http://www.diva-portal.org
This is the published version of a chapter published in Health and Social Change: Disease, health and public care in the Sundsvall district 1750-1950.
Citation for the original published chapter:
Edvinsson, S. (1993)
Urban health and social class.
In: Brändström, Anders och Lars-Göran Tedebrand (ed.), Health and Social Change: Disease, health and public care in the Sundsvall district 1750-1950 (pp. 55-110). Umeå: Demografiska databasen, Umeå universitet
N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published chapter.
Permanent link to this version:
http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-45927
I^NMZ =QMX`T MZP G[OUMX 8XM__
Oxi\e A[m`ejjfe
@nkbg` ma^ .6ma \^gmnkr Znmahkbmb^l Zg] ma^ p^Zemar `khnil bg
lh\b^mr [^\Zf^ bg\k^Zlbg`er phkkb^] Z[hnm ma^ lh\bZe ikh[e^fl h _
ma^ mbf^+ Pa^r _hng] maZm ihhk Zg] ikhe^mZkbl^] `khnil bg\k^Zl^]
bg gnf[^kl) ma^k^[r mak^Zm^gbg` ma^lmZ[bebmrh _lh\b^mr+ Pa^ á]Zg`*
^khnl \eZll^lá p^k^ \hglb]^k^] Z mak^Zm bg fZgr k^li^\ml Ö [hma
lh\bZeer Zg]ihebmb\Zeer Zl p ^ee Zl f^]b\Zeer+ Larlb\bZgl Zg] lmZmbl*
mb\bZgl ^lmZ[ebla^] maZm fhkmZebmr pZl ab`a Zg] lb\dg^ll pZl p b*
]^lik^Z]+ = \\hk]bg` mh ma^f) f hkmZebmr Zg] [Z] a^Zema p^k^
\hg\^gmkZm^] mhma^ aZ[bmZmbhgl h _ma^ ihhk+ Aib]^fb\]bl^Zl^l p^k^
lik^Z] bg ma^ nglZgbmZkr ^gobkhgf^gml h _ ma^ phkdbg` \eZll) ^li^*
\bZeer bg mhpgl pa^k^ ma^ ebobg` \hg]bmbhgl _hk ma^ ihhk bg `^g^kZe
p^k^fbl^kZ[e^+EgfhkZeblbg`phk]lma^áehp^k\eZlláp^k^Z\\nl^]
h_[^bg` ]bkmr Zg] b`ghkZgm h _ ma^bk a^Zema) Zg] ma^k^[r Z mak^Zm mh
Zee hma^k\bmbs^gl Zl ma^ ^ib]^f b\l _ehnkbla^] Zg] lik^Z] mh ma^ k^lm
h _ ma^ lh\b^mr+
Eg fZgr k^li^\ml) mabl bfZ`^ h _ ma^ a^Zema lbmnZmbhg bg ma^ ik^*
bg]nlmkbZe Zg] ^Zker*bg]nlmkbZe ^kZ aZl lnkobo^] Zl ma^ ^lmZ[ebla^]
hibgbhg+ Pa^k^ l^^fl mh[^ Z`k^^f^gm Zfhg` fZgr ablmhkbZgl maZm
lh\bZe]b__^k^g\^lbga^ZemaZg]fhkmZebmrfnlmaZo^[^^gln[lmZgmbZe
ZmmaZmmbf^+ Ih]^kgk^l^Zk\a^kl)ahp^o^k)`^g^kZeerinme^ll[eZf^
hg ma^ ehp^k \eZll _hk ma^bk [Z] a^Zema Zg] ]h ghm li^Zd bg m^kfl
h _ bm [^bg` \Znl^] [r ma^bk bffhkZe [^aZobhnk+ Eglm^Z] p^ fhk^
h_m^g ^fiaZlbs^ ma^ ]b__b\nem \bk\nflmZg\^l maZm \aZkZ\m^kbl^] ma^
ebo^l h _ihhki^hie^]nkbg`maZmmbf^+ Emlahne]ahp^o^k[^oZenZ[e^
mh \hglb]^k ma^ ikh[e^f h _lh\bZe bg^jnZebmr k^`Zk]bg` fhkmZebmr bg
fhk^ ]^mZbe+ Pabl jn^lmbhg aZl bg _Z\mkZk^er [^^g lmn]b^]+ S^ e^Zg
j 22 j
f hlmer hg \hgm^fihkZkr h[l^ko^kl) ^o^g b_ ma^bk ik^cn]b\^] ob^p h _ ehp^k \eZll i^hie^ hn`am mh fZd^ nl \Znmbhnl bg mZdbg` ma^f
ebm^kZeer+ Eg k^\^gm r^Zkl lhf ^ phkd aZl [^^g \Zkkb^] hnm hg mabl
mhib\)[nmfn\abllmbeengdghpg+Egmablk^ihkmma^lh\bZe]b__^k^g\^l
bg fhkmZebmr Zg] ma^ ]b__^k^gm ihllb[bebmb^l bg Ong]loZee ]nkbg` ma^
.6ma \^gmnkr _hk d^^ibg` a^Zemar bg ]b__^k^gm lh\bZe `khnil Zk^
lmn]b^]+
SaZm ma^g ]h p^ dghp h _ lh\bZe bg^jnZebmr k^`Zk]bg` fhkmZebmr
bgOp^]^gbgablmhkb\Zembf^+ =lf^gmbhg^]Z[ho^)ma^lh\bZeZli^\m
h _ ]b__^k^gmbZe fhkmZebmr pZl h_m^g inm _hkpZk] [r iarlb\bZgl Zg]
lZgbmZkr k^_hkf^kl bg ma^ l^\hg]aZe_h_ma^gbg^m^^gma\^gmnkr+ Kg^
h _ ma^l^ pZl GeZl Hbgkhma) ma^ mhpg iarlb\bZg h _ Omh\dahef+ D^
bgo^lmb`Zm^]fhkmZebmrbgOmh\dahefZg]_hng]maZm]^ZmakZm^lp^k^
ab`a^lmbg]blmkb\mlpbmaZ`k^Zm^kikhihkmbhgh _phkd^kl+PabliZmm^kg
pZl fZbger ]n^ mh fn\a ab`a^kfhkmZebmr _khf bg_^\mbhnl ]bl^Zl^l)
]bl^Zl^l h _ma^ k^libkZmhkr hk`Zgl) Zg] `Zlmkh bgm^lmbgZe ]bl^Zl^l+.
Ohf^fh]^kgk^l^Zk\al^^f )ahp^o^k)mhbg]b\Zm^maZmma^k^eZmbhg
[^mp^^g a^Zema Zg] \eZll bl ghm lh \e^Zk+ Op^]bla k^l^Zk\a^kl ebd^
>kxg]lmk{f) Hbma^ee) Sbg[^k` Zg] IZkmbgbnl aZo^ ehhd^] Zm bg_Zgm
fhkmZebmr bg ]b__^k^gm lh\bZe `khnil) fZbger _khf knkZe ^gobkhg*
f ^gml+/ Pa^bk k^lneml ]h ghm lahp Zgr lmkZb`am_hkpZk] \hkk^eZmbhg
[^mp^^g lh\bZe \eZll Zg] bg_Zgm fhkmZebmr+ Pabl \Zg bg fZgr \Zl^l
[^^qieZbg^][rma^ ]^\blbo^bfihkmZg\^h _]b__^k^gm[k^Zlm*_^^]bg`
ikZ\mb\^l hg ma^ e^o^e h _bg_Zgm fhkmZebmr+
Kma^k k^l^Zk\a^kl aZo^ Zelh \hgmkb[nm^] mh lhf ^ Zli^\ml h _ ma^
jn^lmbhg h _lh\bZe bg^jnZebmr+ Eg a^k lmn]r h _mn[^k\nehlbl) >kbmm*Eg*
`^k LnkZg^g _hng] o^kr ab`a mn[^k\nehlbl fhkmZebmr Zfhg` lhf ^
h\\niZmbhgZe `khnil+ Shkd^kl bg ma^ bkhg Zg] f^mZe bg]nlmkb^l Ö bg iZkmb\neZk `kbg]^kl Ö p^k^ Zfhg` mahl^ fhlm ^qihl^] mh ma^
]bl^Zl^+ Oa^ Zelh _hng] maZm ^o^g Z `khni pbma ma^ [^lm ebobg`
\hg]bmbhglÖ ma^\hnkmbg ^b`am^^gma Zg]gbg^m^^gma\^gmnkr Omh\d*
ahefÖ pZl lnl\^imb[e^mhma^]bl^Zl^)^o^gb_fhkmZebmrpZlab`a^k
Zfhg`hma^k`khnil+0HZklKellhgaZlbgo^lmb`Zm^]fhkmZebmrZfhg`
ma^ikbgm^kl)Zg]_hng]o^kr ab`a fhkmZebmrkZm^lÖ ^li^\bZeer_khf
mn[^k\nehlbl+1 FZg Ong]bg Zg] HZkl*C{kZg P^]^[kZg] aZo^ lmn]b^]
fhkmZebmr Zfhg` ]b__^k^gm `khnil Zm bkhg _hng]kb^l Zg] Zelh \hf * iZk^] fhkmZebmr bg _hng]kb^l pbma maZm bg ]blmkb\ml pbma hma^k ^\h * ghf b\ \aZkZ\m^kblmb\l+ I hkmZebmr pZl \hf iZkZmbo^er ehp bg ma^
j 23 j
_hng]kb^l) pab\a Ö Z\\hk]bg` mh ma^ Znmahkl Ö fnlm [^ Zl\kb[^]
mh Z l^glbmbobmr mh g^p pZrl h _ mabgdbg` \hg\^kgbg` a^Zema Zg]
ik^o^gmbo^ a^Zema f^Zlnk^l bg maZm ^gobkhgf^gm+2
E_p^mnkgmhbgm^kgZmbhgZek^l^Zk\a)ma^fZmm^kh_lh\bZebg^jnZebmr
k^`Zk]bg` a^Zema aZl ZmmkZ\m^] ma^ bgm^k^lmh _lh\bZe ablmhkbZgl _khf
mbf^ mh mbf^+ Pa^ phkdl h_?a^oZeb^k ]nkbg` ma^ eZm^ .62-àl bg\k^*
Zl^]ma^ bgm^k^lmbgmabl mhib\+3Egk^\^gmr^Zkl ma^gnf[^kh _lmn]b^l
aZl bg\k^Zl^]+4 Pa^ k^lneml _khf ma^l^ lmn]b^l ln``^lm) bg Z\\hk]*
Zg\^ pbma ma^ k^lneml _khf Op^]^g) maZm ma^ k^eZmbhglabi [^mp^^g
lh\bZe\eZllZg]a^ZemablghmZepZrlZllmkZb`am_hkpZk]Zlhg^phne]
^qi^\m+ D^Zema bl ghmhger bg_en^g\^][r fZm^kbZe \bk\nflmZg\^lÖ eb_^*lmre^Zg] Zmmbmn]^l fnlm[^\hglb]^k^]mh aZo^ aZ]obmZe bfihk*
