáçåë=ïÜáÅÜ=íÜÉ=qs^=Ü~Ç=ïáíÜ=

çíÜÉê=çêÖ~åáò~íáçåëK=aáj~ÖÖáç=~åÇ=mçïÉääÛë=ÅçåÅÉéíI=ÄçêêçïÉÇ=Ñêçã=_çìêÇáÉìI=Ü~ë=

ÄÉÅçãÉ=ëäáÖÜíäó=ãçêÉ=ëóãÄçäáÅI=~äãçëí=îáêíì~ä=~ë=áí=ïÉêÉI=ëáåÅÉ=fq=éä~óë=~å=áãéçêí~åí=

é~êí= áå= ÅçåíÉãéçê~êó= çêÖ~åáò~íáçå= ÑáÉäÇëK= qÜÉ= åÉï= áåëíáíìíáçå~äáëíë= åç= äçåÖÉê= í~äâ=

~Äçìí= çêÖ~åáò~íáçåë= ~Åíì~ääó= áåíÉê~ÅíáåÖI= Äìí= ~Äçìí= íÜÉáê= é~êíáÅáé~íáåÖ= áå= ~= âáåÇ= çÑ=

åÉíïçêâ= ÇÉ~äáåÖ= ÇáêÉÅíäó= çê= áåÇáêÉÅíäó= E~ëI= Ñçê= áåëí~åÅÉI= Åçåëìäí~åíëF= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= ë~ãÉ=

íóéÉ=çÑ=~ÅíáîáíáÉëK=qÜÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=~Åíçêë=åÉÉÇ=åçí=âåçï=çåÉ=~åçíÜÉê=çê=ãÉÉíI=Äìí=ã~ó=

ëÉêîÉ=çåÉ=~åçíÜÉê=~ë=êçäÉ=ãçÇÉäëI=ÅçãéÉíáíçêëI=ÇêÉ~ã=ÑáÖìêÉëK==

=

qÜÉ= ÉåíÉêéêáëÉ= çÑ= aáj~ÖÖáç= ~åÇ= mçïÉää= ÇÉëÉêîÉë= éê~áëÉI= ~ë= áí= áë= áãéçêí~åí= íç=

ìåÇÉêëí~åÇ= íÜ~í= çêÖ~åáòáåÖ= áë= ~ÅÅçãéäáëÜÉÇ= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= ~ëëáëí~åÅÉ= çÑ= ëìÅÜ= áÇÉ~äI=

áã~Öáå~êó= áã~ÖÉëK= kÉîÉêíÜÉäÉëëI= íÜÉó= Ü~îÉ= äçëí= íÜ~í= ïÜáÅÜ= pÉäòåáÅâ= ï~ë= Å~é~ÄäÉ= çÑ=

Å~éíìêáåÖW= ~Åíì~ä= áåíÉê~Åíáçåë= í~âáåÖ= éä~ÅÉ= áå= íáãÉ= ~åÇ= ëé~ÅÉK= råáîÉêëáíó= ÄìáäÇáåÖë=

åÉÉÇ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖI=ÉîÉå=íÜçìÖÜ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=Ñáêãë=Çç=åçí=ÄÉäçåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=çêÖ~åáò~íáçå=ÑáÉäÇ=çÑ=

“ÜáÖÜÉê=ÉÇìÅ~íáçåÒK=vÉíI=~=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=Ñáêã=çå=ëíêáâÉ=ã~ó=ëÉêáçìëäó=çÄëíêìÅí=íÜÉ=“êÉ~äÒ=

ïçêâ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ìåáîÉêëáíóK= pìÅÜ= ~å= Éåí~åÖäÉãÉåí= Å~å= ÄÉ= Å~éíìêÉÇ= áå= ~å= “~Åíáçå= åÉíÒK=

qÜÉêÉ=áë=åç=êÉ~ëçå=íç=ÇáëíáåÖìáëÜ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=îáêíì~ä=~åÇ=~Åíì~ä=Åçåí~Åíë=íÜÉêÉI=~äíÜçìÖÜ=

íÜÉ=Ñ~Åí=íÜ~í=ÄçíÜ=Éñáëí=ã~âÉë=íÜÉ=ëíìÇó=ãçêÉ=ÇáÑÑáÅìäí=EëÉÉ=íÜÉ=ä~ëí=ëÉÅíáçåFK=

=

J=NM=J=

qÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=íÜáåÖ=ÖçÉë=Ñçê=?åÉíïçêâë?I=~äíÜçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=éêçÄäÉã=ïáíÜ=íÜáë=ÅçåÅÉéí=êÉä~íÉë=

åçí= íç= ëé~ÅÉI= ~ë= áå= íÜÉ= Å~ëÉ= çÑ= ~å= “çêÖ~åáò~íáçå= ÑáÉäÇÒI= Äìí= íç= íáãÉK= ?kÉíïçêâ?=

~ëëìãÉë= ~Åíçêë= ïÜç= ã~âÉ= Åçåí~ÅíëI= ïÜÉêÉ~ë= “~Åíáçå= åÉíëÒ= ~ëëìãÉ= íÜ~í= ÅçååÉÅíáçåë=

ÄÉíïÉÉå= ~Åíáçåë= éêçÇìÅÉ= ~ÅíçêëW= çåÉ= ÄÉÅçãÉë= ?~= éìÄäáëÜÉê?= ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ= ëLÜÉ= éìÄäáëÜÉë=

ÄççâëI= Äìí= Ñçê= Äççâë= íç= ÄÉ= éìÄäáëÜÉÇI= íÜÉêÉ= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ëçãÉÄçÇó= ïêáíáåÖ= íÜÉãK= ^=

