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Lecture Outlines Chapter 7
Physics, 3
rdEdition
James S. Walker
Chapter 7
Work and Kinetic Energy
Units of Chapter 7
• Work Done by a Constant Force
• Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem
• Work Done by a Variable Force
• Power
7-1 Work Done by a Constant Force
The definition of work, when the force is parallel to the displacement:
(7-1)
SI unit: newton-meter (N·m) = joule, J
7-1 Work Done by a Constant Force
Om F = 82,0 N, d= 3,00 m (och eftersom kraften är parallell med förflyttningen) så blir det
uträttade arbetet
W = Fd = 82,0 N • 3,00 m = 246 Nm = 246 J (7-1)
Exercise 7-1 Darwin’s fink och hårt fröskal
F=205 N, d=0,40 cm, ger W = 0,82 J
7-1 Work Done by a Constant Force
Example 7-1 (p.181) Heading for the ER (mp=72,0 kg, mgurney = 15 kg, if d=2,5 m, W =?
Anta att vagnen rör sig friktionslöst)
7-1 Work Done by a Constant Force
If the force is at an angle to the displacement:
(7-3)
Figure 7-3
Force at an angle to direction of motion: another look
7-1 Work Done by a Constant Force
The work can also be written as the dot
product of the force and the displacement:
Example 7-2 (p.183) Gravity Escape System (d = 5,0 m, m = 4970 kg Wg = ?)
(Lägg märke till att θ är inte definierad på det vanliga sättet )
Conceptual Checkpoint 7-1(p.184)
Path Dependence of Work (W1>W2?, W1>W2?, W1=W2? (Lådan glider friktionlöst)
7-1 Work Done by a Constant Force
The work done may be positive, zero, or
negative, depending on the angle between the
force and the displacement:
7-1 Work Done by a Constant Force
If there is more than one force acting on an
object, we can find the work done by each force, and also the work done by the net force:
(7-5)
Example 7-3 A Coasting Car I
Example 7-3 A Coasting Car I
WN = Nd(cos90º) =0 Wmg = mg(sinΦ)d
Wair = Fair (cos180º)d = - Fair d
Wtotal = WN + Wmg + Wair = 0 + mgsin(Φ) d - Fair
Example 7-4 A Coasting Car II
Example 7-4 A Coasting Car II
Nu skall vi beräkna arbetet genom att beräkna skalärprodukten mellan Ftotal och förflyttningen d. Då blir
Wtotal = (mgsin(Φ) - Fair)d
Eftersom Ftotal ärgiven på föregående bild.
Vilket förstås är det uttryck som vi erhöll i Example 7-3
7-2 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem
When positive work is done on an object, its
speed increases; when negative work is done,
its speed decreases.
7-2 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem
Med hjälp av rörelseekvationen v
f2=v
i2+2ad och Newton’s lag a=F
tot/m fås v
f2=v
i2+2(F
tot/m)d
Rörelseenergin definieras nedan och är ALLTID positiv (eller = 0)
(7-6)
Table 7-2
Typical Kinetic Energies
Exercise 7-2 (p.188) A truck moving at 15 m/s has a kinetic energy of 420 000 J a) What is the mass of the truck?
b) If the speed is doubled? K → (factor)K?
a)m = (2K/v
2) = 2 • 420 000 J/(15 m/s)
2= 3700 kg b) v → 2v då går K → 4 K
(7-6)
7-2 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem
Work-Energy Theorem: The total work done on an object is equal to its change in kinetic energy.
(7-7)
Example 7-5(p.188) Hit the Books (m=4,10 kg, Fapp= 52,7 N) a) Hur stort arbete uträttar Fapp? b) Hur stort arbete uträttar gravitationen? c) vf = ?
Example 7-5 Hit the books
a) Wapp = Fapp Δy = 52,7 N 1,60 m = 84,3 J
b) Wg = mg(cos180)Δy = 4,10 kg 9,81 m/s2 (-1) 1,60 m
= - 64,4 J
c) may = Fapp - mg
= 52,7 N - 4,10 kg 9,81 m/s2 = 12,5 N
vf2 = vi2 + 2Δy ay = 0 + 2 1,60 m 12,5N/(4,10 kg) vf= 3,12 m/s
Example 7-6 (p.189) Pulling a Sled
(m = 6,40 kg, vi = 0,50 m/s, ingen friktion, W = ?, vf = ?)
Example 7-6 Pulling a sled
a) Wboy = F(cos 29,0º)d = 11,0 N (cos 29,0º) 2,00 m = 19,2 J
b) ΔK =m(vf2 - vi2)/2 = 19,2 J
vf2 = vi2 + 2 19,2J/(6,40 kg) = (0,5 m/s)2 + 6,00 m2/s2 vf= 2,50 m/s
Conceptual Checkpoint 7-2 (p.190) Compare the Work a) W2 = W1 b) W2 = 2W1 c) W2 = 3W1 d) W2 = 4W1 ?
7-3 Work Done by a Variable Force
If the force is constant, we can interpret the
work done graphically:
7-3 Work Done by a Variable Force
If the force takes on several successive constant
values:
7-3 Work Done by a Variable Force
We can then approximate a continuously varying
force by a succession of constant values.
Figure 7-9
Stretching a spring
7-3 Work Done by a Variable Force
The force needed to stretch a spring an amount x is F = kx.
Therefore, the work done in stretching the spring is
(7-8)
Example 7-7a+b (p.192-3) Flexing an AFM (atomic-force microscopy) Cantilever (kiselkonsol, 250 μm lång) Till att förlänga fjädern 0,10 nm krävs arbetet 1,2 10-20 J. a) Hur stor är fjäderkonstanten k? b) Hur stort arbete krävs för att öka x till 0,20 nm från 0,10 nm?
a) k = 2W/x2 = 2 1,2 10-20 J/(0,10 10-9 m)2 = 2,4 N/m
b) W(0 → 0,2 nm) = kx2/2 = 4 W(0 → 0,1 nm) + W(0,1 nm → 0,2 nm) = = 4 W(0 → 0,1 nm) = 4,8 10-20 J dvs W(0,1 nm → 0,2 nm)= 3,6 10-20 J
Figure 7-11
Work done in stretching a spring: average force
Example 7-7b Flexing an AFM Cantilever Fixeringsbild! Allt OK??
Figure 7-12
The work done by a spring can be positive or negative
Active example 7-1 (p.194) A block
compresses a string. (m=1,5 kg, v
0=2,2 m/s, k = 475 N/m Vad blir x (<0) då v=0?
K
i= mv
02/2 = 3,6 J och K
f= 0
Dvs fjädern utför ett negativt arbete på blocket eftersom ΔK < 0
Då blir - kx
2/2 = - 3,6 J
x = ((2•3,6 J)/(475 N/m))
1/2= 0,12 m
7-4 Power
Power is a measure of the rate at which work is done:
(7-10)
SI unit: J/s = watt, W
1 (engelsk) horsepower = 1 hp = 746 W
1 (svensk) hästkraft = 75 kp m/s = 736 W
7-4 Power
Example 7-8 Passing Fancy
Example 7-8 (p.196) Passing Fancy
m
car= 1300 kg , v
i= 13,4 m/s till v
f= 17,9 m/s på t = 3,00 s. P=?
W = ΔK = mv
f2/2 – mv
i2/2 = 91,6 kJ
P = W/t = 91,6 kJ/3,00 s = 30,5 kW
Figure 7-13 Driving up a hill