mZg\^hgfhkmZebmr+ Pa^l^_Z\mhkl Zk^ng_hkmngZm^er]b__b\nemmhf^Z*
lnk^) Zg] ma^r k^Z]ber ikhob]^ Zg ^Zlr lhenmbhg pa^g Zee hma^k
^qieZgZmbhgl l^^f mh aZo^ _Zbe^]+ S^ h_m^g aZo^ mh k^er hg fhk^
hk e^ll ng\e^Zk bg]b\Zmhkl bg hnk Zk`nf^gmZmbhg+
Em phne] ahp^o^k [^ k^ZlhgZ[e^ mh Zllnf^ maZm ma^k^ p^k^ `k^Zm
]b__^k^g\^l k^`Zk]bg` fhkmZebmr [^mp^^g ]b__^k^gm lh\bZe \eZll^l bg
gbg^m^^gma\^gmnkrnk[Zg^gobkhgf^gml)^o^gb_p^lmbeeeZ\dlmn]b^l
mh [Zl^ ln\a Z \hg\enlbhg hg+ S^ aZo^ Zg bf f^gl^ gnf[^k h_
m^lmbf hgb^l _khf mhpg iarlb\bZgl Zg] hma^k h[l^ko^kl _khf mabl
mbf^ pah \eZbf maZm ma^l^ ]b__^k^g\^l p^k^ Z k^Zebmr+ Kg^ inkihl^
h _ ma^ bfikho^] nk[Zg fhkmZebmr lmZmblmb\l _khf .53- pZl Zelh mh
h[mZbg [^mm^k dghpe^]`^ h _ ]b__^k^g\^l k^`Zk]bg` fhkmZebmr pbmabg
ma^ mhpgl+ Larlb\bZgl p^k^ bgm^k^lm^] bg ma^ \Znl^l h _ ma^ ab`a
fhkmZebmr kZm^l bg ma^ mhpgl+ Pa^bk ^qieZgZmbhgl p^k^ h_m^g fhkZ*
ebsbg`) inmmbg` ma^ [eZf^ hg ma^ bffhkZe eb_^*lmre^ h _ ma^ nk[Zg
ihhk+ >nm hma^k ^qieZgZmbhgl p^k^ Zelh inm _hkpZk]) _hk ^qZf ie^
ma^ ]b__b\nem ahnlbg` ikh[e^fl+ =l ma^ nk[Zg ihineZmbhg kZib]er
bg\k^Zl^]) fZgr bgaZ[bmZgml aZ] mh laZk^ ebobg` jnZkm^kl+ Ko^k*
\khp]bg` pZl Z [b` ikh[e^f+ Pabl hn`am mh aZo^ Z__^\m^] lhf ^
`khnil fhk^ maZg hma^kl Zg] \k^Zm^] ]b__^k^gmbZe fhkmZebmr+ Dhp
`k^Zm pZl ma^ bg^jnZebmr Zg] ahp ]b] bm ]^o^ehi< S^k^ \hg]bmbhgl
ma^ lZf^ k^`Zk]e^ll h _l^q Zg] Z`^<
Drihma^mb\Zeer hg^ \Zg _bg] Zk`nf^gml _hk \hf ie^m^er ]b__^k^gm
Zllnfimbhgl Z[hnm ma^ ]bk^\mbhg h _fhkmZebmr ]b__^k^gmbZel+ Em bl _hk
^qZf ie^ihllb[e^ mhZk`n^maZmlh\bZe bg^jnZebmr lahne]aZo^]^\k^*
Zl^] bg \hgg^\mbhg pbma ma^ `^g^kZe _Zee bg fhkmZebmr+ Pa^ ihhk^lm
`khnil lahne] aZo^ [^^g lmkn\d aZk]^lm[r ^ib]^f b\ ]bl^Zl^l) Zg]
ma^r lahne] Z\\hk]bg`er aZo^ [^g^_bm^] f hlm _khf ma^ bg\k^Zl^]
\hgmkhe h _ ma^l^ ]bl^Zl^l Zg] ma^bk ehll h _ bfihkmZg\^+ =\\hk]bg`
mh mabl l\^gZkbh) bg_^\mbhnl ]bl^Zl^l lahne] aZo^ [^^g ma^ fhlm
bfihkmZgm \Znl^ h _ma^ àlnkienlà fhkmZebmr8 ma^l^ p^k^ k^lihglb[e^
_hk ab`a ]^Zma kZm^l ikbfZkber Zfhg` ma^ ihhk+ D^g\^ fhkmZebmr
lahne] aZo^ _Zee^g fZbger bg ma^ ]bl^Zl^l maZm lmkn\d ma^ ihhk^lm+
I \G ^hp gàl \hg\enlbhg Z[hnm ma^ \Znl^l [^abg] ma^ p^lm*Ankh*
i^Zg ]^\ebg^ bg fhkmZebmr l^^f l mh k^lm hg ln\a Zg Zllnfimbhg+ E_
gnmkbmbhg aZ] ma^ bf iZ\m hg ma^ ]^o^ehif ^gm h _ f hkmZebmr Zl
I \G^hpg\eZbf l) ma^ lh\bZe]b__^k^g\^lhn`ammh aZo^[^^geZk`^lm
pa^gma^gnmkbmbhgZe\hg]bmbhglp^k^phklmZg]i ^hi e^àla^ZemapZl
fhlm l^glbmbo^ mh ma^ ZoZbeZ[bebmr h _ _hh] k^lhnk\^l+ Bnkma^kfhk^)
ma^ ihhk^kZg]e^ll p ^ee*_^]ihineZmbhghn`ammh aZo^ `Zbg^] fhlm)
Zl ma^r \hne] fhk^ ^Zlber [^ ikhm^\m^] _khf ma^ _ZmZe bg_^\mbhnl
]bl^Zl^l pa^g ma^bk gnmkbmbhgZe lmZmnl bfikho^]+5
Kgma^hma^kaZg]bm\hne][^Zk`n^]maZmfZgr ^ib]^f b\]bl^Zl^l
lmkn\d fhk^ [ebg]er maZg hma^kl+ Aib]^fb\ ]bl^Zl^l \hne] ghm [^
\hg_bg^] mhZgr \eZll[hng]Zkb^l+ PhpaZm^qm^gm^ib]^f b\]bl^Zl^l
p^k^ ]^i^g]^gm hg \eZll Zl \hfiZk^] pbma hma^k ]bl^Zl^l k^fZbgl
mh[^bgo^lmb`Zm^]+ Pa^ lik^Z]h _ma^l^ ]bl^Zl^lp Zl e^ll]^i^g]^gm
hg ma^ gnmkbmbhgZe lmZmnl maZg hg \bk\nflmZg\^l ln\a Zl lZgbmZkr
\hg]bmbhgl) ebobg` \hg]bmbhgl hk Z\\^ll mh f^]b\Ze ^qi^kmbl^+
Pabl l^^f l mh[^bgebg^pbmaZl\^gZkbhln``^lm^][rEfah_)pah
[^eb^o^l maZm ]b__^k^g\^l bg\k^Zl^] ]nkbg` ma^ gbg^m^^gma \^gmnkr
bg \hgg^\mbhg pbma ikhe^mZkbZgbsZmbhg Zg] nk[ZgbsZmbhg+6 Eg ik^*bg*
]nlmkbZe mhp gl) ]b__^k^gm `khnil ebo^] ng]^k lbfbeZk \hg]bmbhgl
%pab\abgfZgrk^li^\mlf^Zgmihhk\hg]bmbhgl_hkZee&+=\\hk]bg`er
ma^r lahne] aZo^ laZk^] ma^ lZf^ ]bl^Zl^ iZmm^kg+ Jh `khni \hne]
^l\Zi^_khfma^]Zg`^kl maZmma^^gobkhgf^gm\k^Zm^]%pab\a lnk^er
pZl k^e^oZgm bg nk[Zg Zk^Zl&+ Sa^g ma^ \aZg`^l [^`Zg mh Zii^Zk)
ma^r Z__^\m^] ikbfZkber ma^ `khnil maZm aZ] ma^ ^Zlb^lm Z\\^ll mh
lh\bZe k^lhnk\^l+ Pa^l^ `khnil \hne] mZd^ Z]oZgmZ`^ h _ ma^ g^p
_Z\bebmb^l)p abe^ma^ihhkbg`^g^kZe]b]ghmaZo^ma^lZf^ihllb[bebmr
h _ bfikhobg` ma^bk a^Zema \hg]bmbhgl+
Ofbma Zelh Zllnf^l maZm lh\bZe bg^jnZebmrk^`Zk]bg` a^Zema bg\k^*
Zl^]]nkbg`mabli^kbh]+ Eg ablhnmebg^h _]b__^k^gmbZmbhgbgfhkmZebmr
bg Z ehg` m^kf i^kli^\mbo^) a^ ikhihl^l maZm ma^ `^h`kZiab\Ze oZkb*
Z[e^ aZ] ma^ `k^Zm^lm bfiZ\m bg ma^ ik^*bg]nlmkbZe lh\b^mr+ @nkbg`
ma^ .6ma Zg] /-ma \^gmnkb^l ma^ ]b__^k^g\^l [^mp^^g k^`bhgl Zg]
[^mp^^g mhpg Zg] \hngmkrlb]^ ]^\k^Zl^]+ Eglm^Z] ma^ lh\bZe ] b__^*
k^g\^l [^\Zf ^ fhk^ bfihkmZgm Zl ma^ p^Zemar ihineZmbhg \hne]
l^iZkZm^ bml^e_ _khf ma^ ikhe^mZkbZg iZkm h _ ma^ ihineZmbhg+ @nkbg`
ma^ ik^l^gm \^gmnkr ma^ lh\bZe oZkbZ[e^ aZl ehlm lhf ^ h _bml p^b`am+
N^`Zk]bg`fh]^kglh\b^mb^lOfbmali^\neZm^lbgma^^o^gmnZebmrmaZm
bg]bob]nZe eb_^ lmre^ _Z\mhkl aZo^ [^\hf ^ ma^ ]hfbgZmbg` oZkbZ[e^
[^abg] fhkmZebmr ]b__^k^g\^l+.-
Pa^ ]^o^ehif ^gm mhpZk]l bg\k^Zl^] bg^jnZebmr bg a^Zema \hg]b*
mbhgl pZl ikh[Z[er fhlm oblb[e^ bg mhpgl pa^k^ ma^ a^Zema*k^eZm^]
f^Zlnk^l p^k^ bgmkh]n\^] _bklm+ Eg mabl g^p lbmnZmbhg ma^ phkdbg`
\eZll Zg] ma^ ihhk p^k^ h_m^g ]kbo^g hnm h _ ma^ [^lm iZkml h _ ma^
mhpgl Zg] aZ] mh ebo^ ma^bk ebo^l bg ma^ ngk^`neZm^] Zg] nglZgbmZkr
hnmldbkml h _ ma^ mhpgl) \k^Zmbg` Z fhk^ l^`k^`Zm^] nk[Zg ^gobkhg*
f^gm+ Eg lahkm) ma^ a^Zema lbmnZmbhg bgmhpgl lahne]aZo^]^o^ehi^]
_khf Z iZmm^kg h _ \hffhg a^Zema \hg]bmbhgl _hk Zee `khnil mh Z
l^`k^`Zmbhg bg mabl k^li^\m [r ma^ ^g] h _ma^ \^gmnkr+
Pabl]h^lghmg^\^llZkberf^ZgmaZmma^k^pZlZk^Ze]^m^kbhkZmbhg
bg ma^ \hg]bmbhgl _hk ma^l^ e^ll _Zohnk^] `khnil+ =l ma^ fZchkbmr
h _ ma^ mhpg ihineZmbhg \hglblm^] h _ phkd^kl) ma^k^ \hne] ghm k^Z*
lhgZ[er aZo^ [^^g Zgr ]^\k^Zl^ bg ma^ \kn]^ ]^Zma kZm^l) pbmahnm
mabl `khni [^bg` Z__^\m^]) Zm e^Zlm bg ma^ ehg` kng+ Pa^ lbmnZmbhg
pZl kZma^k maZm ma^ [^g^_bml p^k^ ng^o^ger lik^Z]+ Eg mabl k^li^\m
