Progress report 1990

Avdelningen för energi.

miljö och byggande Högskolan Dalarna

.

781 88 Borlänge Tel: +46 23 778700 Tel: +46 23 778701

Besöksadress/Street adress:

Forskargatan 8 Borlänge

ISSN 1103 - 1816

ISRN HFB-SERC--29--SE Januari 1990

.

Solar Energy Research Center Centrum för solenergiforskning

Progress report 1990

SERC

Bettv Binder

MSc Physics Engineering Eric Bäve

MSc Civil Engineering Kent Börjesson Engjneer Göran Eriksson Assistant Kiell Gustafsson BSc Biology Olle Hädell MSc

Ulla Kareliusson Secretary Eva Lindberg BSc

~~e Niwong Svante Nordlander MSc Mechanjcs Engineering Mats Rönnelid

MSc A.Salim BSc

Göran Svärdström Engineer

Associates

Yngve ßergström, ßorliinge Professor

Arne ßroman, Göteborg Professor

Lars Dahlgren. Norrköplng PhD Meteorology Sven Eketorp, Stockholm Professor

Per Isaksson, Stockholm Licenciate in Engineering ßjörn Karlsson, ÄIvkarleby Assoc. Prof.

Per Olov Nllsson, Garpenberg Professor

Aadu Ott, Göteborg Assoc. Prof.

Högskolan Falun/Borlänge Box 10044

78110 Borlänge Besöksadre~s:

Forskargatan 6 Tel. 0243 73400 Fax 0243 73750 University College of Falun/Borlänge p .O.Box 10044 S- 78110 Borlänge SWEDEN

Visiting address Forskargatan 6

SERC/U CFB -90/0029

ISSN 0248-1568

SERC

Solar Energy Research Center

University College of Falun/Borlänge P. 0. Box 10044

S-781 10 Borlänge SWEDEN

Visiting address: Forskargatan 6 Phone +4624373400 (swithboard) Telefax +4624373750

Centrum för solenergiforskning Högskolan Falun/Borlänge Box 10044

78110 Borlänge

Besöksadress: Forskargatan 6

Telefon 024373400 (växel)

Telefax 024373750

CONTENTS

1. Introduction 3

2. Statt 1989 4

5

3. Publications

5 8 11

11

3.1 SERC/UCFB reports 1989

3.2 Papers published in 1989

3.3 University in solar energy College of Falun/Borlänge theses

3.4 Popular articles, etc.

4 .Pro j ects 13

4.1 Current R&D projects 13

4.2 Planned R&D projects 16

4.3 Summery of preliminary R&D program for 1990-93 ..17

4.4 Projects in Education 18

5. Travel 20

5.1 Conferences 20

5.2 International travel 21

5.3 Dornestic travel ~ .23

5.4 International visitors at SERC 24

5.5 Dornestic visitors at SERC 24

6. Other activities 26

6.1 Solar energy seminars 26

6.2 Solar energy exhibition 26

6.3 Solar energy education 26

6 .4 IASEE 27

6.5 Study visits at SERC 27

6.6 Bo91 27

6.7 SEAS 28

6 .8 Libr ary 28

7 .Economy ³⁰

32

8. Insolation in Borlänge during 1989

1. INTRODUCTION

The Solar Energy Research Center was established as a

separate entity within the Faculty of Engineering, University College of Falun/Borlänge in 1984. Since then the Center and its activities have grown quickly. For example, while the first yearly budget totalled SEK 25000, the budget for the fiscal year 1989-90 exceeds SEK 2.5 million.

SERC has previosly published three biennal Progress Reports, covering activities up to 1988 and plans for 1989. A need for more frequent summing up is however felt, and thus the

present Progress Report 1990 is our first annual progress report. It describes publications and important events during 1989- for the period prior to 1989 see earlier progress

reports. Furthermore, it presents projects current and planned in January 1990.

During 1989, SERC has moved into new localities at

Forskargatan 6. They are both much larger and better suited for our activities than the old ones in Teknikdalen across the street. A total of 300 sqm includes a large office with nine working stations, a smaller office for 1-2 persons, a library-conference room, an optics laboratory, an electronics laboratory, a small kitchen, and storage rooms. A

spectrophotometer has been installed as well as several new computers. A solar test site close to the building is under construction.

The Center haB been engaged in the following activitieB:

* Research and development in the field of solar energy with special emphasis on applied optics, solar heating, computer simulations and solar energy for development.

* University level teaching and student thesis work supervision in the field of solar energy.

* Facilitate information from solar energy specialists to the region's companies as well as the general public by means of seminars, exhibitions, popular articles, press

conferences, radio/TV-programs and by building up a solar energy library.

* Establish national and international contacts in order to enhance the knowledge of solar energy, regionally as well as nationally and internationally. SERC has accepted to host the Solar Energy Association of Sweden (SEAS) Secretariat from 1990. SERC has initiated the formation of International

Association for Solar Energy Education (IASEE).

* Publish scientific conference papers and reports in the

SERC/UCFB report Beries.