ÒïêáíÉêÒ=áë=ëçãÉÄçÇó=ïÜç=ïêáíÉë=ÄççâëI=åçí=ëçãÉçåÉ=ïÜç=Ü~ë=~=ÄìëáåÉëë=Å~êÇ=ïáíÜ=

íÜáë=ïçêÇ=éêáåíÉÇ=çå=áíK=

=

^Åíáçå=åÉí=áë=ÅäçëÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ÅçåÅÉéí=çÑ=?~ÅíçêJåÉíïçêâ?I=~ë=íÜÉó=ÄçíÜ=çêáÖáå~íÉ=áå=íÜÉ=

ëçÅáçäçÖó=çÑ=íê~åëä~íáçåI=Äìí=áí=~ííÉãéíë=íç=~îçáÇ=íÜÉ=ÇáÑÑáÅìäíáÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ä~ííÉêI=éçáåíÉÇ=

çìí=ÄÉëí=Äó=áíë=ÅêÉ~íçêë=EëÉÉ=i~ïI=NVVVX=i~íçìê=NVVVÄFK=e~Ç=i~íçìê=áå=NVUT=ïêáííÉå=

?cçääçï=íÜÉ=~Åí~åíë

=?=áåëíÉ~Ç=çÑ=?cçääçï=íÜÉ=~Åíçêë?I=ãìÅÜ=íêçìÄäÉ=ÅçìäÇ=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=

~îçáÇÉÇK=^äëçI=íÜÉ=cêÉåÅÜ=îÉêëáçå=çÑ=^kq=ëéçâÉ=çÑ=reseaus=Ó=åÉíëI=åçí=åÉíïçêâëK=^ë=áí=

áëI= íÜÉ=ëí~åÇ~êÇ= áåíÉêéêÉí~íáçå=çÑ= ^kq= áë= ?~Åíçêë=~åÇ= íÜÉáê= åÉíïçêâë?K=qç= åç=~î~áäI=

`~ääçå= ~ííÉãéíÉÇ= íç= ÅÜ~åÖÉ= áí= áåíç= ~å= ?~ÖÉåíJåÉíïçêâ?= E`~ääçåI= NVVUFX= åçï= áí= áë=

?~ÖÉåíë=~åÇ=íÜÉáê=åÉíïçêâ?I=~åÇ=íÜÉ=~ÅíçêëJëíêìÅíìêÉë=Åçååçí~íáçå=áë=ÑìêíÜÉê=ÄìêÇÉåÉÇ=

Äó=íÜÉ=íê~ÅÉë=çÑ=~ÖÉåíJéêáåÅáé~ä=íÜÉçêóK=_êìåç=i~íçìê=ëéçâÉ=çåäó=Ü~äÑ=áå=àÉëí=ïÜÉå=ÜÉ=

ë~áÇ= íÜ~í= íÜÉêÉ= ïÉêÉ= Ñçìê= íÜáåÖë= ïêçåÖ= ïáíÜ= ^kq= Ó= íÜÉ= íÉêã= ?~Åíçê?I= íÜÉ= íÉêã=

?åÉíïçêâ?I=íÜÉ=íÉêã=?íÜÉçêó?=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÜóéÜÉå=Ei~íçìêI=NVVVÄFK=qÜÉ=ÖÉåá~ä=~ééêç~ÅÜ=

ëìÖÖÉëíÉÇ= Äó= ^kqI= íÜÉ= ï~ó= çÑ= ëÜçïáåÖ= Üçï= ~Åí~åíë= Ñçêã= åÉíïçêâë= ~åÇ= áå=

ÅçåëÉèìÉåÅÉ=éçëÉ=~ë=ã~ÅêçJ~ÅíçêëI=ÄÉÅ~ãÉ=~äãçëí=äçëíK=

=

kçí=íÜ~í=^kq=åÉÉÇë=êÉëÅìÉêëK=jó=áåíÉåíáçåë=~êÉ=ãìÅÜ=ãçêÉ=ãçÇÉëíI=~åÇ=~êÉ=äáãáíÉÇ=

íç=íÜÉ=ÇÉã~åÇë=çÑ=ãó=ÑáÉäÇ=Ó=çêÖ~åáò~íáçå=íÜÉçêóK=^Åíáçå=åÉíI=äáâÉ=^kqI=éêçéçëÉë=~=

ã~àçê= êÉîÉêë~ä= áå= the time under studyW= áí= ëìÖÖÉëíë= íÜ~í= ~Åíáçåë= Ó= ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ= Äó=

íê~åëä~íáçå=Ó=ãáÖÜí=éêçÇìÅÉ=~ÅíçêëI=åÉíïçêâëI=~åÇ=ã~Åêç=~ÅíçêëI=áKÉK=~ÅíçêJåÉíïçêâëK=

^ÅíçêJåÉíïçêâë=~êÉI=ÜçïÉîÉêI=çåäó=çåÉ=éçëëáÄäÉ=éêçÇìÅí=çÑ=íê~åëä~íáçåI=~åÇ=çåÉ=íÜ~í=

í~âÉë= ãçêÉ= íáãÉ= ~åÇ= ÉÑÑçêí= íÜ~å= ~å= ~Åíáçå= åÉíK= `~ääçåÛë= êÉëÉ~êÅÜÉêë= ÅçìäÇ= ãçÄáäáòÉ=

ëÅ~ääçéë= E`~ääçåI= NVUSF= ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ= ãìÅÜ= É~êäáÉê= ~å= áååçî~íáîÉ= íê~åëä~íáçå= Ü~Ç= í~âÉå=

éä~ÅÉI= ~åÇ= ~= åÉï= ~Åíáçå= åÉí= Ü~Ç= ÄÉÉå= Éëí~ÄäáëÜÉÇ= Ó= áÑ= óçì= åç= äçåÖÉê= Å~å= ÑáëÜ= Ñçê=