bm phne] [^ h _bgm^k^lm mh lmn]r ma^ ^__^\ml h _ ma^ lZgbmZkr k^_hkfl+
@ b] ma^ lZgbmZkr bf ikho^f ^gml \k^Zm^ [^mm^k \hg]bmbhgl _hk Zee
`khnil hk ]b] ma^r fZd^ ma^ \hg]bmbhgl fhk^ l^`k^`Zm^]< Pa^
fh]^kgbsZmbhg h _ ma^ mhpgl maZm pZl \Zkkb^] hnm ]nkbg` ma^ eZm^
gbg^m^^gma \^gmnkr ikhob]bg` ]kbgdbg` pZm^k) l^p^kl) ^lieZgZ]^l)
mhpg ieZgl) [nbe]bg` [r*eZpl Zg] k^`neZmbhgl) Zee pbma ma^ inkihl^
h _\e^Zgbg`nima^]bkmrmhpg\^gmk^l)mh`^mfhk^Zbkbgmhma^gZkkhp
lmk^^ml Zg] mh k^eb^o^ ma^ f^]b\Ze Zg] lh\bZe mak^Zm _khf ma^ ehp^k
\eZll^l) aZ] ma^ \hgl^jn^g\^ maZm eZk`^ `khnil [^\Zf ^ ^qi^ee^]
_khf ma^ mhpg \^gmk^l+ = elh ma^ kZib] nk[ZgbsZmbhg maZm pZl \hg*
g^\m^]pbma ma^[^`bggbg`h _ma^ bg]nlmkbZe^kZbg ma^ .52-àl) fb`am
aZo^aZ]]b__^k^gm^__^\mlhg]b__^k^gmlmkZmZh _ma^ihineZmbhg+Ohf ^
h _ma^l^ ikh[e^fl E ahi^ mh beenfbgZm^ pbma ^qZf ie^l _khf Ong]l*
oZee+
j 26 j
Ph`^mZgbfik^llbhgh _ma^_Z\mhkl[^abg]ma^]^\ebg^bgfhkmZebmr)
ma^ bg_hkfZmbhg maZm bl ikhob]^][r ma^ ?Znl^ h _@^Zma*lmZmblmb\l bl
h _ `k^Zm oZen^+ Bhk ma^ ]^o^ehif ^gm bg Op^]bla mhpgl) mabl bg_hk*
fZmbhgbl ZoZbeZ[e^_khf .53-hgpZk]lpa^gmhpgiarlb\bZglp^k^
h[eb`^] mh lb`g Z ]^Zma \^kmb_b\Zm^ lmZmbg` ma^ \Znl^ h _^o^kr ]^Zma
bg ma^bk ]blmkb\m+ >nm p ^ fnlm k^f^f[^k maZm ma^ ]^o^ehif ^gm bg
]b__^k^gm ]bl^Zl^l \Zg [^ nl^] hger Zl bg]b\Zmhkl h _ab]]^g _Z\mhkl)
ghm Zl Z[lhenm^ ikhh_ h_ ng]^kerbg` \bk\nflmZg\^l+ Pa^ \ZnlZmbo^
Z`^gml [^abg] ]b__^k^gm ]bl^Zl^l Zk^ lh fZgr Zg] oZkb^] Zg] ma^
k^eZmbhg [^mp^^g ma^f bl lh bgmkb\Zm^) maZm _bkf \hg\enlbhgl Zk^
]b__b\nem mh ]kZp+ >nm Zl bg]b\Zmhkl) ma^r \Zg l^ko^ ma^bk inkihl^
p ^ee+
Eg mabl Zkmb\e^ ma^ bgm^k^lm bl ikbfZkber _h\nl^] hg ]bl^Zl^l maZm
\hne][^ ^qi^\m^] mh [^ h _ ma^ `k^Zm^lm bfihkmZg\^ _hk ]b__^k^gmbZe
fhkmZebmr Ö maZm bl) mahl^ pab\a Zk^ \hgg^\m^] pbma ma^ lZgbmZkr
lbmnZmbhg)ihhkahnlbg`)]^_b\b^gmgnmkbmbhgZelmZmnl)eb_^lmre^_Z\mhkl
^m\+ E_) _hk ^qZfie^) ma^ lZgbmZkr f^Zlnk^l Zkhng] .55- aZ] Zgr
^__^\m) ma^ fhk^ Z__en^gm \eZll^l lahne] aZo^ `Zbg^] fhlm) Zl p^
fb`am^qi^\mma^f mh aZo^ aZ]^Zlb^lmZ\\^ll mh ma^ bfikho^f^gml+
Oh b_ p^ bfZ`bg^ maZm ma^ bfikho^] ikhoblbhg h _ ]kbgdbg`*pZm^k)
[nbe]bg` h _ l^p^kl Zg] \hgmkhe h _ _hh] mk^Zmf^gm aZ] Zgr ^__^\m)
p ^ lahne] bfZ`bg^ maZm Z ]^\ebg^ bg ]^Zmal _khf ]bl^Zl^l ln\a Zl
\ahe^kZ) ]rl^gm^kr) mriahb] _^o^k Zg] ]bZkkah^Z phne] aZo^ h\\nk*
k^] Zg] maZm ma^ ]^\ebg^ phne] aZo^ [^^g ng^o^ger lik^Z]+ Eg_Zgm
]bZkkah^Z) ahp^o^k) \hne] Zelh [^ ]^i^g]^gm hg [k^Zlm*_^^]bg`
aZ[bml+ E_ho^k\khp]bg` Zg] ihhk ebobg` \hg]bmbhgl p^k^ h _`k^Zm^k
bfiZ\m) p^p hne] kZma^k^qi^\m ma^ ]^\ebg^ mh[^ fhk^ ikhghng\^]
Zfhg` ]bl^Zl^l ebd^ Zbk[hkg^ ^ib]^fb\ ]bl^Zl^l) mn[^k\nehlbl hk
hma^k]bl^Zl^lh _ma^k^libkZmhkr hk`Zgl+ IZgr h _ma^l^]bl^Zl^lZk^
Zelh l^glbmbo^ mh gnmkbmbhgZe lmZmnl) Zg] bmbl o^kr ]b__b\nem mh blheZm^
ma^ fZbg \ZnlZmbo^ ^e^f^gm) ^li^\bZeer Zl ma^ ]bl^Zl^l bg_en^g\^
^Z\a hma^k+
S^ Zelh dghp maZm ma^ nl^ h_ Ze\haheb\ [^o^kZ`^l pZl \hffhg
bg Op^]^g]nkbg`ma^gbg^m^^gma\^gmnkr) Zg]maZmmabl\bk\nflmZg\^
\hne][^ZgbfihkmZgm\hfihg^gmbgma^fhkmZebmrZfhg`Z]nemf^g+
Pa^k^_hk^ ma^ Ze\hahe*k^eZm^] ]^Zmal Zk^ Zelh h_ bgm^k^lm+ Kma^k
bfihkmZgm \Znl^l h _ ]^Zma Zfhg` Z]neml p^k^ Z\\b]^gml) obhe^g\^
j 3- j
Zg] lnb\b]^+ Pa^l^ \Zg [^ l^^g Zl bg]b\Zmhkl h_]b__^k^g\^l bg kbldl
[^mp^^g lh\bZe \eZll^l+
Ph lnf ni manl _Zk p ^ aZo^ b]^gmb_b^] ma^ jn^lmbhgl maZm mabl
Zkmb\e^ pZgml mh ^qiehk^+ LkbfZkber Ö ahp ]b] lh\bZe bg^jnZebmr
k^`Zk]bg` fhkmZebmr ]^o^ehi ]nkbg` ma^ gbg^m^^gma \^gmnkr< SaZm
\Znl^l h _ ]^Zma \hgmkb[nm^] fhlm mh mabl bg^jnZebmr< ?Zg Zgr \hg *
\enlbhgl [^ ]kZpg _khf ma^ bfiZ\m h _ ma^ bg]nlmkbZe [k^Zdmakhn`a
Zg] ma^ ^__^\ml h _ ma^ lZgbmZkr k^_hkfl hg ]b__^k^gm lh\bZe `khnil
bg Ong]loZee< >nm _bklm p^ g^^] lhf^ [Z\d`khng]+
GcQPU_T a^NMZ Y[^`MXU`e
Bbklm Z _^p phk]l hg lhf^ \aZkZ\m^kblmb\l h _Op^]bla mhpgl bg ma^
gbg^m^^gma \^gmnkr+ Pa^ m^kf àmhp gà bg mabl ]bl\nllbhg k^_^kl mh Zg
Z]fbgblmkZmbo^ ngbm) pab\a Zelh \hfikbl^] lhf^ o^kr lfZee \hf * fngbmb^l) lhf ^pbma^o^g e^ll maZg .)--- bgaZ[bmZgml+ Ao^gb_ma^l^
mhpgl p^k^kZma^k_^p)hma^kmhpglp^k^ Zelh lfZee bgbgm^kgZmbhgZe
\hfiZkblhg+ I hlmmhpgl aZ]ZihineZmbhg lbs^_khfZ_^p mahnlZg]
ni mh m^g mahnlZg]+ Omh\dahef pZl ma^ hger mhpg h _ \hglb]^kZ[e^
lbs^+ Sa^g mabl m^qm k^_^kl mh Op^]bla nk[Zg fhkmZebmr bg ma^ gbg^*
m^^gma \^gmnkr) p^ fnlm ^fiaZlbs^ maZm p^ Zk^ ghm ]^Zebg` pbma
ieZ\^lebd^Hhg]hg)LZkblhkhma^kAnkhi^Zg\bmb^l+Ao^gma^l^lfZee
mhpgl aZ] ahp^o^k fZgr h _ ma^ _^Zmnk^l \aZkZ\m^kbsbg` nk[Zg ^g*
obkhgf^gml+
Bkhf ik^obhnl k^l^Zk\a p^ dghp ma^ `^g^kZe ]^o^ehif ^gm h_
fhkmZebmr bg Op^]bla mhpgl _khf ma^ [^`bggbg` h _ ma^ gbg^m^^gma
\^gmnkr+ Lk^*bg]nlmkbZe mhpgl aZ] ab`a fhkmZebmr kZm^l) ^o^g b_ ma^
e^o^el \hne] oZkr ln[lmZgmbZeer [^mp^^g ]b__^k^gm iZkml h _Op^]^g
Ö bg ma^ Zk^Zl lnkkhng]bg` HZd^ IxeZk^g _hk ^qZfie^ ma^ ]^Zma
kZm^lp^k^o^kr ab`a+ IZgr mhpglaZ]Z[bkma]^_b\bm)Zg]ma^r\hne]
niahe] ma^bkihineZmbhg lbs^hger makhn`a fb`kZmbhg+ IhkmZebmr pZl
ng^o^ger ]blmkb[nm^] Zfhg` ma^ nk[Zg bgaZ[bmZgml+ @^i^g]bg` hg
oZkbZ[e^l ln\a Zl l^q Zg] fZkbmZe lmZmnl) ]^Zma kbldl \hne] oZkr mh
Z \hglb]^kZ[e^ ]^`k^^+ Ong][xk` aZl ihbgm^] hnm lhf ^ h _ma^ fhlm
bfihkmZgm]b__^k^g\^l+ I Ze^l aZ]Zfn\a ab`a^kfhkmZebmrkZm^ maZg
_^f Ze^l %ma^ l^q*oZkbZ[e^ aZ] Z fn\a `k^Zm^k bfiZ\m bg mhpgl maZg
bg knkZe ]blmkb\ml&8 ngfZkkb^] f^g p^k^ fhk^ Zm kbld maZg fZkkb^]
f^g8 \abe]k^g [hkg hnm h_p ^]eh\d aZ] _^p^k \aZg\^l h _lnkobobg`
j 3. j
maZge^`bmbf Zm^\abe]k^g+Pa^nk[Zglnkienlh _]^ZmalpZl^li^\bZeer
ZiiZk^gm Zfhg` bg_Zgml Zg] Z]nem f^g bg ma^ Z`^ `khni / 2 *3 2 +..