2. STAFF 1989 Ordinary staff

Lars Broman, PhD, Assoc. Prof., Director Peter Asp, Engineer (- February)

Betty Binder, MSc (February -) Eric Bave, MSc

Kent Börjesson, Engineer Göran Eriksson, Assistant Kjell Gustafsson, BSc

Olle Hadell, MSc (August -) Eva Lindberg, BSc

Sigge Niwong, MA (August -)

Svante Nordlander, MSc (September -) Mats Rönnelid, BSc

A. Salim, BSc (December -)

Göran Swärdström, Engineer (August -) Helene Tiger, Secretary ( -June)

Associates:

Yngve Bergström, Professor, Borlänge Arne Broman, Professor, Göteborg Lars Dahlgren, Dr., Norrköping

Sven Eketorp, Professor, Stockholm Per Isakson, Tech. Lic., Stockholm

Björn Karlsson, Assoc. Prof., Älvkarleby

Per Olov Nilsson, Professor, Garpenberg

Aadu Ott, Assoc. Prof., Göteborg

3. PUBLICATIONS

3.1 SERC/UCFB REPORTS 1989

SERC PROGRESS REPORT 1988-89

Report SERC/UCFB-89/0020; 31 pages, February

The contents of the third SERC Progress Report are:

-abstracts of sixteen SERC/UCFB reports published 1987-1988 including the second Progress Report,

-abstracts of sixteen other papers published 1987-1988, -five theses in solar energy from University College of

Falun/Borlänge published 1987-88, -presentation of nine popular articles,

presentation of ten current projects and six planned projects,

-presentation of our library, economy, travel and visitors, -other SERC activities.

SOLAR MEASUREMENT STATION IN BORLÄNGE

Lars Dahlgren, Kent Börjesson and Lars Broman Report SERC/UCFB-89/0021 (in Swedish)

The solar measurement station is one of twelve such stations making a solar measuring network in Sweden. The station is owned by SMHI (the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological

Institute) and is used by SMHI, SERC and the Futures' museum (for an exhibition on the weather just now). Data from the station are sent automatically and regularly to SMHI, SERC and the Futures' Museum. SERC uses the station for

calibration purposes and development work. Daily tending and service is done by technicians from the Futures' Museum and SERC.

SOLAR ENERGY IN IRAQ, INDIA AND LIBYA. SHORT REPORT FROM CONFERENCES AND STUDY TRAVEL IN 1988

Lars Broman

Report SERC/UCFB-89/0022 (in Swedish)

The Third Arab International Solar Energy Conference was held in Baghdad, Iraq, February 21-24, 1988. Six invited lectures and some fifty papers were presented. Comments on some of the more interesting papers are given. A report is given about

solar energy activities at Indian Institute of Technology in

Bombay and New Delhi. Energex 88- The Global Energy Forum was held in Tripoli, November 25-30, 1988. Some hundred

papers were presented in the fields of fossile fuels, nuclear energy and renewable sources of energy. Comments on some of the presentations are given.

ON A POSSIELE INTERNATIONAL NETWORK FOR SOLAR ENERGY EDUCATION

Lars Eroman

Report SERC/UCFE-89/0023

In a cooperative effort between solar energy educators at University of Oldenburg, Germany (FRD) and University College of Falun/Borlänge, some steps towards an International Solar Energy Education Society (ISEES) was taken. A questionnaire was sent out to the delegates at the North Sun '88 Conference and handed out to the delegates of the Energy Educators

Association (EEA) conference "Networking in Energy Education". A report is given about the result of the questionnaire.

SOLAR HEATING IN DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEM AND GROUP HEATING SYSTEM- SOLAR ENERGY SEMINAR IN BORLÄNGE AUGUST 17, 1989 Report SERC/UCFB-89/0024 (in Swedish)

In August 1989 the University College of Falun/Borlänge arranged, in co-operation with the Swedish Council for

Building Research and National Energy Administration, three one-day seminars on solar energy. The seminars were for both amateurs and professionals who wanted to get knowledge about the latest experiences in the field. This report contains the documentation from the first seminar in the Beries:

-Ingvar Enquist, Developing of solar heating technic for collective systems of heat providing

-Gunnar Wilson, Costs for ground placed high efficient flat plate solar collector

-Bengt GrellsgArd, Energy planning in communities

-Per Isakson, The solar heating plants in Nykvarn and Falkenberg

-Torbjörn Jilar, Seasonal storage of solar heat in Kungälv -Björn Karlsson, 10 years of solar heating research -

reBults and future planning

SOLAR HEATING IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -SOLAR ENEGY SEMINAR IN BORLÄNGE AUGUST 18, 1989

SERC/UCFB-89/0025 (in Swedish)

Documentation from the second Solar Energy Seminar in Borlänge:

-Betty Binder, Intruduction -Peter Larsson, Introduction

-Torben Esbensen, An innovative cornrnercial building - passive solar and daylighting

-Michael Rantil, Solar heating in built environment - experiences and research needs

-Göran Hultmark, Solar collector technic for one -and

multy family houses

Christer Nordström, The multy family house wich became a solar house

Eric BAve, Demands on living on the introduction of flat plate solar collectors

SOLAR ENERGY IN DEVELOFING COUNTRIES -NEW FERSFECTIVES AND EXFERIENCES- SOLAR ENERGY SEMINAR IN BORLÄNGE AUGUST 19, 1989 Report SERC/UCFB-89/0026

Documentation from the third Solar Energy Seminar in Borlänge:

-Lars Kristoferson, Solar energy for developing countries in perspectives

-H.P. Garg, Solar cookers -design details and experiences -H.P. Garg, Solar drying -design details, economics and

experiences

-Torben Esbensen, Solar energy for rural areas -danish experiences. Financing of solar energy projects in developing countries