ëÅ~ääçéëI=óçì=ãáÖÜí=íÜáåâ=çÑ=Åìäíáî~íáåÖ=íÜÉãK=fÑ=íÜáë=íê~åëä~íáçå=Ü~Ç=ÖçåÉ=ëãççíÜäó=

Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ëí~êíI=åç=~ÅíçêJåÉíïçêâ=ãáÖÜí=Ü~îÉ=ÉãÉêÖÉÇK=

=================================================

Q

=^å=~Åí~åí=áë=?íÜ~í=ïÜáÅÜ=~ÅÅçãéäáëÜÉë=çê=ìåÇÉêÖçÉë=~å=~Åí?=EdêÉáã~ë=~åÇ=`çìêí¨ë=NVUOFK=qÜáë=

ëÉãáçäçÖáÅ~ä=íÉêã=áë=ÜáÖÜäó=ëìáí~ÄäÉ=Ñçê=ëçÅá~ä=ëÅáÉåÅÉ=~å~äóëáëI=~ë=áí=~ääçïë=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=Éåíáíó=íç=ÄÉ=~=

ëìÄàÉÅí=çê=~å=çÄàÉÅí=çÑ=~å=~ÅíK=

=

J=NN=J=

^Åíáçå= åÉíë= åÉÉÇ= íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ= ÄÉ= çÄëÉêîÉÇ= ~ë= íÜÉó= ~êÉ= ÄÉáåÖ= Éëí~ÄäáëÜÉÇ= ~åÇ= êÉJ Éëí~ÄäáëÜÉÇI=ïÜáÅÜ=Å~å=ÄÉ=ÇçåÉ=éêçÖêÉëëáîÉäóI=ÇÉÇìÅÉÇ=ëéÉÅìä~íáîÉäóI=çêI=áå=cçìÅ~ìäíÛë=

íÉêãëI=ëíìÇáÉÇ=ÖÉåÉ~äçÖáÅ~ääóK==

=

^å=~ÅíáçåI=ÜçïÉîÉêI=áë=~äëç=~=íÉêã=ÜÉ~îó=ïáíÜ=Åçååçí~íáçåëI=~ë=éçáåíÉÇ=çìí=Äó=i~íçìê=

ENVVU~FK=f=ìåÇÉêëí~åÇ=~Åíáçå=~ë=~=ãçîÉãÉåíI=çê=~å=ÉîÉåíI=íç=ïÜáÅÜ=~å=áåíÉåíáçå=Å~å=

ÄÉ=~ííêáÄìíÉÇ=Äó=êÉä~íáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÉîÉåí=íç=íÜÉ=ëçÅá~ä=çêÇÉê=áå=ïÜáÅÜ=áí=í~âÉë=éä~ÅÉ=Ee~êê¨I=

NVUOFK= qÜÉ= áåíÉåíáçåë= ~êÉ= åçí= ~= éêáçêá= ëí~íÉëI= Äìí= ~= éçëíÉêáçêáI= áåíÉêéêÉí~íáîÉ=

~ííêáÄìíáçåëX=áåÇÉÉÇI=áí=áë=~ééêçéêá~íÉ=íç=í~äâ=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=Öê~ãã~ê=~åÇ=íÜÉ=êÜÉíçêáÅ=çÑ=

ãçíáîÉëI= áKÉK= íÜÉ= ëÅêáéíë= ìåÇÉêäóáåÖ= ëìÅÜ= ~ííêáÄìíáçåë= E_ìêâÉ= NVQRI= NVSOFK= pìÅÜ=

~ííêáÄìíáçåë=Å~å=ÄÉ=ã~ÇÉ=~Äçìí=~åó=íóéÉ=çÑ=~å=~Åí~åíW=~=Üìã~åI=~=ã~ÅÜáåÉI=~=íêÉÉK

= páãáä~êäóI= íÜÉ= áåíÉåíáçåë= Å~å= ÄÉ= í~âÉå= ~ï~ó= Ó= Çáë~ííêáÄìíÉÇ= Ó= ÉîÉå= Ñêçã= Üìã~å=

~Åí~åíë= EïÜç= íÜÉå= åç= äçåÖÉê= ~ÅíI= Äìí= ?ÄÉÜ~îÉ?I= ?êÉ~Åí?I= ?ãçîÉ= áåëíáåÅíáîÉäó?= ÉíÅKFK=

tÜ~í= áë= ãçêÉI= ~= åçåJÜìã~å= ÉèìáééÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ~= éêçéÉê= Öê~ãã~ê= ~åÇ= îçÅ~Äìä~êó= çÑ=

ãçíáîÉë= Å~å= ã~âÉ= ~ííêáÄìíáçåë= çÑ= áåíÉåíáçå= EÑçê= áåëí~åÅÉI= ~= ÅçãéìíÉê= Éî~äì~íáåÖ=

Åä~áãë=çê=~ééäáÅ~íáçåëFK=

=

få=ãó=ëíìÇáÉë=çÑ=Åáíó=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=E`ò~êåá~ïëâ~I=OMMOÄF=f=Ü~îÉ=íêáÉÇ=íç=Ñçääçï=~åÇ=

ÇÉëÅêáÄÉ=ëìÅÜ=~Åíáçå=åÉíëI=íÜ~í=áëI=íÜÉ=ï~óë=EëçãÉ=áåëíáíìíáçå~äáòÉÇI=ëçãÉ=áååçî~íáîÉF=

áå= ïÜáÅÜ= ÅÉêí~áå= ~Åíáçåë= ïÉêÉ= ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ= íç= çåÉ= ~åçíÜÉêK= pìÅÜ= ~Åíáçå= åÉíë= ìëì~ääó=