O^o^kZek^Zlhgl _hkmablab`ank[ZgfhkmZebmr\hne][^f^gmbhg^])
Zg] Zl Z [Z\d`khng] lhf ^ h _ ma^ fhlm bfihkmZgm fZr [^ ihbgm^]
hnm+ LhineZmbhg ]^glbmrpZl ab`a^kbg mhpgl maZg bgknkZe Zk^Zl Zg]
\hgmZ\ml pbma hma^kk^`bhgl p^k^ fhk^ _k^jn^gm+ Pa^l^ _Z\ml bg\k^*
Zl^]ma^kbldh _\hf bg`bgmh\hgmZ\mpbmabg_^\mbhnl]bl^Zl^l)pab\a
p^k^ hg^ h _ ma^ fZchk lhnk\^l h _ ab`a fhkmZebmr bg ik^bg]nlmkbZe
lh\b^mr+ HZk`^ \hg`ehf^kZmbhgl h _i^hie^ Zelh f^Zgm lZgbmZkr ikh*
[e^f l+ =llZgbmZkr f^Zlnk^lp^k^kn]bf^gmZkr)nk[Zgebobg`\k^Zm^]
l\Zk\bmr h _pZm^k lniier) iheenmbhg h _ ]kbgdbg`*pZm^k) ikh[e^fl h_
k^_nl^ ]blihlZe ^m\+ Lho^kmr bg Op^]^g pZl Zelh f hlm ZiiZk^gm bg
mhpgl) fZbger [^\Znl^ ma^l^ [^\Zf^ bgaZ[bm^] [r eZk`^ `khnil h _
ihhk) ng^fiehr^] fb`kZgml _khf ma^ \hngmkrlb]^+ Pa^ ab`a bg_Zgm
fhkmZebmr kZm^ bg nk[Zg Zk^Zl \Zg Zelh iZkmer [^ ^qieZbg^] [r ma^
eZk`^ ikhihkmbhg h _ bee^`bmbf Zm^ \abe]k^g Zg] ma^ fZgr phkdbg`
fhma^kl+ Pa^l^ Zk^ lhf^ \aZkZ\m^kblmb\l h_Zg nk[Zg lmkn\mnk^ maZm
_bml bg p ^ee pbma fhlm Op^]bla mhpgl bg ma^ gbg^m^^gma \^gmnkr)
^o^g b_fZgr h _ma^l^p^k^kZma^klfZee+LhineZmbhg lbs^aZ]bg]^^]
lhf ^ bfiZ\m hg ma^ ikh[e^fl) [nm bm pZl ghm ma^ hger \hfihg^gm
]^m^kfbgbg` ma^ a^Zema lbmnZmbhg+ IZgr h _ ma^ lfZee mhpgl laZk^]
ma^ lZf^ iZmm^kg Zl ma^ eZk`^k hg^l+./
=l nk[ZgbsZmbhg lmZkm^] bg ma^ fb]]e^ h _ ma^ gbg^m^^gma \^gmnkr
bg Op^]^g) ma^ ]^Zma kZm^l [^`Zg mh _Zee) Zg] Zm ma^ mnkg h _ ma^
\^gmnkr ma^ ]b__^k^g\^l [^mp^^g nk[Zg Zg] knkZe fhkmZebmr aZ] Ze*
fhlm ]blZii^Zk^]+ Pa^ nk[Zg*knkZe ]b__^k^g\^ aZ] oZgbla^] Zl Z
fZchk ^qieZgZmhkr _Z\mhk _hk ma^ fhkmZebmr iZmm^kg+%O^^ Bb`nk^ .+&
Emfb`aml^^f iZkZ]hqb\Ze maZmnk[Zg fhkmZebmr[^`Zg mh]^\k^Zl^
Zm ma^ lZf^ mbf^ Zl ma^ ihineZmbhg h _ma^ mhpgl lmZkm^] mh bg\k^Zl^)
Zg] lfZee Op^]bla mhpgl Z\\hk]bg`er [^\Zf^ fhk^ nk[Zg+ Pa^
ikh[e^fl \hgg^\m^] pbma nk[Zg ebobg` ln\a Zl ho^k\khp]bg`) ihhk
lZgbmZkr \hg]bmbhgl ^m\+) hn`ammh aZo^ `khpg phkl^ Zl Zg ^__^\mh_
ln\a Z ]^o^ehif^gm+ Oh ahp \Zg ma^ ZiiZk^gmer bfikho^] a^Zema
\hg]bmbhgl [^ ^qieZbg^]< S^ \Zg eblm l^o^kZe arihma^mb\Ze _Z\mhkl
maZm\hne]aZo^[^^gh _bfihkmZg\^_hkmabl]^o^ehif^gm8 bfikho^]
f^]b\Ze lmZg]Zk] Zg] ^Zlb^k Z\\^ll mh f^]b\Ze \Zk^) [^mm^k ebobg`
\hg]bmbhgl)Z\e^Zg^kZg]fhk^ar`b^gb\ nk[Zg^gobkhgf^gm)Zfhk^
a^Zema*hkb^gm^] pZr h _ebobg` ^m\+ Pa^ mkZ]bmbhgZe ob^p aZl [^^g mh
j 3/ j
B`^li\ .7 ? il[\ [\Xk_ iXk\j] f i kfn ej Xe [Zflekipj`[\ `eOn \[\e . 5 . 3 *
.63-+ @ \Xk_ j,.---+
1-
?hngmkrlb]^
Phpgl
0-
/-
('
'
.6 2 . * 3 - . 6 0 . * 1 -
. 6 . .* .6 /- . 5 4. * 5- .56 . * . 6 - -
.52.*3- .5.3*1-
OfliZ\7 D `jkf i`Z X c O kX k`j k`Z j ] f i On \[\e+ L X ik E+ L f g l cX k`f e + O \Zf e [
\[ `k`f e . 4 / - *. 6 3 4 ) OkfZb_fcd .636) kXY /6
Zl\kb[^ ma^ bfikho^f^gm mh lZgbmZkr ]^o^ehif ^gml+ Ong][xk` Zg]
Hbg]fZg fZbgmZbg^] maZm ma^Ln[eb\ D^Zema =\m _khf .541 Zg] ma^
bgo^lmf ^gml bg pZm^k*lniier Zg] l^p^kZ`^ pZl ma^ ]^m^kfbgZgm
_Z\mhk+.0 In\a li^Zdl bg _Zohnkh _mabl bgm^kik^mZmbhg)[nmma^k^ Zk^
lmbee lhf ^ ikh[e^fl nglheo^]+ Pa^ mbfbg` h _ma^l^ lZgbmZkr bfikh*
o^f^gml]h^lghml^^fmhaZo^bg_en^g\^]ma^]^\k^Zl^bgfhkmZebmr
b_ p ^ \hfiZk^ li^\b_b\ mhp gl+.1 D^Zema \hg]bmbhgl bfikho^] ^o^g
bg mhpgl pa^k^ lZgbmZkr f^Zlnk^l p^k^ bgbmbZm^] Zm Z eZm^k ihbgm bg
mbf^) Zg] fZgr iZkml h _ ma^ mhpgl aZ] mh pZbm Z ehg` mbf^ mh `^m
j 30 j
Zgr bfikho^f^gml h _ar`b^g^ lmZg]Zk]l+ =l aZl [^^g ln``^lm^] bg
Zg ZgZerlbl h _ fhkmZebmr bg Omh\dahef) bm bl ]hn[m_ne pa^ma^k ma^
ab`a fhkmZebmr kZm^ bg ma^ Op^]bla \ZibmZe [^_hk^ .52- \Zg [^
^qieZbg^] [r ma^ ihhk lZgbmZkr \hg]bmbhgl) Zl ma^ ^q\^ll fhkmZebmr
fZbgerZ__^\m^]ma^fZe^ihineZmbhgZg]ma^k^blghk^Zlhgmh[^eb^o^
maZm f^g ebo^] bg lh fn\a phkl^ \hg]bmbhgl maZg p hf ^g+.2 G[a^OQ_ MZP YQ`T[P
Pa^ @^f h`kZiab\ @ZmZ > Zl^ bg Qf ^y aZl k^\hk]^] ma^ ?ank*
\a[hhdl _hk Ong]loZee _khf .5-0*.561+ Pa^ ?ank\a[hhdl \hglblm
h _ >bkma) @^Zma) IZkkbZ`^ Zg] Ib`kZmbhg k^`blm^kl) pa^k^ ma^ h\*
\nkk^g\^ h _ Zee obmZe ^o^gml Zk^ k^\hk]^]) Zg] ma^ iZkbla ?ank\a
AqZfbgZmbhg k^`blm^kl) pa^k^ Zee f^f[^kl h _ ma^ _Zf beb^l p^k^
eblm^]mh`^ma^k+Pa^?ank\aAqZfbgZmbhg[hhdlZelh\hgmZbgZeeobmZe
^o^gml+ Pabl k^`blmkZmbhg fZd^l bm ihllb[e^ mh _heehp bg]bob]nZel
makhn`a ma^bk ebo^l bg ma^ mhpg) Zg] mh h[l^ko^ pa^g ^o^gml ln\a
Zl [bkma) ]^Zma) fb`kZmbhg hk fZkkbZ`^ aZii^g^] mh ma^f+ Bhk ma^
i^kbh] .5-0*.526 p^ aZo^ mh k^er hg ma^ ?ank\a AqZfbgZmbhg
k^`blm^kl lhe^er) Zl Zee hma^k [hhdl _khf mabl mbf^ p^k^ ]^lmkhr^]
bg ma^ _bk^ h _ .555+ Bkhf .53- hgpZk]l Zee lhnk\^l Zk^ ZoZbeZ[e^+
=l ma^ @^Zma Zg] >bkma k^`blm^kl ikbhk mh .53- Zk^ f bllbg`) lhf^
ikh[e^fl Zkbl^+ Pa^ fZbgikh[e^f \hg\^kgl bg_ZgmlZl bmblihllb[e^
maZmma^r]b^][^_hk^ma^rp^k^k^\hk]^]bgma^?ank\aAqZfbgZmbhg
k^`blm^kl) pab\a fZd^l bm bf ihllb[e^ mh lmn]r bg_Zgm fhkmZebmr _hk
ma^ i^kbh] [^_hk^ .53-+ >nm _hk ma^ hma^k Z`^ `khnil ma^ _b`nk^l
l^^f mh [^ Z\\nkZm^+ =_m^k aZobg` \hfiZk^] ma^ bg_hkfZmbhg hg
]^Zmal bg Ong]loZee bgh__b\bZe lmZmblmb\l_khf ma^ mbf^ikbhkmh .53-
pbma ma^ gnf[^k h _ \Zl^l _hng] bg ma^ @ZmZ >Zl^) E _bg] ma^ \Z*
m^\a^mb\Ze [hhdl k^ebZ[e^ _hk ma^inkihl^ h _mabl lmn]r+ Pa^k^ fb`am
[^ lhf^ ng]^kk^`blmkZmbhgh _\abe] fhkmZebmr bg ma^_bklmi^kbh])[nm
mabl ng]^kk^`blmkZmbhg l^^fl mh[^ g^`eb`b[e^+ Pa^h__b\bZe lmZmblmb\l
k^ihkm .33 ]^Zmal Zfhg`\abe]k^g .*.1r^Zkl bg ma^ _bklmi^kbh]Zg]
/.- bg ma^ l^\hg] i^kbh]+ Pa^ \hkk^lihg]bg` _b`nk^l bg hnk @ZmZ
>Zl^ Zk^ .14 Zg] .66 k^li^\mbo^er+ Lhllb[e^ \hgl^jn^g\^l h _ mabl