-Stig Carlsson, Solar energy development in Afghanistan -Lars Broman, Solar electricity in developing countries

REFLECTION LOSSES FROM CYLINDRICAL CONCAVE ABSORBER GLAZINGS AND p V MODULE SURFACES

Lars Broman and Eva Lindberg Report SERC/UCFB-89/0027

Formulas for calculation of reflection losses for sun rays incident in a plane perpendicular to the axis of transparent cylindrical concave panes have been derived. Calculations of losses have been carried out for all angles of incidence and representative panes. The result shows that these losses are greatly reduced for high incidence angles compared with flat panes. Reflectivities at varying incidence angles for some representative PV modules have been measured using a HeNe laser and compared with the calculations. Results indicate that the output from slightly cylindrical fixed latitude tilt PV

modules would be higher than the output from flat fixed latitude tilt PV modules during early mornings and late afternoons when the incident beam radiation angle is large.

The following SERC reports are in progress:

Microelektrification in the Gambia Kent Börjesson

in Swedish)

Solar energy planning in Yugoslavia

Er1.c

Bave

Report frorn 9th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition in Freiburg

Betty Binder

Solar Energy in United States.

Travel report trom visits and conterences May-June 1989

Lars Broman

Small Scale Utilization of Renewable Sources of Energy Report from three conferences

Kjell Gustafsson, Anette Henning and Sigge Niwong

Solar Energy in Asia.

Report from ISES World Congress in Robe, Japan, September 1989 and from study visits in India and Pakistan

Lars Broman and Göran Eriksson

Wood Burning Stove Project in the Gambia Sven Eketorp

in Swedish)

Small Scale Utilization of Renewable Sources of Energy Reports from three conferences

Kjell Gustafsson, Annette Henning and Sigge Niwong

3.2 PAPERS PUBLISHED IN 1989

NORTH SUN '88 PROCEEDINGS

Swedish Council for Building Research D2:1989, ISBN 91-540-4973-3, 688 pages

Lars Brornan and Mats Rönnelid

SOLAR ENERGY IN SWEDEN 1989

Paper presented at the Conference qn Heating, ventilation and Air-conditioning, Varna, Bulgaria, May 25-27, 1989 Eva Lindberg, Betty Binder and Lars Broman

Current Swedish Solar Heating Plant projects are described as well as SERC R$D activities.

ON REFLECTION LOSSES FROM CYLINDRICAL CONCAVE p V MODULES Solar Cells (1989)

Lars Brornan

The paper presents formulas for calculation of reflection

losses for sun rays incident in a plane perpendicular to the axis of transparent cylindrical concave panes. Reflectivities

at varying incidence angles for some representative PV modules have been measured using a HeNe laser and compared with the calculations.

REFLECTION PROPERTIES OF UNCOATED AND COATED METAL SURFACES -A LITERATURE STUDY

The Heliograph No.1 (1989; in Swedish)

Ewa WäckelgArd and Lars Brornan

A literature study and literature search regarding reflection properties of uncoated and coated metal surfaces has been performed. Eightythree papers have been chosen as particulary interesting. We have especially searched for articles on optic measurement methods, experimental results for high incidence angles and results regarding steel surfaces. The report suggests that SERC procures a spectrophotometer equipment.

AN ELECTRICITY EXPERIMENT KIT FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS USING PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATED ELECTRICITY

Proceeding ISES Solar World Congress, Kobe, Japan, September 4-8, 1989

Lars Broman

An electricity experiment kit that incorporates photovoltaic cells has been constructed. The kit consists of a circuit

board, a number of electric componenets and a manual. The PV cells are used both in PV electricity experiments and as a source of DC current for experiments in general electricity.

The kit works well technically and field tests in African secondary schools are in the planning.

PRESIM- A GRAPHICAL INTERACTIVE PREPRÜCESSüR FÜR MODULAR S IMULATION PROGRAMS

Proceeding ISES Solar World Congress, Kobe, Japan, September 4-8, 1989

Svante Nordlander, Mats Rönnelid, Per Isaksson and Lars Broman PRESIM is a computer program for creating, storing, retreiving and changing input data for modular HVAC system simulation

programs. The user works with CAD-style tools. The program also produces system schematics and other documentation. A first

release of PRESIM will produce input data for the TRNSYS simulation program.

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE CZECHOSLOVARIAN FRESNEL LENS MEASURED USING A LASER BEAM

Proceeding ISES Solar World Congress, Robe, Japan, September 4-8, 1989

Lars Broman, Eva Lindberg and Rent Börjesson

Linear glass Fresnel lenses have b~en experimentally

investigated by means of a narrow HeNe laser beam, both at normal incidence and at various combinations of meridional and sagittal angles of incidence. Both rays incident on the flat and on the grooved side were studied. Result were compared with previous ray tracing results by Franc et al. The

experiments suggest, contrary to the ray tracing, that the grooves should face the sun in other than sun-tracking

applications.