íê~åëÅÉåÇÉÇ= ~åó= ÖáîÉå= çêÖ~åáò~íáçåK= mìÄäáÅ= ã~êâÉíáåÖ= çÑ= ~= Åáíó= Åçãé~åó= êÉèìáêÉë=

ÅçååÉÅíáçåë= íç= ~ÇîÉêíáëÉãÉåí= éêçÇìÅíáçåI= íç= Ñáå~åÅÉëI= íç= ëíêÉÉí= ~Çãáåáëíê~íáçåI= íç=

éìÄäáÅáíó= êÉÖìä~íáçå= ÉíÅK= pìÅÜ= ÅçååÉÅíáçåë= Å~å= ~ëëìãÉ= ~= î~êáÉíó= çÑ= ÑçêãëW= Ñçêã~ä=

Åçåíê~ÅíëI=ÜáÉê~êÅÜáÅ~ä=ëìÄçêÇáå~íáçåI=Äìí=~äëç=ÑêáÉåÇëÜáéK=^ë=~Åíáçåë=íÜìë=ÅçååÉÅíÉÇ=

~êÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíI=íÜÉó=êÉèìáêÉ=íê~åëä~íáçå=íÜ~í=áë=Ü~ééÉåáåÖ=~í=ÅçååÉÅíáåÖ=éçáåíëK=^=ÖáîÉå=

ìåáíI=ïáíÜ=áíë=çïå=áåíÉêå~ä=~Åíçêë=~åÇ=~êíáÑ~ÅíëI=ã~ó=ÄÉ=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=~å=Éåíáíó=ìåíç=áíëÉäÑ=

áå=~=äÉÖ~ä=ëÉåëÉI=Äìí=ã~åó=çíÜÉê=~Åíçêë=~åÇ=~êíáÑ~ÅíëI=áåÅäìÇáåÖ=ïÜçäÉ=åÉíïçêâëI=~êÉ=

ìëì~ääó= áåîçäîÉÇ= áå= ~å= ~Åíáçå= åÉíK= q~âáåÖ= ÉåíáêÉ= ~Åíáçå= åÉíë= ~ë= çÄàÉÅíë= çÑ= ëíìÇó=

EÅçåëíêìÅíÉÇ=~äëç=Äó=íÜÉ=ëíìÇó=~ë=ëìÅÜFI=ê~íÜÉê=íÜ~å=ãÉêÉ=áåíÉêçêÖ~åáò~íáçå~ä=Åçåí~ÅíëI=

ìåîÉáäë= ~= ãçêÉ= ÅçãéêÉÜÉåëáîÉ= éáÅíìêÉ= çÑ= Üçï= çêÖ~åáò~íáçåë= ~êÉ= ÑçêãÉÇI= ëí~ÄáäáòÉÇI=

ÇáëëçäîÉÇ=çê=êÉäçÅ~íÉÇK=få=çíÜÉê=ïçêÇëI=áí=áë=É~ëáÉê=íç=ëíìÇó=çêÖ~åáò~íáçåë=~ë=éêçÇìÅíë=

çÑ=çêÖ~åáòáåÖ=ïÜÉå=íÜÉó=~êÉ=åçí=íÜÉ=ëíìÇó=çÄàÉÅí=áå=íÜÉãëÉäîÉëK=fí=~äëç=áãéêçîÉë=íÜÉ=

~Äáäáíó=íç=ëÉÉ=Üçï=~Åí~åíë=íêó=íç=ëí~ÄáäáòÉ=?íÜÉáê?=ëÉÖãÉåíë=çÑ=~=åÉí=áå=çêÇÉê=íç=Ñçêã=

éçïÉêÑìä=~ÅíçêJåÉíïçêâë=E`~ääçåI=NVUSFK=^å=Éñ~ãéäÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ä~ííÉê=ïçìäÇ=ÄÉ=~å=ÉåíáêÉ=

=================================================

R

=^ë=f=ëÉÉ=áíI=ãó=~êÖìãÉåí=êìåë=~äçåÖ=äáåÉë=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=íÜçëÉ=í~âÉå=Äó=`~ääçå=~åÇ=i~ï=ENVVRFK=

J=NO=J=

ëÉí= çÑ= êÉä~íáçåëÜáéë= ~åÇ= ~Åí~åíë= êÉéêÉëÉåíáåÖ= íÜÉãëÉäîÉë= ~ë= ~= ëáåÖäÉ= ~ÅíçêW= ?íÜÉ=

j~êâÉíáåÖ=aÉé~êíãÉåí?I=?íÜÉ=dêÉÉå=jçîÉãÉåí?=ÉíÅK=

=

^äíÜçìÖÜ= ~Åí~åíë= ~ÅÅÉëë= ÉñáëíáåÖ= ~Åíáçå= åÉíëI= íÜìë= êÉÅêÉ~íáåÖ= ~åÇ= ëí~ÄáäáòáåÖ= íÜÉëÉ=

ÅçååÉÅíáçåëI=íÜÉó=ãìëí=~äëç=Åçåíáåì~ääó=Ñçêã=åÉï=ÅçååÉÅíáçåëK=pìÅÜ=ÅçååÉÅíáçåë=~êÉ=

ÑçêÖÉÇ=ÇìêáåÖ=íÜÉ=éêçÅÉëë=çÑ=íê~åëä~íáçåI=ïÜÉêÉ=ïçêÇëI=åìãÄÉêëI=çÄàÉÅíë=~åÇ=éÉçéäÉ=