]bl\k^iZg\r p bee [^ ]^Zem pbma bg ma^ ZgZerl^l+
Bhk ma^ i^kbh] .53- hgpZk]l ma^ @^Zma Zg] >bkma k^`blm^kl Zk^
Zelh ZoZbeZ[e^+ Eg mabl \hgm^qm) hger ma^ fhkmZebmr _hk ma^ ]^ cnk^
ihineZmbhg bl lmn]b^]8 bm bl ghmihllb[e^ mh fZd^ ma^ZgZerlbl hg ma^
]^ _Z\mh ihineZmbhg Zl p ^ ]h ghmdghp bml lbs^+ Pabl bl) h _\hnkl^)
nglZmbl_Z\mhkr) ^li^\bZeer _hk Z mhpg ebd^ Ong]loZee pa^k^ fZgr
i^hie^ p^k^ ebobg` pbmahnm [^bg` k^`blm^k^]Ö fZgr _hko^kr ehg`
i^kbh]l+ S^ \Zg Zelh lnli^\m maZm ma^l^ i^hie^ ]b] ghm aZo^ ma^
lZf^ fhkmZebmr iZmm^kg Zl ma^ hma^k mhpg bgaZ[bmZgml+ Pabl bl) h _
\hnkl^) Z k^`k^mmZ[e^ ebfbmZmbhg bg Z lmn]r pa^k^ lh\bZe bg^jnZebmr
bl Zg bfihkmZgm oZkbZ[e^+ >nmZm mabl lmZ`^ h _k^l^Zk\a) p^\Zg hger
f^gmbhg ma^ ikh[e^f+
Eg mabl k^ihkm ma^ \hg]bmbhg _hk[^bg` \hglb]^k^] Zl aZobg` ebo^]
bg Ong]loZee) bl ^ob]^g\^ _khf ma^ ?ank\a AqZfbgZmbhg k^`blm^kl+
Eg]bob]nZel pbma bg_hkfZmbhg ^q\enlbo^er _khf ma^ hma^k k^`blm^kl
bl hfbmm^]) pbma ma^ ^q\^imbhg h _ lhf^ bg ma^ rhng`^lm `khni+
?abe]k^gpah]b^]]nkbg`ma^bk_bklmr^ZkaZo^Zelh[^^g\hglb]^k^]
b_ma^bkiZk^gml p^k^ebobg`bg Ong]loZee Zmma^ mbf^+ Pa^k^Zlhg_hk
mabl \bk\nflmZg\^ bl maZm ma^ \abe]k^g fb`am aZo^ ]b^] [^_hk^ Zgr
ghm^l p^k^ fZ]^ bg ma^ ?ank\a AqZfbgZmbhg [hhdl+ Pa^ fhlm
k^ebZ[e^ bg_hkfZmbhg \Zg [^ h[mZbg^] _khf .53- hgpZk]l) Zl p^
_khf mabl i^kbh] hg \Zg lmn]r ma^ \Znl^l h _ ]^Zma+ Pa^ ]^Zma \^k*
mb_b\Zm^l maZm ma^iarlb\bZgl p^k^ k^jnbk^] mh blln^ p^k^ l^gmmh ma^
iZkbla ikb^lm) pah fZ]^ Z ghm^ hg ma^ \Znl^ h _]^Zma bg ma^ @^Zma
k^`blm^k+.3S^aZo^lhf^]hn[mlhgma^Z\\nkZ\rh _mablbg_hkfZmbhg)
^li^\bZeer Zl ma^ ikZ\mb\^l \aZg`^] ho^k mbf^ pbma fhk^ ]^mZbe^]
]bZ`ghl^l) _^p^kpbma àQgdghpg ?Znl^ h _@ ^Zmaà) fnembie^ \Znl^l
eblm^] Zg] lh hg+ J^o^kma^e^ll p ^ ]h aZo^ ma^ hibgbhgl h_ mahl^
pbma ma^ [^lm f ^]b\Ze dghp e^]`^ bg gbg^m^^gma \^gmnkr Ong]loZee+
Ph fZd^ Zg ZgZerlbl h _ \Znl^l h _ ]^Zma ihllb[e^) p ^ aZo^ mh
\hg\^gmkZm^hnklmn]rhg\^kmZbg mri^lZg][kbg` ma^f mh`^ma^kbgmh
eZk`^k`khnil+ Pa^inkihl^h _mabl\eZllb_b\ZmbhgblmaZmma^l^`khnil
\Zgm^eenllhf^mabg`Z[hnmpaZm_Z\mhklfZraZo^\hgmkb[nm^]fhlm
mh bg^jnZebmr bg fhkmZebmr+ @b__^k^gm\Znl^lZk^lmn]b^]_hk]b__^k^gm
Z`^ `khnil Zl ma^ ]bl^Zl^ iZmm^kg oZkb^l [^mp^^g Z`^l+
Pa^ ikh[e^f h _ ahp mh f^Zlnk^ lh\bZe bg^jnZebmr Zg] hg paZm
`khng]l ma^ \eZllb_b\Zmbhg lahne][^ [Zl^]) bl Z fZmm^kh _ehg`*eZl*
mbg` ]blinm^+ Eg mabliZi^k E aZo^\eZllb_b^]Z\\hk]bg` mhh\\niZmbh*
gZe mbme^l+ =l ma^ h\\niZmbhgZe mbme^l Zk^ lhf^paZm oZ`n^) E aZo^
k^_kZbg^]_khf ]bob]bg`ma^ihineZmbhgbgmhmhhfZgr `khnil+EaZo^
\ahl^g mh lmn]r hger mak^^ `khnil Ö Zg nii^k \eZll `khni h _
f^k\aZgml Zg] bg]nlmkbZeblml bg eZk`^l\Ze^^gm^kikbl^ Zg]ikh_^llbh*
j 32 j
gZel) Z fb]]e^ `khni h _ i^mmr [hnk`^hblb^ Zg] ehp^k pabm^ \heeZk
phkd^klZg]_bgZeer Zphkdbg`\eZll `khni+ EglahkmE aZo^Zllnf^]
maZm ma^ ]blmkb[nmbhg h _fZm^kbZe Zg] bffZm^kbZe k^lhnk\^lpZl ng^*
o^g[^mp^^gma^ f^gmbhg^]lh\bZe`khnilZg]maZmma^l^]b__^k^g\^l
hn`ammhaZo^\k^Zm^]bg^jnZebmrbgeb_^\aZg\^l[^mp^^gma^f+Bkhf
hma^k lmn]b^l h _ Op^]bla mhpgl p^ dghp maZm ma^l^ `khnil k^_e^\m
ma^ bg\hf ^ Zg] ikhi^kmr ]blmkb[nmbhg _Zbker p ^ ee+.4 Eg]^^] bm bl
ihllb[e^ mh nl^ hma^k \kbm^kbZ) [nm _hk ma^ mbf^ [^bg` ma^l^ p bee [^
e^_m Zlb]^+ Pa^ ]blmkb[nmbhg h _ ma^ ihineZmbhg bgmh lh\bZe `khnil bl
ik^l^gm^] bg ma^ =ii^g]bq+
Eg_Zgml Zk^ \eZllb_b^] Z\\hk]bg` mh ma^bk _Zma^kàl %hk f hma^kàl b_
_Zma^k bl ngdghpg& h\\niZmbhg Zm ma^ ]Zr h _ [bkma+ ?abe]k^g .*.1
r^Zkl _heehp ma^bk_Zma^kàl %hkfhma^kàl& h\\niZmbhgZe\Zk^^k+ E_ma^
_Zma^k \aZg`^] lh\bZe `khni) ma^ \eZllb_b\Zmbhg _hk ma^ \abe] Zelh
\aZg`^]+ =]nemf^gZg]ngfZkkb^]phf^gZk^\eZllb_b^]Z\\hk]bg`
mh ma^bk hpg h\\niZmbhgZe \Zk^^k+ IZkkb^] phf^g [^ehg` mh ma^
lZf^lh\bZe`khniZlma^bkanl[Zg]l+E_a^kanl[Zg]]b^]ma^phfZg
k^fZbgl bg ma^ lZf^ `khni Zl a^kanl[Zg]+ E_bg_hkfZmbhg hg h\\n*
iZmbhg bl f bllbg`) ma^ ik^obhnl \eZllb_b\Zmbhg bl d^im+ Pabl lmn]r bl
]bob]^] bgmh mak^^ Z`^ `khnil) fZbger [^\Znl^ bm bl k^ZlhgZ[e^ mh
Zllnf^maZm]b__^k^gmZ`^`khnil p^k^ ghmZ__^\m^]bgma^lZf^pZr+
Bbklmerma^k^ blZlmn]rh _bg_ZgmfhkmZebmr)pab\ang_hkmngZm^erhger
\ho^kl ma^ i^kbh] .53-*6/) pbma Z lahkm \hfiZkblhg pbma ma^ ]^*
o^ehif ^gm _hk lhf^ r^Zkl h _ ma^ ^Zker /-ma \^gmnkr+ Pa^k^Z_m^k
_heehp l Zg ZgZerlbl h_fhkmZebmr _hk \abe]k^g .*.1 r^Zkl) _heehp ^]
[r Z lmn]r h _ Z]nem fhkmZebmr / 2 *2 6 r^Zkl+ Pa^l^ \ho^k ma^ r^Zkl
.5-0*6/ Zg] Zk^ l^iZkZm^] bgmh _hnk i^kbh]l) pa^k^ ma^ fhkmZebmr
bg ^o^kr i^kbh] Zg] _hk ^Z\a Z`^ `khni bl f^Zlnk^]+ Pa^ _b`nk^l
_hk bg_Zgml bg ma^ lmn]r aZo^ [^^g ZgZerl^] bg Z ]b__^k^gm pZr+ =
\hahkm h _ Zee \abe]k^g [hkg bg Ong]loZee .53-*6/ bl ]bob]^] bgmh
mph i^kbh]l Zg] _heehp ^] ]nkbg` ma^bk _bklm r^Zk+
IZgr f ^mah]heh`b\Ze ikh[e^fl Zkbl^ bg mabl mri^ h _lmn]r) ^li^*
\bZeer pa^g hma^k oZkbZ[e^l ln\a Zl l^q) fZkbmZe lmZmnl Zg] lh hg
Zk^mZd^gbgmhZ\\hngm+Bhkma^l^inkihl^lma^hk]bgZkr]^fh`kZiab\
kZm^l Zk^ lhf ^mbf ^l bgln__b\b^gm+ Pa^k^_hk^ ma^ k^\^gmer ]^o^ehi^]
f^mah]l h_ eb_^ ^o^gm ZgZerlbl Zk^ nl^]+ Pa^l^ f^mah]l aZo^ [^^g
]^o^ehi^] hnm h _ ma^ \eZllb\Ze eb_^ mZ[e^ m^\agbjn^+ N^`k^llbhg bl
i^k_hkf^] hg ma^ aZsZk]) pab\a bg mabl \Zl^ bl ma^ kbld h _]^Zma+ Eg
j 33 j
ma^ ?hq k^`k^llbhg f h]^e) ma^ aZsZk] kZm^l Zk^ Zllnf^] mh [^
ikhihkmbhgZe+ Pabl f^Zgl maZm_hkmph `khnilpbma ]b__^k^gm\aZkZ\*
m^kblmb\l ma^ kZmbh [^mp^^g kbldl Zk^ \hglmZgm ho^k mbf^+ >r mZdbg`