USE OF NONIMAGING CONCENTRATORS FOR MODERATE CONCENTRATION OF SUNLIGHT ONTO PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

Proceeding 9th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy

Conference and Exhibition, Freiburg, Germany, September 25-29, 1989

Lars Broman, Mats Rönnelid, Betty Binder and Eva Lindberg

The square cornet type nonimaging concentrator has been shown useful for moderate concentration of sunlight onto photovoltaic solar cells, since it creates no hot spots at the exit

aperture. In this paper are presented the mathematical formulas on which the cornet designs are based, results from computer simulations on overall cornet performance compared with

measurements as well as exit aperture intensity variations, measured optical concentration ratios under controlled

circumstances, and cell temperature measurements under realistic circumstances.

EXPERIMENTAL OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE CZECHOSLOVAKIAN FRESNEL LENS.

Paper presented at the Third International Conference on Applied Optics in Solar Energy, Prague, Czechoslovakia, October 2-6, 1989

Lars Brornan, Eva Lindberg, Kent Börjesson and Kjell Gustavsson Linear glass Fresnel lenses have been experimentally

investigated by means of a narrow HeNe laser beam, both at

normal incidence and at various combianations of meridional and sagittal angles of incidence. A testbench for investigation of combinations of flat mirror troughs and linear Fresnel lenses has been constructed. Results from preliminary measurements suggest that a larger meridional acceptance angle is achieved than with a lens only.

NONIMAGING SOLAR CONCENTRATORS

Invited paper presented at the Third International Conference on Applied Optics in Solar Energy, Prague, Czechoslovakia,

October 2-6, 1989.

Lars Broman

A general overview of nonimaging solar concentrators, their theory, basic design and practical use is presented. Special emphasis is given to troughs with flat sides and to cornet type concentrators. Several recent results including studies of combinations of lenses and mirrors are summerized.

A POSSIBLE INTERNATIONAL SOLAR ENERGY NETWORK

Newsletter of the Ellergy Educators Associatioll Vol. 2, No.

(1989)

Lars Bromall

Same text as SERC/UCFB Report No. 89/0023. Also published

in The Heliograph No.2 (1989)

3.3 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF FALUN/BORLÄNGE THESES IN SOLAR ENERGY

(All in Swedish)

TESTING OF AN EXPERIMENT KIT IN ELECTRICITY AND PHOTOVOLTAICS FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS

Irena Persson

Supervisors: Lars Broman and Kent Börjesson

ENERGY MEASUREMENTS IN STATIONARY AND TRACKING SOLAR COLLECTORS

Mikael Dahlström, Lars Karlberg alld Madjid Mortazavi Supervisors: Kellt Börjessoll alld Görall Swärdström

3.4 POPULAR ARTICLES, RADIO/TV PROGRAMS ETC

THE EIGTHIES OF SOLAR COLLECTORS (Swedish title: SolfAngarnas Attiotal) Tore Wizelius

Alternativet, No.36 1989

Report frorn Solar Energy Seminars in Borlänge, August 1989

THE SUN GIVES HEAT

(Swedish title: Solen ger värme) Inger Westin

Energikällan, No.11989

THE SUN AS ENERGY SOURCE

(Swedish title: Solen som energikälla Bergs Lars Hansson

Villa Fakta, No.1 and No.21989

in Swedish)

THE SUN AS FUTURE HEAT PRODUCER KerBtin Anvill

Energi i utveckling, No.31989

SERC, 1989. Presentation pamphlets in English and

Swedish.

During 1989 there has also been some thirty articles

on SERC in Swedish daily and weekly newspapers, most of them in local press about the mobile solar energy exhibition.

Miljöbilder, TV program about renewable energy sources, where Lars Broman had the major part, Decerober 2

Interview in Radio Dalarna with Kjell Gustafsson about the

mobile solar energy exhibition, May 9

4. PROJECTS

4.1 CURRENT PROJECTS

CONSTRUCTION OF PRESIM -A GRAPHIC PREPROCESSOR FOR MODULAR SIMULATION PROGRAMS

Svante Nordlander, Mats Rönnelid, Per Isakson and Lars Broman The objective is to construct an interactive graphic

preprocessor, PRESIM, for modular simulation programs. with PRESIM, we intend to provide the users with a CAD-style

working environment for creating, storing, retrieving and changing input data, i. e. the HVAC system description,

simulation control data, and references to climate and load data. In the first part we are working with an interface with the simulation program TRNSYS, a work done in co-operation

with Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Wisconsin. The first version of PRESIM has just been completed and will be tested by several institutions in Europe and united States.

MICROELECTRIFICATION IN AFRICAN RURAL AREAS

Lars Brornan, Kent Börjesson, Sigge Niwong, Mats Rönnelid, Annette Henning and S. Ornar A. Sallah

Solar p v panels can presently compete favorahly with diesel generated electricity in many instances, especially when power demand is less than a few kWh per day. Thus, the hasic electricity needs of a rural community in a developing

country could well he met hy photovoltaic systems. The first step of a village electrification process is referred to as micro electrification. Several pilot projects of micro

electrification activities in The Gamhia and Tanzania are in progress, for instance use of flashlights with rechargeahle hatteries in households, solar hattery charging for school radios, testing of school lahoratory equipment with

solar-charged hatteries, insolation measurements, etc. At

SERC, a prototype solar powered workshop is in the process of

heing huilt up; a numher of low-voltage machines will he in

use and tested in the workshop.