~êÉ=íê~åëä~íÉÇ=áåíç=çåÉ=~åçíÜÉêK=iáâÉ=Å~äÅìä~íáçåI=íê~åëä~íáçå=áë=ÇáëéÉêëÉÇW=ÉîÉêóÄçÇó=

íê~åëä~íÉëI= ~äíÜçìÖÜ= ëçãÉ= íê~åëä~íáçåëI= äáâÉ= ëçãÉ= Å~äÅìä~íáçåëI= Ü~îÉ= ãçêÉ= ÅìêêÉåÅó=

íÜ~å=çíÜÉêëK=

=

^ë= åçí= çåäó= ÉÅçåçãáÅëI= ~ÅÅçìåíáåÖ= ~åÇ= ã~êâÉíáåÖ= Äìí= ~äëç= çêÖ~åáò~íáçå= ëíìÇáÉë=

é~êí~âÉ=áå=éÉêÑçêãáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÉÅçåçãó=E`~ääçåI=NVVUX=`çÅÜçó=NVVUFI=íÜÉ=éê~ÅíáíáçåÉêë=

~äëç=ÄÉäáÉîÉ=áå=?~Åíçêë=~åÇ=åÉíïçêâë?=ê~íÜÉê=íÜ~å=~Åíáçå=åÉíëK=^å=áåíÉêÉëíáåÖ=Éñ~ãéäÉ=

çÑ=íÜ~í=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=ÑçìåÇ=Äó=q~íá~å~=máé~åI=ïÜç=ëíìÇáÉÇ=íÜÉ=éêÉé~ê~íáçåë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=qÜáêÇ=

jáääÉååáìã= çÑ= `Üêáëíá~åáíó= gìÄáäÉÉ= áå= oçãÉ= Emáé~å= ~åÇ= mçêë~åÇÉê= OMMMFK= `áíó=

~Çãáåáëíê~íçêë=ÇÉÅáÇÉÇ=íç=Å~ää=~=ãÉÉíáåÖ=íÜ~í=ïçìäÇ=ëí~êí=íÜÉ=éêÉé~ê~íçêó=ïçêâK=qÜÉ=

äáëí=çÑ=é~êíáÅáé~åíë=Éèì~äÉÇ=íÜÉ=äáëí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ãçëí=áãéçêí~åí=áåëíáíìíáçå~ä=~Åíçêë=áå=íÜÉ=

Åáíó=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÅçìåíóW=åçÄçÇó=çÑ=áãéçêí~åÅÉ=ï~ë=ãáëëáåÖK=qÜÉó=~ää=~êêáîÉÇI=~åÇ=ÄÉÅ~ãÉ=

áããÉÇá~íÉäó= ÉåÖ~ÖÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= Éëí~ÄäáëÜãÉåí= çÑ= ~= éÉÅâáåÖ= çêÇÉêW= ïÜç= ï~ë= ãçêÉ=

áãéçêí~åí=~åÇ=Ñçê=ïÜ~í=êÉ~ëçå\=qÜÉ=ãÉÉíáåÖ=ÉåÇÉÇ=áå=~=Ñá~ëÅçK=qÜÉ=çêÖ~åáòÉêë=Ü~Ç=

ëÉÅçåÇ= íÜçìÖÜíë= ~åÇ= ÇÉÅáÇÉÇ= íÜ~í= Ñáêëí= íÜÉó= ãìëí= ã~âÉ= ~= äáëí= çÑ= ~Åíáçåë= íÜ~í= íÜÉó=

íÜçìÖÜí= Ü~Ç= íç= ÄÉ= ìåÇÉêí~âÉåX= ~ÑíÉê= íÜ~íI= áí= ï~ë= É~ëó= íç= Å~ää= áå= éÉçéäÉ= ïÜç= ãáÖÜí=

éçëëáÄäó=ÄÉ=~ÄäÉ=íç=Çç=ïÜ~í=ï~ë=ëÉÉå=~ë=åÉÉÇÉÇK=qÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ=ãÉÉíáåÖ=ïÉåí=îÉêó=ïÉääI=

~äíÜçìÖÜ=áå=íáãÉ=íÜÉ=~Åíáçå=éä~åë=ÅÜ~åÖÉÇI=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=ÅçìéäáåÖë=ïÉêÉ=ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇI=ÉíÅK=

=

qÜáë=ëáíì~íáçå=Å~å=ÄÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=~å~äçÖçìë=íç=~=êÉëÉ~êÅÜ=éêçàÉÅíW=~Åíáçå=åÉíë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=íÜÉ=

ëí~êíáåÖ=éçáåíI=åçí=íÜÉ=êÉëìäí=çÑ=~=ëíìÇóK=i~íçìê=çåÅÉ=Åçãé~êÉÇ=^kq=íç=~=ëÜçÉÄçñW=~=

ëé~ÅÉ=íç=éìí=óçìê=ÑáåÇáåÖë=áå=ìåíáä=óçì=âåçï=ïÜÉêÉ=íç=ÑáäÉ=íÜÉã=ENVVUÄFK=få=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=

îÉáåI=f=ëÉÉ=~Åíáçå=åÉíë=~ë=?Éãéíó=ÅçåÅÉéíë?I=íç=ÄÉ=ÑáääÉÇ=ïáíÜ=ÅçåíÉåíë=ìåíáä=áí=áë=ÅäÉ~ê=

ïÜ~í= ä~ÄÉä= ãáÖÜí= ÄÉ= éìí= çå= íÜÉãK= ^Åíáçå= åÉí= áë= ~= ï~ó= çÑ= äççâáåÖ= ~í= íÜáåÖëI= åçí=

~åçíÜÉê=çåíçäçÖáÅ~ä=ÉäÉãÉåí=çÑ=ëçÅá~ä=êÉ~äáíóK=píìÇóáåÖ=~Åíáçå=åÉíë=ãÉ~åë=~åëïÉêáåÖ=~=