]b__^k^gm[Z\d`khng] oZkbZ[e^l bgmh\hglb]^kZmbhg) ma^bkbfiZ\m\Zg
[^ f^Zlnk^]+.5
GaZP_bMXX l M `[cZ UZ MZ UZPa_`^UMXU_UZS M^QM
Eg ma^ ^Zker gbg^m^^gma \^gmnkr) Ong]loZee pZl Z lfZee mhpg pbma Z
ihineZmbhg h _ e^ll maZg /)---+ Eml bgaZ[bmZgml ebo^] hg _blabg`)
aZg]b\kZ_m Zg] mkZ]^+ Pa^ mhpg `k^p kZma^k lehp er Zm mabl mbf^+
Bkhf ma^ fb]]e^ h _ ma^ \^gmnkr) ahp^o^k) ma^ mhpg [^\Zf ^ ma^
\^gmk^ h_ma^ fhlm ^qiZglbo^ lZp f bee Zk^Z bgAnkhi^+ Pa^ihineZ*
mbhg jnZ]knie^] bg Z _^p ]^\Z]^l ghm bg\en]bg` ma^ ^qiZglbhg h _
ma^Zk^Zlhnmlb]^ma^mhpg[hk]^kl+HZk`^`khnilh _i^hie^fb`kZm^]
mh Ong]loZee ehhdbg` _hkphkd Zg] ma^ mhpg [^\Zf^bgaZ[bm^]pbma
lhf ^ h _ Op^]^gl fhlm p^Zemar i^hie^ Zm maZm mbf^) aZobg` fZ]^
_hkmng^l hnm h _ ma^ lZp f bee bg]nlmkr) Zl p ^ee Zl eZk`^ `khnil h _
ihhk i^hie^+ Pa^ mhpg [^\Zf^ fhk^ l^`k^`Zm^]+ Shkdbg` \eZll
ln[nk[l) pab\a p^k^ fZbger ngieZgg^] Zg] ngk^`neZm^]) `k^p ni
hg ma^ hnmldbkml+
O^`k^`Zmbhg[^\Zf ^^li^\bZeerZiiZk^gmZ_m^kma^[b`_bk^ bg .555
pab\a ]^lmkhr^] Ong]loZee+ Pa^ k^[nbe]bg` h_ ma^ mhpg \k^Zm^] Z
o^kr ]b__^k^gm dbg] h _ lh\b^mr+ Phpg Znmahkbmb^l ]^\b]^] maZm ma^
mhpg \^gmk^ lahne][^ k^[nbem pbma lmhg^ ahnl^l hger+ Pabl k^`neZ*
mbhg aZ] ma^ ^__^\m maZm eZk`^ `khnil p^k^ ]kbo^g hnm h _ ma^ bgg^k
mhpg+ Ong]loZee Z_m^k ma^ _bk^ aZl [^^g ]^l\kb[^] Zl ma^ ink^lm
^qZf ie^ bg Op^]^g h_Z mhpg l^`k^`Zm^] bg mph iZkml) hg^ ieZgg^]
Zg] hg^ ngieZgg^] %LZnellhg) .620) i+ /11&+ =l ma^ ngbjn^ lmhg^
mhpg `k^p ni Zl Z oblb[e^ lb`g h _ p^Zema Zg] ihp^k) ma^ `khnil
ebobg`hgihhkk^eb^_`k^p) lhmaZmbg ma^ fb]]e^h _ma^ .56-àl Z[hnm
.2 i^k \^gm h _ ma^ ihineZmbhg aZ] mh k^er hg mabl lhnk\^ +.6 Eg mabl
Zk^Z Zelh ma^ _bklm eZk`^ \eZla^l [^mp^^g phkd^kl Zg]bg]nlmkbZeblml
h\\nkk^] %l^^ bgmkh]n\mbhg&+ /-
Bkhf ma^ eZm^ .5ma\^gmnkr)ma^ bgaZ[bmZgml bg ma^ mhpgaZ]Z\\^ll
mh f^]b\Ze l^kob\^ _khf Z iarlb\bZg+ @nkbg` ma^ .6ma \^gmnkr ma^
gnf[^k h _]h\mhkl bg\k^Zl^]) [nm _khf Z[hnm .54- ghm Zm ma^ lZf^
iZ\^Zl ma^ihineZmbhg+Kg^h _ma^]nmb^lh_ma^iarlb\bZg^f iehr^]
[r ma^ mhpg pZl mh `bo^ f^]b\Ze \Zk^ mh ma^ ihhk+ Pabl ]nmr \hne]
[^[nk]^glhf^Zg]\hne]bgmkn]^hgablikboZm^ikZ\mbl^+Pabl\hne]
[^Zg^qieZgZmbhgh _Z\hg_eb\mmaZm]^o^ehi^][^mp^^gma^iarlb\bZg
bg \aZk`^ Zg] ma^ mhpgl ihhkk^eb^_Znmahkbmb^l+ Pa^ iarlb\bZg pZl
Z\\nl^] h _[^bg` kn]^ Zg]ng_kb^g]er bg abl \hgmZ\ml pbma ma^ ihhk
\eb^gml+ Pa^ \hg_eb\m k^lnem^] bg ma^ k^lb`gZmbhg h _ma^ mhpg iarlb*
\bZg+
Eg `^g^kZe) bm l^^fl Zl mahn`a ma^k^ pZl Z `k^Zm lh\bZe ]blmZg\^
[^mp^^g ma^ phkdbg` \eZll ihineZmbhg Zg] fhlm h _ma^ iarlb\bZgl+
Em bl ]b__b\nem mh cn]`^ mh paZm ^qm^gm ]b__^k^gm `khnil \hglnem^]
]h\mhklbg\Zl^h_]bl^Zl^+Sa^gma^]h\mhklZ\m^]Zlk^ik^l^gmZmbo^l
h _ma^ Znmahkbmb^lp ^\Zgahp^o^k^lmZ[eblamaZmma^rp^k^ f^mpbma
fblmknlm+E_ma^bkf^Zlnk^lbgmkn]^]pbmama^ikboZm^ebo^lma^r_hng]
maZmma^phkdbg`\eZllihineZmbhgp^k^ lnlib\bhnl)^li^\bZeerbgma^
l^\hg] aZe_ h _ ma^ .6ma \^gmnkr+ Pa^ iarlb\bZgl \hf ieZbg^] maZm
i^hie^ ]b] ghm oZ\\bgZm^ ma^bk \abe]k^g Zg] ]b] ghm Zeehp ma^bk
\abe]k^g mh [^ blheZm^] bg ma^ ^ib]^fb\ ahlibmZe+
>^_hk^ ma^ .54-àl ma^ eh\Ze a^Zema Znmahkbmb^l bg Ong]loZee p^k^
f hlmer bgZ\mbo^) ^q\^im _hk mbf^l pa^g ^ib]^f b\l kZ`^]+ = àjle[*
_\kjeud e[à pZl Ziihbgm^]bg .531 pab\a bg .542 pZlk^hk`Zgbs^]
bgmh '_ucjfmvi[jeud e[Ä Z >hZk] h_D^Zema+ =_m^k ma^ Ziihbgmf^gm
h _mabl [hZk]bg .542) Z\mbobmb^l bg\k^Zl^]+ Pa^k^ bl `hh]k^Zlhg mh
\hglb]^k ma^ .54-àl Zl ma^ lmZkmbg` ihbgm _hk ma^ lZgbmZkr bf ikho^*
f^gml+ Pa^ \^llihhel ]blZii^Zk^] bg Z ]^\Z]^ Zg] p^k^ k^ieZ\^]
[r Z[Zkk^e lrlm^f _hk ma^ k^fhoZe h _^q\k^mbhg+ =a^Zema bgli^\mhk
pZl ^f iehr^] pbma ma^ mZldh _bgli^\mbg` ikbob^l) \hp la^]l) lmZ[*
e^l) ma^ l^eebg` h __hh] bg ma^ fZkd^m*ieZ\^l Zg] lh hg+ Eg .546 ma^
mhpg pZl ^jnbii^] pbma ibi^] pZm^k Zg] Z l^pZ`^ lrlm^f ) [nm _hk
Z ehg` mbf^ ma^k^ p^k^ `k^Zm ikh[e^fl pbma ma^ pZm^k jnZebmr+ Eg
ma^ .56-àlZ\mbobmb^l_hkbfikhobg`ma^lZgbmZkr \hg]bmbhglbg\k^Zl^]
_nkma^k)Zg]bmbli^kaZilghmngmbemablmbf^maZmma^f^Zlnk^l[^\Zf ^
^__^\mbo^+ Bhh] Zg] fbed \hgmkhe bfikho^]) ma^ blheZmbhg ahlibmZe
[^`Zg mh [^ nl^] fhk^ k^`neZker) g^p pZm^k _bem^kl p^k^ [nbem Zg]
ma^ ibi^] pZm^k lrlm^f pZl ^qm^g]^] mh g^p Zk^Zl+
>nm ^o^g b_ fn\a pZl ]hg^ _khf ma^ .54-àl hgpZk]l bg \hf iZ*
kblhgpbma ^Zkeb^k\hg]bmbhgl)mabl]^o^ehif ^gmpZllh\bZeer[bZl^]+
Pa^ lh\bZe f hmbo^ _hk bfikho^f^gml maZm p^k^ inm _hkpZk] bg ma^
]^[Zm^hg gZmbhgZe e^o^e) ]b]ghmZ__^\mma^ laZibg`h _ma^ f^Zlnk^l
j 35 j
Zm eh\Ze e^o^e+ Jhm fn\a pZl ]hg^ Z[hnm ma^ ikh[e^fl bg ma^ _Zlm
`khpbg` Zk^Zl h _ma^ phkdbg` \eZll+ Pa^ mhpg Znmahkbmb^l k^c^\m^]
_hkZehg` mbf^ZeeikhihlZel_khf ma^l^Zk^Zl _hkbfikho^]l^kob\^+
Ao^gbgma^^Zker/-ma\^gmnkrZefhlmaZe_h _ma^ahnl^lbgOng]loZee
p^k^ ghm \hgg^\m^] mh ma^ ibi^] pZm^k lrlm^f +/.
B[^`MXU`e UZ GaZP_bMXX )0(+%1*
= l p^ ghp iZll bgmh ma^ ZgZerl^l h _ ma^ lh\bZe ]b__^k^g\^l bg
fhkmZebmr) E phne] ebd^ mh fZd^ lhf ^ k^fZkdl Z[hnm ]b__b\nemb^l bg
bgm^kik^mZmbhg+=lma^nii^k*\eZll`khnibgiZkmb\neZkblkZma^klf Zee)
fZgr h_ ma^ k^lneml k^`Zk]bg` mabl `khni Zk^ lhf^paZm ng\^kmZbg+
Ali^\bZeerpa^gp ^\hf ^mhlmn]rlbg`e^\Znl^lh _]^Zma) ma^\Zl^l
ikho^ mh [^ mhh _^p+ Pa^ k^lneml h _ ma^ nii^k \eZll `khni \Zg)
ahp^o^k) Zm e^Zlm `bo^ lhf ^ abgml h _ma^bk lbmnZmbhg bg \hfiZkblhg
pbma ma^ hma^kl+ Bbklm ma^ `^g^kZe ]^o^ehif ^gm bg fhkmZebmr bl ik^*
l^gm^] pa^k^Z_m^k ma^ ZgZerlbl h _ma^ ]b__^k^gm Z`^ `khnil _heehp l+
+1.0.5.8,3-.<.3674.5:6/468:,32:= !%& !'"