INSOLATION MEASUREMENTS IN BORLÄNGE

Kent Börjesson, Lars Brornan and Lars Dahlgren

An automatic weather station is situated on the roof of Hotel Galaxen in Borlänge since June, 1987. Every 6th minute, the following data are recorded: Hemispheric insolation (as measured with a pyranometer). Direct solar flux (as measured with a pyrheliometer). Wind speed and direction. Ambient air temperature and humidity. Data are stored and automatically sent to SMHI and SERC every hour. A monitor in the Futures' Museum provides the general public with on-line weather data.

The insolation data are used in several of SERC's current projects. The installation of a pyrgeometer for measurement of infrared radiation is in progress. (Note: A compilation of data for 1989 is given in Chapter 8.)

INSTALLATION OF A SPECTROPHOTOMETER AT SERC Lars Broman and Eva Lindberg

An Optronic spectrophotometer has been installed at SERC during 1989. It has the following specifications and abilities:

-an automated system for accurately measuring specular reflectance of polished surfaces as a function of wavelength (280-2500 nm) and angle of incidence (10-85 degrees)

-measuring diffuse reflectance using a 10 cm diameter integrating sphere

-single monochromator (for increased light intensity at the detector)

-quarts-halogen lamp-mirror imaging source optics -variable measurement area (bandwidth 2-40 nm) -detectors of Si and cooled PbS

-a computer performs the measurement sequence under software control

-the reflectance of the test sample is calculated, displayed and printed out in both tabular and graphic form.

The instrument will be used in reflectance studies of

uncoated and coated metal surfaces as well as aged surfaces.

A series of test measurements is near completion and shows that all parts of the system work well.

SOLAR TEST SITE AT SERC

Kent Börjesson and Göran Swärdström

SERC has arranged an area for long-time tests of solar cell panels, efficiency measurements of flat plate solar

collectors, etc., as well as access to computers for simulation and other applications.

THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF LENS-MIRROR COMBINATIONS

Lars Broman, Eva Lindberg and Kjell Gustafsson

Adding a V-traugh with reflecting sides ta a linear Fresnel

lens increases the acceptance angle af the lens. In the

present study, carnbinatians af the Czechaslavakian glass

Fresnel lens and aluminizied glass mirrors are investigated.

SOLAR HEATING SURFACES

Betty Binder, Lars Broman and Eva Lindberg

A general study of primarily reflection properties of surfaces with possible solar heating applications is in progress, using SERC's new spectrophotometer. The study is built on extensive literature studies, both previously

reported and continued. Complementary studies of specular reflectance as a function of incidence angle are done by means of a HeNe laser and a sextant used as precision angular table.

LONG-TERM STUDIES OF VARIOUS REFLECTING SURFACES Betty Binder, Lars Brornan and Eva Lindberg

Reflecting materials are subject to aging to various degrees and long-term tests under different climatic conditions have to be done on all kinds of surfaces contemplated for solar energy applications. Systematic studies comparing the effects of different climatic conditions will be performed, since several factors vary between different locations; sunlight intensity, uv fraction of sunlight, air contaminations

(smoke, salt,sand), wind, precipitation, temperature

variations, etc. Specular and diffuse reflectance changes of the sampIes are to be measured using SERC's

spectrophotometer.

SOLAR COLLECTOR GEOMETRIES AT HIGH LATITUDES Lars Broman

Stationary and tracking georoetries are qualitatively analysed for a nurober of locations between northen latitudes 55 and 68 degrees.

CONSTRUCTION AND FIELD TESTS OF INSOLATION MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS

Lars Broman, Kent Börjesson and Svante Nordlander

Solar insolation measurements are essential for successful

implementation of solar technology. Detailed knowledge of the sun's intensity is missing in many parts of the world.

Especially when employing concentration of sunlight, access to good insolation data is essential. Lack of suitable

instruments is one major reason why such data do not exist.

We have for some years investigated the possibilities of creating measuring devices using semiconductor and

photographic technologies. A number of problems related to

construction of such instruments have been solved, but

several remain to solve.

SOLAR ENERGY AND SOCIETY PLANNING

Erlc

Bave

Integrating new solutions on energy end environmental

problems in society planning as solar energy is connected with many obstacles. The purpose of the project is to describe the present state of planning and the planning procedure, to create a model for analyzing and

describing, to analyze the planning procedure with the focus on environmental protection and technology for the use of renewable energy sources with solar energy technology as an example. Some cases of planning and environmental problems in Sweden and Yugoslavia are used.

4.2 PLANNED PROJECTS

USE OF SHEET STEEL FOR SOLAR HEATING Betty Binder, Lars Broman and Eva Lindberg

Sheet steel has low price, which is good, but is corrosive, has low reflectance and low absorbance, is not selective and has low heat conduction. Different coatings are necessary to make steel sheets useable in solar energy. A number of

possibilities will be investigated. Collaboration with local companies in the field is in planning.

THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL EFFICIENCY STUDIES OF SOLAR CELL PANELS UTILIZING NONIMAGING CONCENTRATOR TECHNIQUES

Lars Brornan, Mats Rönnelid and Kjell Gustafsson

The continued work on nonimaging concentrators is planned to include completion of ray tracing analysis on square cornets, measurements of efficiency versuB incident angle, insolation, and cell temperature, construction and test of a linear solar cell trough, construction and test of a simplified tracking unit, and long-term test of prototype cornet panels. Parts of the work will be done at the Älvkarleby laboratory.