Çì~ä=èìÉëíáçåW=ïÜ~í=áë=ÄÉáåÖ=ÇçåÉ\=^åÇ=Üçï=ÇçÉë=íÜáë=ÅçååÉÅí=íç=çíÜÉê=íÜáåÖë=íÜ~í=

~êÉ=ÄÉáåÖ=ÇçåÉ=áå=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=ÅçåíÉñí\=fí=áë=~=ï~ó=çÑ=èìÉëíáçåáåÖ=íÜ~í=~áãë=~í=Å~éíìêáåÖ=

íÜÉ=íê~ÅÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=é~ëí=Äìí=åçí=éÉêãáííáåÖ=íÜÉã=íç=ÇÉÅáÇÉ=íÜÉ=ÑìíìêÉW=~Åíáçå=åÉíëI=ÉîÉå=

íÜçëÉ=ëíêçåÖäó=áåëíáíìíáçå~äáòÉÇI=~êÉ=Åçåëí~åíäó=êÉã~ÇÉ=~åÇ=êÉåÉïÉÇK=aáÖÖáåÖ=~=ÜçäÉ=

áå=íÜÉ=ëíêÉÉí=êÉèìáêÉë=ÅçîÉêáåÖ=áí=ìé=~Ö~áåI=Äìí=~ë=íÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉë=ÅÜ~åÖÉI=ã~åó=íÜáåÖë=

=

J=NP=J=

Å~å=ÄÉ=ÇçåÉ=ìåÇÉêÖêçìåÇ=ïáíÜçìí=ÇáÖÖáåÖ=~=ÜçäÉI=ÜçäÉJÇáÖÖÉêë=~åÇ=ÅçîÉêÉêë=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=

Ñêçã= éìÄäáÅ= ëÉêî~åíë= íç= éêáî~íÉ= ÉåíêÉéêÉåÉìêë= ëç= íÜ~í= ~= åÉï= ~ÅíáçåI= íÜ~í= çÑ= éìÄäáÅ=

íÉåÇÉêI=ÄÉÅçãÉë=ÅçååÉÅíÉÇI=~åÇ=ëç=çåK=

=

qê~Çáíáçå~ä=~ééêç~ÅÜÉë=íç=çêÖ~åáò~íáçå=ëíìÇáÉëI=áåíÉåí=~ë=íÜÉó=~êÉ=çå=Å~éíìêáåÖ=?íÜÉ=

ÉëëÉåÅÉ=çÑ=~å=çêÖ~åáò~íáçå?I=~êÉ=åçí=ÄÉëí=ÉèìáééÉÇ=Ñçê=ëÉáòáåÖ=íÜáë=âáåÇ=çÑ=éêçÅÉëëÉëK=

qÜÉó=åÉÉÇ=êÉíÜáåâáåÖK=

^=íáãÉ=~åÇ=~=ëé~ÅÉ=Ñçê=ïÜáÅÜ=íê~Çáíáçå~ä==

ÉíÜåçÖê~éÜó=áë=åçí=ÉåçìÖÜ=

qÜÉ= ÖêçïáåÖ= áåíÉêÉëí= áå= Åìäíìê~ä= ~ééêç~ÅÜÉë= íç= ÉÅçåçãó= éêçÇìÅÉÇI= áå= çêÖ~åáò~íáçå=

ëíìÇáÉëI=~å=~Çî~åÅÉãÉåí=çÑ=ïÜ~í=~í=Ñáêëí=ëÉÉãÉÇ=íç=ÄÉ=ÇÉîá~åí=ëíìÇáÉëI=äáâÉ=íÜçëÉ=çÑ=

a~äíçå=ENVRVFI=_ìê~ïçó=ENVTVFI=~åÇ=s~å=j~~åÉå=ENVUOFK=bîÉå=ã~êâÉíë=Å~å=åçï=ÄÉ=

ëÉÉå=~ë=ÅìäíìêÉë=E^Äçä~Ñá~I=NVVUFK=`çåëÉèìÉåíäóI=íÜÉêÉ=áë=~äëç=ãìÅÜ=ÇÉÄ~íÉ=~Äçìí=Üçï=

íç= ÅçåÇìÅí= ëíìÇáÉë= çÑ= çêÖ~åáòáåÖ= áå= ~å= ~åíÜêçéçäçÖáÅ~ä= ãçÇÉK= qÜÉêÉ= áë= ~= ÖêçïáåÖ=

ÖêçìéI= êÉéêÉëÉåíÉÇ= ãçëí= äçèì~Åáçìëäó= Äó= pK= m~ìä= _~íÉ= ENVVTFI= ïÜç= ÅçåëáÇÉêë= ãçëí=

çêÖ~åáò~íáçå=ëíìÇáÉë=?èìáÅâ=~åÇ=Çáêíó=àçÄë?I=ÇçåÉ=çå=~å=?áå=~åÇ=çìí?=Ä~ëáëI=~åÇ=ïÜç=

ìêÖÉë=~=êÉíìêå=íç=íÜÉ=íê~Çáíáçå~ä=ïçêâ=ÉíÜåçÖê~éÜóW=

=

lå= ÅäçëÉê= Éñ~ãáå~íáçå= ?íÜáÅâ= ÇÉëÅêáéíáçå?= áåî~êá~Ääó= íìêåë= çìí= íç= ÄÉ= ?èìáÅâ=

ÇÉëÅêáéíáçå?I=óÉí=~åçíÜÉê=ÄìëáåÉëë=Å~ëÉ=ëíìÇó=çê=Åçãé~åó=ÜáëíçêóI=~=é~äÉ=êÉÑäÉÅíáçå=