=l \Zg [^ l^^g _khf Bb`nk^ /) Z kZ]b\Ze bfikho^f^gm bg ma^ ]^Zma
kZm^l aZl h\\nkk^] [r ma^ mbf^ hnk lmn]r lmZkml+ Eg ma^ eZm^ .5ma
\^gmnkr) ma^ ]^Zma kZm^l p^k^ lmbee o^kr ab`a) [nm Z_m^k ma^ \kblbl
r^Zkl ]nkbg` ma^ pZk h _ .5-5*-6 pa^g fhkmZebmr bg\k^Zl^] \hg lb*
]^kZ[er) ]^Zma kZm^l ]^\k^Zl^]+ @nkbg` ma^ _heehp bg` mph ]^\Z]^l
a^Zema \hg]bmbhgl bg Ong]loZee fnlm [^ \hglb]^k^] mh aZo^ [^^g
`hh] bg \hfiZkblhg pbma hma^k mhpgl+ =_m^k Z i^kbh] h _ ab`a^k
fhkmZebmr bg ma^ .50-àl) ma^k^ _heehp ^] mph ]^\Z]^l h _ bfikho^]
lnkoboZe \aZg\^l) pa^k^Z_m^k fhkmZebmr hg\^ Z`Zbg bg\k^Zl^]+ Pabl
bg\k^Zl^ bg ma^ .53-àl Zg] 4 - àl \hbg\b]^] pbma ma^ ihineZmbhg ^q * iehlbhgbg Ong]loZee+ =mmabl mbf^)Ong]loZeeàlihlbmbhgbgma^ nk[Zg
Zk^gZ aZ] k^Zeer phkl^g^] k^`Zk]bg` fhkmZebmr+ Em aZ] [^\hf ^ hg^
h _ ma^ fhlm nga^Zemar mhpgl bg Op^]^g+
Jhm ngmbe ma^ .55-àl ]b] ma^ kZm^l [^`bg mh _Zee ]^_bgbm^er+ Pabl
bg]b\Zm^l maZm \hg]bmbhgl phkl^g^] ]nkbg` \^kmZbg ]^\Z]^l+ Pa^
bg]nlmkbZe [k^Zdmakhn`a mkZgl_hkf^] ma^ lfZee mhpg _ng]Zf^gmZeer
Zg] ikh[Z[er \k^Zm^] ]^m^kbhkZmbg` ebobg` \hg]bmbhgl _hk Z p abe^+
Pa^ lbmnZmbhg ]b] ghm bfikho^ ngmbe ma^ mhpg Znmahkbmb^l p^k^ Z[e^
j 36 j
mh aZg]e^ ma^ g^p lbmnZmbhg hk pa^g ma^ \hg]bmbhgl _hk ma^ bgaZ[b*
mZgml \aZg`^] bg lhf^ hma^k pZr+
Pa^ ]^\ebg^ bg fhkmZebmr pZl ikbfZkber \aZkZ\m^kbl^] [r e^ll^k
r^Zker_en\mnZmbhglbg]^ZmakZm^l+Egma^ .5maZg]^Zker .6ma\^gmnkr
fhkmZebmr \kbl^l h _ma^ he]mri^p^k^ lmbee o^kr \hf f hg) Zg]Zmma^
lZf^ mbf^ o^kr lmkhg`+ Eg ma^ .6ma \^gmnkr \kblbl r^Zkl p^k^ lmbee
\hffhg _hk lhf ^ i^kbh]l) [nm ma^ \kbl^l p^k^ ghm Zl lmkhg` Zl bg
ma^^Zkeb^ki^kbh]+ =_m^k .542 \kblblr^Zkl fhk^hke^ll]blZii^Zk^]+
Pabl bl h_ \hnkl^ Z k^_e^\mbhg h_ ma^ ]^\k^Zlbg` khe^ h _ ^ib]^f b\
]bl^Zl^l pab\a p bee [^ ZgZerl^] _nkma^k [^ehp+
Dhp ma^g pZl ma^ ]^o^ehif ^gm h _ fhkmZebmr k^eZm^] bg mbf^ mh
hma^k Zli^\ml h _ ma^ ]^o^ehif ^gm bg Ong]loZee< N^`Zk]bg` ma^ lZ*
gbmZkr bfikho^f^gmlp ^ _bg] maZmma^r l^^f mh \hbg\b]^ _Zbkerp ^ee
pbmama^]^\k^Zlbg`]^ZmakZm^l+ =lHbg]fZgihbgm^]hnm)//ma^eh\Ze
D^Zema >hZk]l lmZkm^] mh phkd bg ma^ f b]]e^ h _ ma^ .54-àl) p abe^
B`^li\/+ ? il[\[\Xk_iXk\j%[\Xk_j.---&+Ol e [jmXcc. 4 4 4 *. 6 / 0 ' +2 *p \ X i
d fm`e^ Xm\iX^\+
+ '
C \ U U U U U U U U U U X U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U X U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U X U U U U U U U U U Y ; U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U X X U Y U U U U U U
( . . . ( / ' ( ( / ) ' ( / + ' ( / - ' ( / / ' ( 0 ' ' ( 0 ) '
"LQM^_ )/0)$ )/1)$ )/10%)0(( U_ YU__UZS&
OfliZ\j+D uiexjXe[jcXe[jXib`m)Ole[jmXccjbpibfXib`m)jkX k`jk`Z X ckXYc\j)
A d `^iXk`fejlki\[e`e^\e Y `cX^X 2) > p^[\jkXk`jk`b+
fhkmZebmrlmZkm^]mh ]^\k^Zl^ZmZ[hnmma^ lZf^mbf^+ =m_bklm`eZg\^
bm ehhdl ebd^ ma^ arihma^lbl h _ ma^ \hgg^\mbhg [^mp^^g lZgbmZkr
f^Zlnk^l Zg] ma^ fhkmZebmr ]^\ebg^ aZl [^^g \hg_bkf^]+ Pa^k^ bl
ahp^o^k]hn[mpa^ma^kma^l^f^Zlnk^laZ]Zgr fZchk^__^\mZmmabl
mbf^+ Pa^ _heehp bg` ZgZerlbl p bee ]^Ze pbma ma^ jn^lmbhg fhk^
mahkhn`a+ L^kaZil ma^ \hgg^\mbhgl Zk^ \e^Zk^k bg ma^ .56-àl pa^g
ma^ f^Zlnk^l [^\Zf^ fhk^ ^__^\mbo^+
Pa^ ^\hghf b\ ]^o^ehif ^gm bg Ong]loZee ]h^l ghm l^^f mh aZo^
aZ]Zgr \e^Zk[^g^_b\bZebfiZ\mhg \aZg\^l h _lnkoboZe+ E_ma^k^pZl
Zgr \hgg^\mbhg) bm pZl g^`Zmbo^+ @nkbg` ma^ fhlm ^qiZglbo^ r^Zkl
bg lZpf bee ikh]n\mbhg bg ma^ .53-àl Zg] 4 - àl pa^g ma^ ^\hghf b\
mk^g]l Zefhlm\hglmZgmeri^Zd^]lmkhg`ernipZk]l)]^ZmakZm^lp^k^
Zm o^kr ab`a e^o^el+ IhkmZebmr lmZkm^] mh ]^\ebg^ ^qZ\mer Zm Z mbf^
pa^g ma^k^p^k^ ikh[e^fl bgma^^\hghf r Zmma^^g]h _ma^ .54-àl)
Zg] pa^g ma^ ^\hghf b\ ]^o^ehif ^gm iZll^] bgmh Z fhk^ lehp bg\k^Zl^+ Ph e^Zg mhh a^Zober hg ink^er ^\hghf b\ bgm^kik^mZmbhg bl
Zelh \hgmkZ]b\m^] [r ma^ _Z\m maZm ma^ ikhihkmbhg h _ma^ ihineZmbhg
]^i^g]bg` hg ihhk k^eb^_ %pab\a h _ \hnkl^ bg bml^e_bl Z lhf^paZm
]n[bhnl bg]b\Zmhk h _ ^\hghf b\ p ^ee*[ ^bg `& bg\k^Zl^] lmkhg`er
]nkbg` ma^ .56-àl) Zmma^ lZf^ mbf^ZlfhkmZebmr]^\ebg^]mhZfn\a
ehp^k e^o^e+ Pa^ ^qieZgZmbhg _hk mabl \bk\nflmZg\^ bl ikh[Z[er mh
[^ _hng] bg ma^ kZib] ihineZmbhg bg\k^Zl^ ]nkbg` ma^ .53-àl Zg]
4 - àl+ Pa^ mhpg aZ] ] b__b\n emb^l bg Z[lhk[bg` ma^ ^ghkf hnler
`khpbg`ihineZmbhgZg]ho^k\khp]bg`phkl^g^]+Larlb\bZgl]nkbg`
ma^l^ r^Zkl k^`neZker \hfieZbg^]Z[hnm[Z] ebobg` \hg]bmbhgl) pbma
i^hie^ebobg`bgnglZgbmZkr)ho^k\khp]^]ahnl^l+Egma^ngk^`neZm^]
Zk^Z Zkhng] ma^ mhpg)\hg]bmbhgl p^k^phklm+ @nkbg` ma^ .56-àlhg
ma^ hma^k aZg] ma^ ihineZmbhg bg\k^Zl^ Zefhlm lmhii^]+ LhineZmbhg
ik^llnk^ eb`am^g^]+
=ghma^koZkbZ[e^maZm\hne][^h _bfihkmZg\^\hg\^kgl[^aZobhnk
Zg] f^gmZebmr) ma^ bfiZ\m h _pab\a bm bl ahp^o^k ]b__b\nem mh f ^Z*
lnk^+ Em bl jnbm^ ihllb[e^ maZm g^p Zmmbmn]^l p^k^ laZi^] _khf ma^
.54-àl Zg] hgpZk]l+ Pabl bl _hk^qZf ie^oblb[e^ bg ma^ Z\mbobmb^lh _
hk]bgZkr i^hie^ Zm mabl mbf^ bg ]b__^k^gm k^eb`bhnl f ho^f ^gml) bg
ma^ m^fi^kZg\^fho^f^gmZg]Zelhbgma^ _bklmeZ[hnkhk`ZgblZmbhgl+
Pa^ Znmahkbmb^l \ZfiZb`g _hk \e^Zgebg^ll Ö bg]bob]nZe Zl p ^ee Zl
k^`Zk]bg` in[eb\ Zk^ZlÖ \hne] Zelh aZo^ \k^Zm^] Zg ZpZk^g^ll h _
ma^ ik^k^jnblbm^l _hk lmZrbg` a^Zemar+
j 4. j
PXYc\ .+ ? Xlj\j f ] [\Xk_ `eOle[jmXcc . 5 3 - *. 5 6 / + @ \Xk_j.+--- f ] d \Xe
g f gl cXk`fe +
)0.(%.- )0..%/( )0/)%/- )0/.%0( )00)%0- )00.%1*
9U_&[R^Q_\&[^SMZ_
EaXY[ZM^eH&7&
D`TQ^H&7&
GYMXX\[d EQ^`a__U_
BQM_XQ_
GOM^XM`UZM 9U\T`TQ^UM He\T[UPRQbQ^"
He\Ta_"
8T[XQ^M""
9UM^^T[QM
D`TQ^UZR&
8[ZSQZ&PU_&
DXPMSQ
6`^[\Te"""
9U_&[ROU^OaX[^SMZ_&
8TUXPNU^`T
9QM`T_')(&(((NU^`T_
8MZOQ^
6XO[T[X JU[XQZ`OMa_Q_
D`TQ^
IZWZ[cZ
*,$/ +1$+ +,$.