Collaboration with SERI and other institutions in different climatic zones is also in the planning.

INTRODUCTION OF SOLAR ENERGY EQUIPMENT

Erl.c

Bave

The introduction of new technologies, for example solar

energy equipment, entails much more than setting up and using the equipment. The purpose of this study is to identify

different factors and actors who influence the introduction

of solar energy equipment as well as developing a model for

analysis of presumptions, factors, actors, decisions and

realization.

FIRE WOOD AND SOLAR HEATING PREFAB UNIT FOR FAMILY HOUSES Svante Nordlander

A feasability study on a small building, containing a

fire-wood furnace, a storage tank, chimney, fire-wood storage and a solar collector. All components are matched for

efficiency, all plumbing and control equipment is included and the unit is sold as a prefab turn-key energy system for family houses.

BASIC CONDITIONS FOR SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH INTERNAL REFLECTORS IN SWEDEN

Mats Rönnelid

The basic conditions for solar collectors with internal

reflectors will be investigated. The project will begin with a literature survey during the fall of 1990 and continue

until late spring 1991. Other parts of interest for the

project is climatological conditions in Sweden for this type of collectors, k-value measurements on models and

measurements on mirror geometries in an integrating sphere.

The project is a joint project with the Älvkarleby laboratory.

4.3 SUMMARY OF PRELIMINARY R&D PROGRAM FÜR 1990-93

A solar R&D program for SERC is in the making, covering the three years July 1990- June 1993. It is anticipated that the activities will continue to grow during this period. The realisation of various parts of the program is subject to appropriate financing.

Solar heating will continue to be a major concern. The

surface analyzing equipment will be complemented by a surface production facility, a vacuum chamber equipped for vapor deposition and sputtering. This will enable us to investigate both reflecting surfaces on different substrates and various methods to protect (and possibly enhance) such surfaces. The aim is to be able to put low-cost materials like sheet steel to more extensive use in solar energy applications.

High quality simulation of heating plants, in particular solar heating plants, are essential in planning of new

installations. The creation of the modelling program PRESIM greatly facilitates the use of the simulation program TRNSYS.

Continued development of PRESIM as well as support to PRESIM users worldwide will be part of SERC's activities during the period.

Solar collector geometries have been studied at SERC since the beginning. Lately, both calculations, simulations and measurements have shown that a considerable gain can be achieved when solar tracking is employed. A number of

different geometries will be studied both theoretically and

experimentally. These include fixed and tracking collectors, use of internal and external booster mirrors, utilization of linear Fresnel lenses, and both thermal and P V applications.

The measurements will be done at SERC's newly established Solar Yard, which will be suitably equipped.

The combination of direct solar energy and biologically stored solar energy has the potential of being extensively used in rural Swedish areas. The development of a heating unit for one-family houses described above will be followed by studies of other combinations for different users. This work will to a large extent be done in co-operation with the Bio Energy Research Center in Garpenberg.

Photovoltaics is a fast growing technology abroad, and seems to rize increasing interest in Sweden as well. A P V R&D program is in the planning, jointly between the University's Materials Center and SERC. The aim is to build up a Solar Electricity Laboratory, where R&D in materials research as well as in P V applications is performed. In co-operation with

Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, CO, USA, long-term testing of P V panels will be done. It is assumed that the Laboratory will be used also by engineering students at the region's Universities.

Many solar energy problems are universal, and continued and expanded co-operation between SERC and institutions in

developing countries is planned. These will include p V applications, insolation measurements, development and testing of school laboratory equipment, testing of

concentrator prototypes, and development of solar cookers and desalination units.

4.4 PROJECTS IN EDUCATION

Technic for renewable energy sources, 5 credit course.

The major area is solar energy, biomass energy, hydro power and wind power. A detached course for engineers, teachers, technicians, etc.

Energy technic, 40 credit course.

General energy technology with special emphazis on renewable energy sources and energy saving. An one-year course for students who have fullfilled 80 credit engineer education.

Alternative for the present 80 credit course in rnachine technology.

20 credit in this education will be devoted to general energy technology.

2 credit course in simulation of energy systems with

special emphazis in solar systems.

Supervising students in planned theses in solar energy;

Construction of a spectral sensitive solar intesity meter (two students)

-Construction of a test bench for rneasurernents on p v cells (one student)

Development ot control equipment tor solar dryerB in agri

culture (one student)

5. TRAVEL

5.1 CONFERENCES

We have attended the following conferences and meetings:

Energy Educators Association 1989 Annual Membership Meeting, Plymouth, Minnesota, USA, May 5

Lars Broman

Trondheim, Norway, May 24-25 Nordic Solar Energy Days,

Kjell Gustafsson

Photovoltaics Advanced Research and Development 9th Annual Review Meeting, Lakewood, Colorado, USA, May 24-26

Lars Broman

5th National Conference with International Participants on Heating, Ventilation and Air-condi,tioning, Varna, Bulgaria, May 25-27

Betty Binder and Eva Lindberg

Solar Energy Seminars Borlänge, August 17-19

Betty Binder, Arne Broman, Lars Broman, Erik BAve, Kent Börjesson, Lars Dahlgren,Göran Eriksson, Kjell Gustafsson, Eva Lindberg, Sigge Niwong, Aadu Ott and Mats Rönnelid Braman, Erikssan (Chairman) and Rönnelid farmed the

arganizing cammittee tagether with Ingvar Enqvist, STEV, and

Michael Rantil, BFR. Binder was chairman August 18, Braman

gave a lecture August 19, BAve gave a lecture August 18, and

Niwang taak part in the panel discussian August 19.