çÑ= íÜÉ= ÉñéÉêáÉåíá~ääó= êáÅÜ= ëçÅá~ä= ëÅáÉåÅÉ= Éåîáë~ÖÉÇ= Äó= É~êäó= ïêáíÉêë= äáâÉ= ^Ö~êK=

?mêçäçåÖÉÇ=Åçåí~Åí=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÑáÉäÇ?=ãÉ~åë=~=ëÉêáÉë=çÑ=ÑäóáåÖ=îáëáíë=ê~íÜÉê=íÜ~å=~=äçåÖJ íÉêã= ëí~ó= EàÉí= éä~åÉ= ÉíÜåçÖê~éÜóFK= lêÖ~åáò~íáçå~ä= ~åíÜêçéçäçÖáëíë= ê~êÉäó= í~âÉ= ~=

íççíÜÄêìëÜ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉã=íÜÉëÉ=Ç~óëK=^=àçìêåÉó= áåíç= íÜÉ= çêÖ~åáò~íáçå~ä=ÄìëÜ=áë=çÑíÉå=

äáííäÉ= ãçêÉ= íÜ~å= ~= ë~ÑÉ= ~åÇ= ÅäçëÉäó= ÅÜ~éÉêçåÉÇ= Ñçêã= çÑ= ~åíÜêçéçäçÖáÅ~ä= íçìêáëã=

E_~íÉ=NVVTW=NNRMFK==

=

f=~ã=áå=Ñìää=ëóãé~íÜó=ïáíÜ=_~íÉDë=ÅêáíáèìÉ=çÑ=çêÖ~åáò~íáçå=ëíìÇáÉë=çå=íÜÉ=ÖêçìåÇ=çÑ=

íÜÉáê= ÑêÉèìÉåí= ÅìêëçêáåÉëëK= qÜÉêÉ= Éñáëí= ~= ÖêÉ~í= ã~åó= ëíìÇáÉë= íÜ~í= êÉ~ÅÜ= éêçÑçìåÇ=

ÅçåÅäìëáçåë= ~Äçìí= Üìã~åáíó= çå= íÜÉ= Ä~ëáë= çÑ= íÜÉ= ~åëïÉêë= ÖáîÉå= íç= íÜÉ= ~Äëíê~Åí=

èìÉëíáçåë= áå= áåíÉêîáÉïëI= ïÜáÅÜ= ~êÉ= ~ëëìãÉÇ= íç= ÄÉ= íÜÉ= ïáåÇçïë= áåíç= íÜÉ= ÇÉéíÜë= çÑ=

êÉ~äáíóK=_ìí=íÜáë=éêçÄäÉã=ÇçÉë=åçí=Ü~îÉ=~å=É~ëó=ëçäìíáçåK=qçç=ãìÅÜ=ã~íÉêá~ä=ãáÖÜí=ÄÉ=

~ë=éêçÄäÉã~íáÅ=~ë=íçç=äáííäÉI=~ë=a~îáÇ=páäîÉêã~å=éçáåíë=çìí=ENVVPFK=^ë=íç=íÜÉ=Å~êÇáå~ä=

êìäÉ=çÑ=ÉíÜåçÖê~éÜóI=íÜÉ=åÉÅÉëëáíó=Ñçê=~=éêçäçåÖÉÇ=éÉêáçÇ=çÑ=é~êíáÅáé~åí=çÄëÉêî~íáçåI=

J=NQ=J=

áí= ÉåÅçìåíÉêë= Ñçìê= éêçÄäÉãë= áå=êÉëÉ~êÅÜ=çå= çêÖ~åáòáåÖW= çÑ=é~êíáÅáé~íáçåI= çÑ= íáãÉI= çÑ=

ëé~ÅÉI=~åÇ=çÑ=áåîáëáÄáäáíóK=

=

få=íÜÉ=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=çêÖ~åáò~íáçå=êÉëÉ~êÅÜI=é~êíáÅáé~åí=çÄëÉêî~íáçå=ãÉ~åë=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=êÉëÉ~êÅÜÉê=

~ëëìãÉë= íÜÉ= êçäÉ= çÑ= ~å= çêÖ~åáò~íáçå~ä= ãÉãÄÉê= Eçê= íÜÉ= çíÜÉê= ï~ó= ~êçìåÇ= Ó= ~å=

ÉãéäçóÉÉ= ÄÉÅçãÉë=~=êÉëÉ~êÅÜÉêFK= qÜáë= ï~ë= íÜÉ=ãÉíÜçÇ=~ÇçéíÉÇ=Äó= jÉäîáääÉ=a~äíçå=

ïÜç=ïçêâÉÇ=~ë=~=ã~å~ÖÉêI=jáÅÜ~Éä=_ìê~ïçó=ïÜç=ï~ë=~=ã~ÅÜáåÉJíççä=çéÉê~íçêI=gçÜå=

s~å=j~~åÉå=ïÜç=ï~ë=~=éçäáÅÉ=íê~áåÉÉI=oçÄáå=iÉáÇåÉê=ïÜç=ï~ë=~=jÅaçå~äÇÛë=ïçêâÉê=

~åÇ=~=`çãÄáåÉÇ=fåëìê~åÅÉ=íê~áåÉÉ=EiÉáÇåÉê=NVVPFK==

=

qÜÉëÉ=Éñ~ãéäÉë=áåÇáÅ~íÉ=íÜ~í=ëìÅÜ=ëíìÇáÉë=Ó=åç=ÇçìÄí=ëìéÉêáçê=íç=~ää=çíÜÉê=íóéÉë=Ó=~êÉ=

éçëëáÄäÉ=íç=Å~êêó=çìí=ÉáíÜÉê=ÇìÉ=íç=ÉñÅÉéíáçå~ä=äìÅâ=áå=çÄí~áåáåÖ=~ÅÅÉëë=çê=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=~=

ÖáîÉå=ïçêâ=éä~ÅÉ=ÇçÉë=åçí=êÉèìáêÉ=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=èì~äáÑáÅ~íáçåëK=_ìí=ÉîÉå=íÜÉ=ä~ííÉê=êÉèìáêÉë=

ëçãÉ=äìÅâ=çê=ëéÉÅá~ä=í~äÉåíë=K=f=ÅçìäÇ=íêó=íç=~Åí=íÜÉ=êçäÉ=çÑ=éÉêëçååÉä=ã~å~ÖÉê=Äìí=ïáíÜ=

ëìÅÜ=~å=ÉÑÑçêí=íÜ~í=áí=ïçìäÇ=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉäó=éêÉîÉåí=ãÉ=Ñêçã=çÄëÉêîáåÖK=fí=ïçìäÇ=í~âÉ=ãÉ=

óÉ~êë=íç=çÄí~áå=íÜÉ=ëí~íÉ=çÑ=?ÇÉí~ÅÜÉÇ=áåîçäîÉãÉåí?=íÜ~í=_êìóå=ENVSSF=ÇÉÅä~êÉÇ=íç=ÄÉ=

íÜÉ=áÇÉ~ä=ëí~íÉ=Ñçê=~=é~êíáÅáé~åí=çÄëÉêîÉê=ÇêçééÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ãáÇëí=çÑ=~å=~äáÉå=ÅìäíìêÉK=^=

é~êíáÅáé~íáçå=áå=~=Ç~åÅÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêë=Ñêçã=~=é~êíáÅáé~íáçå=áå=~=íçé=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó=

ãÉÉíáåÖK= fí= áë= åÉÅÉëë~êó= íç= ÉãéÜ~ëáòÉI= ÜçïÉîÉêI= íÜ~í= f= ìëÉ= íÜÉ= íÉêã= ?é~êíáÅáé~åí=

çÄëÉêî~íáçå?= äáíÉê~ääóI= ïÜáÅÜ= ÇçÉë= åçí= áåÅäìÇÉ= íÜÉ= Å~ëÉë= çÑ= direct observation=

EpÅÜï~êíòã~åI=NVVPFI=áKÉK=~=ëáíì~íáçå=ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=êÉëÉ~êÅÜÉê=áë=éêÉëÉåí=~ë=~å=çÄëÉêîÉêI=

åçí= ~ë= ~= é~êíáÅáé~åíI= ëìÅÜ= ~ë= ï~ë= íÜÉ= Å~ëÉ= çÑ= dáÇÉçå= hìåÇ~= ENVVOF= ~åÇ= jáíÅÜÉä=

^Äçä~Ñá~=ENVVSFK=aáêÉÅí=çÄëÉêî~íáçå=áë=~å=çÄîáçìë=éçëëáÄáäáíó=Ñçê=çêÖ~åáò~íáçå=ëíìÇÉåíë=

~åÇ=áí=áë=ÉåÜ~åÅÉÇ=áÑ=íÜÉ=íáãÉ=çÑ=çÄëÉêî~íáçå=áë=éêçäçåÖÉÇK=qÜáë=áë=åçí=íç=ë~ó=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=

äçåÖÉêI=íÜÉ=ÄÉííÉêK=

=

qÜÉ= áëëìÉ= çÑ= íáãÉ= áë= éêçÄäÉã~íáÅ= áå= çêÖ~åáò~íáçå= ëíìÇáÉë= áå= ãçêÉ= íÜ~å= çåÉ= ëÉåëÉ=

E`ò~êåá~ïëâ~I=NVVUFK=`çåëáÇÉêI=Ñçê=Éñ~ãéäÉI=íÜÉ=~ÇîáÅÉ=íÜ~í=pÜ~êçå=qê~ïÉÉâ=Ö~îÉ=íç=

ÜÉê=ÅçääÉ~ÖìÉëI=ëÅáÉåÅÉ=êÉëÉ~êÅÜÉêëI=áå=ÜÉê=áêçåáÅ=~åÇ=áåÑçêã~íáîÉ=~êíáÅäÉ=çå=å~êê~íáîÉ=

ëíê~íÉÖáÉë=áå=ëÅáÉåÅÉ=ëíìÇáÉëW=

=

lìê=Ñáêëí=ÑáÉäÇ=ïçêâ=ëÜçìäÇ=ä~ëí=~=ãáåáãìã=çÑ=çåÉ=óÉ~êI=éêÉÑÉê~Ääó=íïçX=ëìÄëÉèìÉåí=

ÑáÉäÇ=íêáéë=Å~å=ä~ëí=~ë=äáííäÉ=~ë=íÜêÉÉ=ãçåíÜë=~åÇ=~ë=äçåÖ=~ë=íÜÉó=çÅÅìê=~í=äÉ~ëí=ÉîÉêó=

íÜêÉÉ= çê= Ñçìê= óÉ~êëK= qÜÉ= èìÉëíáçåë= ~åÇ= íÜÉçêáÉë= ÅÜ~åÖÉI= Äìí= ïÉ= ëíìÇó= íÜÉ= ë~ãÉ=

éÉçéäÉ=áÑ=íÜÉó=ëìêîáîÉ=~ë=~=ÅçããìåáíóI=~åÇ=ã~óÄÉ=ä~íÉê=çå=ïÉ=~äëç=ëíìÇó=ëçãÉ=çÑ=

íÜÉáê=åÉáÖÜÄçêëK=Eqê~ïÉÉâI=NVVOI=éK=QPUF=