ISES Solar World Collgress Kobe, Japall, September 4-8 Lars BrOmall alld Görall Erikssoll

9th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Freiburg, Germany, September 25-29

Betty Binder

Nordic Seminar on Domestic Energy in Developing Countries, Lund, September 25-27

Annette Henning (as representative for SERC)

The symposium "Entrepreneurship in development", Department of Water Resources Engineering, University of Lund, Lund,

September 27-28 Sigge Niwong

Third International Conference Applied Optics in Solar Energy, Prague, Czechoslovakia, October 2-6, 1989 Lars Broman and Eva Lindberg

2nd European Symposium on Soft Energy Sources and Systems at the Local Level, Chania, Crete, Greece, October 16-21,

1989

Kjell Gustavsson and Sigge Niwong

SEAS-dagen

Stockholm, November 16 Betty Binder

TRNSYS European User Group

Workshop in Liege, Belgium, November 23-24 Svante Nordlander

5.2 INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL

United States, May- June Lars Broman

visit at Solar Energy Laboratory,' University of

Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, for discussions of the PRESIM project and giving seminar on PRESIM. visiting Professional at Energy Research Institute, Golden, Colorado

Bombay, India, August Göran Eriksson

Visit at Center for Technological Alternatives for Rural Areast Indian Institute of Technology. visit at Academy of Development Sciencet a village developing project near Bombay. Visiting Maharashtra Energy Development Agency.

Pakistan, August -September Lars Broman

Study visit to and giving seminars at National Institute of Silicon Technology, Islamabad.

Yugoslavia..

Erlc Bave

March 18-23; visit to Institute of Urban Planning,

Ljubljana. Preparing the project Solar Energy and Society September-November; Some visited institutes are;

Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Generation and Supply

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Split

Terrnofriz, factory for solar collectors, Split CEP, Center for Urban Planning, Belgrad

Standing Conference of Yugoslav Communes and Cities, Belgrad

Guest researcher at Institute for Urban Planning Ljubljana

Berlin, November 25

Er1.c

Bave

visit at BAM, Bundes Anstalt für Material Fo~chung und

Prövung

5.3 DOMESTIC TRAVEL

Älvkarleby Laboratory

May 24-25, Lars Brornan, Betty Binder and Eva Lindberg Reflectance rneasurernents by rneans of the 1 rn diarn.

integrating sphere.

Several tirnes, Mats Rönnelid and Svante Nordlander Discussions with Björn Karlsson

Saven AB, Täby, September 25 Eva Lindberg

Meeting with spectrophotometer users.

The Stockholm Technical Fair, October 3 Kent Börjesson

Bio Energy Research Center, Skogshögskolan, Garpenberg, November 10

Lars Broman, Betty Binder, Kent Börjesson, Göran Eriksson, Olle HAdell and Mats Rönnelid.

Discussion of future co-operation

Göteborg, Decernber 22 Lars Brornan

Discussian with Aadu Ott and Kanrad Blum and faunding af IASEE.

National Energy Administration Sweden, Stockholm, several times

Lars Broman

The Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm, several times

Lars Broman

5.4 INTERNATIONAL VISITORS AT SERC

Prof. H.P. Garg, Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi India, August 16-20

Invited speaker at the Solar Energy Seminar in Borlänge.

John and Mary Twidell, University of Stratchclyde, Glasgow Scotland, August

Dr. Konrad Blum, University of Oldenburg, W. Germany, September 18-20

Discussions of IASEE.

Tunisia, September Dr. Chiheb Bouden, University of Tunis,

18-22

Discussions on IASEE and PRESIM.

Ruth Urban, University of Wisconsin, USA, November 10-17

Guest researcher at SERC, working with PRESIM.

5.5 DOMESTIC VISITORS AT SERC

Lennart Hasselgren, International Seminars, University of Uppsala, January

Ingvar Enqvist, Jim Nilsson and Karin Aberg, National Energy Administration of Sweden, June

Solar Energy Association Board Meeting, August 17

P. 0. Nilssan, J. E. Matssan and P. A. Petterssan, Bia Energy Research Center, Skagshögskalan, Garpenberg, September

IPS'90 International Planetarium Society Conference

Organizing Committe Meeting, September 1989.

Anders Nordquist, NESTE Advanced Power System, Decerober 14

Söderköping, Decerober 14 Göran Johansson, Solteknik AB,

In June SERC moved to new and larger localities, just opposite the old ones in the high tech center Technicon

Valley. November 30 we had an inauguration party, which was attended by some fort y persons, among others the Chairman of the Executive Council, Swedish State Power board Börje

Andersson, the County Governor Lilly Hansson, the Borlänge

City Mayor Georg Karlsson and Borlänge City Director Bengt

Lindström.

6. OTHER ACTIVITIES

6.1 SOLAR ENERGY SEMINARS

SERC haB arranged, on behalf of UniverBit y College of

Falun/Borlänge and in co-operation with the Swedish Council for Building Research and the National Energy Board, three one-day Solar Energy Seminars in Borlänge, August 17-19. The themes of the three days were Solar heating in district

heating systems and group heating systems, Solar heating in the built environment and Solar energy in developing

countries, respectively. Some 60 people attended each

seminar. The documentation is collected in SERC/UCFB-reports No.s 24-26.

6.2 MOBILE SOLAR ENERGY EXHIBITION

SERC haB, on behalf of University College of Falun/Borlänge developed and built a mobile solar energy exhibition, which haB been exposed at different publ.ic places around the

region. The following places have been visited during 1989:

Technicon Valley, Borlänge, April 3-17

-Culture House, Vansbro, April 17 to May 8 -Culture House, Orsa, May 8-29

-Culture House, Leksand, May 29 to June 19 -Futures Museum, Borlänge, August 15-29

-Town Library, Avesta, November 29 to Decerober 16

6.3 SOLAR ENERGY EDUCATION

SERC arranged, on behalf of the Faculty of Technology, a

two-credit course on general solar energy during the fall,

1989. The course was attended by seventeen students.

6.4 IASEE

The International Association for Solar Energy Education was formed in Göteborg, December 22, 1989. The purpose of IASEE is to promote solar energy education worldwide by means of

-publication of a newsletter

-organization of international meetings, and -topical activities.

Lars Broman is Chairman of the Organizing Cornmittee and Aadu Ott is Secretary/Treasure. SERC is responsible for the IASEE Secretariat, which presently is located with Ott in Göteborg.

The Newsletter is edited by Dr. Konrad Blum and sent out from University of Oldenburg, Germany. IASEE has already attracted members from all six continents. The first membership meeting will take place during the World Renewable Energy Congress in Reading, England in September, 1990. An International

Conference is in the planning in Borlänge, June 1991 in connection with the yearly EEA meeting and the Nordic Solar Energy Days.

6.5 STUDY VISITS AT SERC

30 students from Soltorgsskolan, May 26 10 students from Soltorgsskolan, May 30

12 fernale students frarn the graup "Warnen and Technic"

KarnVux, August 8

12 students from University College of Karlstad, September 11-12

Fältbiologerna, November 11, 1989

30 students froro Hagaskolan, Decerober 7

26 students from YTH, University College of Falun/Borlänge, December 13

An increasing nurnber of secondary school students visit SERC and our library for help with special projects.

6.6 BO91

In 1991 an exhibition and conference about building and living, called Bo91, will be arranged in the region of

Dalarna, with its center in Borlänge. All communities in the

region will contribute to Bo91 and expose different kinds of

building and living in both old and new environments. SERC will take part in Bo91 with a seminar and an exhibition about our activities in solar heating.

6.7 SEAS

SERC is rnernber of the Solar Energy Association of Sweden (SEAS). The secretariat of SEAS will be located at SERC's office frorn January 1990.

6.8 LIBRARY

The solar energy section in the library at the University College of Falun/Borlänge has been moved to SERC's office.

Presently it contains some 500 books and reports. There are current subscriptions on the following journals and

magazines:

Ambient Energy Applied Optics Boiling Point

Byggforskning, BFR

Energi i utveckling, STEV Energiforskningsnytt, EFN Energikällan, STEV

Energiteknik, STU The Heliograph

IASEE Newsletter

International Journal of Solar Energy

ISES News

Journal of Solar Energy Engineering -Microsoft Systems Journal

-Mikrodatorn PC World

RERIC International Energy Journal

RERIC News

Solar & Wind Technology Solar Cells

Solar Energy

Solar Energy Materials Solar Update

Solaris

Sun at Work in Europe Sunworld

The Heliograph

UNITAR/UNDP Centre on Small Energy Resources Newsletter

Väder ach Vatten. SMHI

7. ECONOMY

Since January 1989 SERC has received the following grants (figures in Swedish crowns SEK):

National Council of Building Research

10000:- 24300:- 21200:- 22000:- 880589-0 Restoring of the solar test site at

Soltorgsskolan, Borlänge

890093-2 Solar energy seminars in Borlänge, August 17-19, 1989

890274-0 Participation in ISES Congress, Robe, Japan, September 3-7, 1989

890823-2 Initial work on participation in exhibition BO91, July 1991

Parts of grants reported in Progress Report 88-89 were for use in 1989

University of Uppsala

73000:- Research grant (1/4 position) 89/90

UHÄ

30000:- Initial work "Project solar energy equipment"

BTH Course "Renewable energy" and develpment of laboratory solar experimental equipment

BTH 8 credit solar energy course and course planning

97000:- 150000:-

University College of Falun/Borlänge

Applied optics for solar energy (research grant) Solar Energy Seminars, May 6-7, 1990

SERC Report series Solar energy exhibition Guest researcher

Participation in TRNSYS workshop in Belgium

City of Borlänge

Preliminary study of a combined woodfuel and solar

energy heating central 59400:-

25000:-

29700:-

17000:-

25500:-

12800:-

11000:-

Stiftelsen Teknikdalen

220000:- Developing of instrument for insolation

measurements

Preliminary study of the possible establishment of a P V Laboratory in Borlänge

(jointly with Materials Center HTM) 50000:-

National Energy Administration Sweden

Parts of grants reported in Progress Report 88-89 were for use in 1989.

We have also received support from University College of Falun/Borlänge (administrative, library and secretarial support, computer time, office space, copying etc.)

SERC expresses its sincere thanks to those mentioned above

for their financial support.