*($1 *)$. *1$0
($+ )$0 *$(
+$- ,$+ *.$,
,$* *$0 )$,
+$0 ($, *$(
**$. )$, )1$1
*)$1 +$* *$(
+$0 .$1 *$(
$ ).$) $
($( *+$, ($(
)*$1 *,$0 *0$,
1$/ 0$- )/$+
)$/ -$/ )($*
)-$+ )*$( )*$0
,$- 0$1 ),$*
)*$1 ),$- )/$+
*$) *$0 +$,
-/ 0( 0*
,$* +$- -$,
($+ *$- +$/
))$- 1$* 1$.
)+$* )+$0 )1$1
+/$1 **$( ).$/
,($, +*$/ ++$*
*+$) *.$( **$-
)$* *$/ +$.
($( ,$* ($)
)$( +$. *$+
)$( *$+ -$-
)-$. ,$( .$*
1$. )/$. )($,
+$0 *$+ *$/
($( ($* ($(
++$* */$* *.$-
),$( ))$- 1$,
.$/ -$* .$1
+$. +$. +$0
/$- )$/ ($0
)($0 ))$) )*$/
)$* *$- )$/
*0 /- ,1!
.$- )($) /$.
)$/ +$. +$)
/$( 1$, 1$-
*)$, ),$/ ),$,
*+$0 )*$, /$1
H[`MX *+)$1 *,1$, */1$( *++$) *(0$. )1($0
"pZQ^bRQNQ^p TM_Pa^UZS`TQ\Q^U[P )0..%/(NQQZ_Q\M^M`QPUZ`[`TQPUM%
SZ[_Q_`e\T[UPRQbQ^MZP`e\Ta_O[Z_UPQ^UZS MXXOM_Q_Pa^UZS`TQQ\UPQ%
YUO)0.0%.1`[ TMbQNQQZ`e\Ta_cTUXQ MXXOM_Q_Pa^UZS`TQ [`TQ^eQM^_
cQ^Q`e\T[UPRQbQ^&
""UZOXaPQ_ MRQcOM_Q_[RPe_QZ`Q^e&
"""UZOXaPQ_MX_[cQMWZQ__MZPO[ZbaX_U[Z_&
OfliZ\7 @@>) Qd\v+
=l f^gmbhg^]ik^obhnler) fhk^k^ebZ[e^ bg_hkfZmbhghg\Znl^lh _
]^Zma bl ZoZbeZ[e^ _khf .53- hgpZk]l+ >nm bm bl ihllb[e^ mh `bo^ Zm
e^Zlm Z \kn]^ ib\mnk^ h _ paZm aZii^g^] ^Zkeb^k+ Of Zeeihq pZl hg
ma^k^mnkgZek^Z]rbgma^^Zkergbg^m^^gma\^gmnkr+Pa^ab`afhkmZebmr
kZm^l bg ma^ _bklm ]^\Z]^ h _ ma^ \^gmnkr) pZl f Zbger \Znl^] [r
^ib]^f b\l h _mrianl Zg]]rl^gm^kr maZmp^k^ lik^Z]]nkbg`ma^pZk
h _ .5-5*-6+ Pa^ kbl^ bg ma^ fhkmZebmr \nko^ ]nkbg` ma^ .50-àl \Zg
Zm e^Zlm bg iZkm [^ ^qieZbg^] [r ^ib]^f b\l h _ mrianl hk mriahb]
_^o^k+
=khng] .53-) ma^k^ h\\nkk^] Zg bg\k^Zl^ bg lhf ^ ^ib]^f b\ ]b*
l^Zl^lmaZmfZbgerZ__^\m^]rhng`\abe]k^g)ikbfZkberl\ZkeZmbgZZg]
]biama^kbZ+ Pa^ ab`a fhkmZebmr kZm^ ]nkbg` ma^ mph _heehp bg` ]^\Z*
]^l bl ik^]hfbgZgmer k^eZm^] mh ma^ bg\k^Zl^] bg\b]^g\^ h _ ma^l^
^ib]^f b\l)[nmZelhbgiZkmmhma^k^mnkgh _lf Zeeihq+Bkhf mablmbf^
ma^ ]^o^ehif ^gm h _ lhf^ h _ma^ fhlm bfihkmZgm \Znl^l h _]^Zma bl
ik^l^gm^] bg PZ[e^ .+
Eg ma^ .53-àl) bg_^\mbhnl ]bl^Zl^l \hgmkb[nm^] ln[lmZgmbZeer mh
fhkmZebmr+ IhkmZebmr _khf Zee h_ ma^ ^ib]^f b\) bg_^\mbhnl ]bl^Zl^l
]^\k^Zl^] ngmbe ma^[^`bggbg`h _ma^ mp^gmb^ma\^gmnkr)[nmma^iZ\^
Zg] ma^ mbfbg` ]b__^k^] [^mp^^g ma^f+ Ohf^ ]blZii^Zk^] \hf ie^*
m^er) ebd^ \ahe^kZ %gh ]^Zmal Z_m^k ma^ ^ib]^fb\ bg .533&) ]rl^gm^kr
Zg] lf Zeeihq %eZlm ^ib]^f b\ bg .540*418 lhf ^ _^p \Zl^l bg ma^
.55-àl&+Kma^klehlmZefhlmZeelb`gb_b\Zg\^)ln\aZll\ZkeZmbgZpa^k^
fhkmZebmr]^\k^Zl^]_khf .55-Zg]hgpZk]l) mriahb]_^o^kpbmama^
]^\k^Zl^l^mmbg`bg_khf Zkhng] .54-Zg]]biam^kbZ)_khf pab\ama^
fhkmZebmr kZm^ lmbee pZl ab`a ngmbe ma^ 6 - àl+ Kma^kl ]b] ghm \aZg`^
o^kr fn\a) ebd^ f ^Zle^l Zg] i^kmnllbl+ Pa^ fhlm bfihkmZgm lbg`e^
bg_^\mbhnl ]bl^Zl^ pZl ahp^o^k mn[^k\nehlbl) Zihlbmbhg pab\a eZl*
m^]bgmhma^mp^gmb^ma\^gmnkr+IhkmZebmr_khfmabl]bl^Zl^pZllmZ[e^
Zm Z ab`a e^o^e+
=ghma^klb`gb_b\Zgm\Znl^h _]^ZmapZl `Zlmkh bgm^lmbgZe]bl^Zl^l+
Jhm ngmbe ma^ ^g] h_ ma^ \^gmnkr ]b] mabl ]bl^Zl^ `khni ehl^ bml
bfiZ\m+ Pa^ laZki kbl^ [^mp^^g ma^ _bklm Zg] l^\hg] i^kbh]l ehhdl
kZma^k lmkZg`^+ HZm^k hg lhf^ _nkma^k \hff^gml p bee [^ fZ]^ hg
mabl) [nm bg mabl \hgg^\mbhg bm \Zg l^ko^ Zl Z k^fbg]^k h _ ma^ ] b_*
_b\nemb^lbglmn]rbg`\Znl^lh _]^Zma+Pa^k^fb`amaZo^[^^g\aZg`^l
bg ma^ ikZ\mb\^l bg \eZllb_rbg` ma^ ]^Zmal+ Bhk ^qZf ie^ ma^ ]^Zmal
Zllb`g^] mh àngdghpg \Znl^à hk lhf ^ oZ`n^ \Znl^ [^\Zf^ fhk^
j 40 j
kZk^ mhpZk]l ma^ ^g] h _ ma^ \^gmnkr+ Dhp^o^k) lhf ^ ]bl^Zl^l \Zg
[^ b]^gmb_b^] Zl aZobg` \hgmkb[nm^] ln[lmZgmbZeer mh ma^ ]^\k^Zlbg`
fhkmZebmr kZm^+ Pa^l^ Zk^ l\ZkeZmbgZ) mriahb] _^o^k) \ahe^kZ) lf Zee*
ihq Zg]) Zm Z eZm^k ihbgm bg mbf^) ]biama^kbZ) ]bl^Zl^l h _ma^ k^lib*
kZmhkr hk`Zgl Zg] ]bl^Zl^l h _ma^ ]b`^lmbo^ hk`Zgl+
Pa^l^ k^lneml ihllb[er ln``^lm ma^ \hglb]^kZ[e^ bg_en^g\^ h _ ma^
lZgbmZkrbf*ikho^f^gmlmaZmp^k^fZ]^Zkhng].55-)lbg\^]bl^Zl^l
ln\a Zl mriahb] _^o^k Zg] \ahe^kZ ]bfbgbla^] bg bfihkmZg\^ _khf
maZm mbf^+ Pa^l^ ]bl^Zl^l \Zg [^ ^qi^\m^] mh aZo^[^^g mahl^ fhlm
l^glbmbo^ mh[Z] lZgbmZkr \hg]bmbhgl+ Ohf ^\Znmbhg bl g^^]^]ahp ^*
o^k) [^_hk^ Z\\^imbg` ln\a Z \hg\enlbhg+ Pa^ ]blZii^ZkZg\^ h_
\ahe^kZ aZl ikh[Z[er e^ll mh ]h pbma Zgr ZkkZg`^f^gml fZ]^ bg
Ong]loZee maZg ma^ gZmbhgZe Zg] bgm^kgZmbhgZe ik^oZe^g\^ h _ ma^
]bl^Zl^+ Pa^ ab`a kZm^l h _mriahb] _^o^k bg ma^ .53-àl) fZr bg _Z\m
[^\Znl^][rmrianl)Zlma^iarlb\bZgl ]b]ghm]b__^k^gmbZm^[^mp^^g
ma^l^ mph ]bl^Zl^l bg ma^bk k^ihkml+ IhkmZebmr _khf ]bl^Zl^l h _ ma^
]b`^lmbo^ hk`Zgl k^fZbg^] _nkma^kfhk^ ab`a makhn`ahnmZefhlm ma^
p ahe^ h_ ma^ \^gmnkr+
Pa^\Znl^*li^\b_b\fhkmZebmriZmm^kg]h^lghmlniihkmI \G ^hp gàl
ma^hkr maZm bfikho^] gnmkbmbhg pZl ma^ fhlm bfihkmZgm oZkbZ[e^
[^abg] bfikho^] lnkoboZe+ Em pZl ghm mahl^ ]bl^Zl^l maZm Zk^ fhlm
\ehl^er \hgg^\m^] mh gnmkbmbhg) _hk ^qZf ie^ mn[^k\nehlbl Zg] hma^k
k^libkZmhkr bg_^\mbhgl) maZm \hgmkb[nm^] fhlm mh ma^ bfikho^f^gm)
Zm e^Zlm ghm ngmbe ma^ /-ma \^gmnkr bg Ong]loZee+
*5/,5:468:,32:=
Bkhf mabl `^g^kZe ib\mnk^ p^ ghp iZll hg mh Z fhk^ ]^mZbe^] lmn]r
h _ ]b__^k^gm Z`^ `khnil+ Bhk mabl inkihl^ E aZo^ nl^] bg_hkfZmbhg
_khf ma^ @ZmZ>Zl^*k^`blm^k^]?ank\a[hhdfZm^kbZe+ =l f^gmbhg^]
Z[ho^) bg_ZgmfhkmZebmr\Zghger[^lmn]b^]_hkma^i^kbh] .53-*6/+
S^ \Zg) ahp^o^k) \hf ie^m^ ma^ _b`nk^l _hk ma^ mbf^ [^_hk^ .53-
_khf ma^ lmZmblmb\Ze mZ[e^l ma^ iZkbla ikb^lml d^im+ Bhk \hfiZkblhg
ma^ ]^o^ehif ^gm bg nk[Zg Zg] knkZe Op^]^g k^li^\mbo^er bl ik^l^g*
m^] bg Bb`nk^ 0+
j 41 j
B`^li\0+ Ee]Xekd fikXc`kp iXk\j] f i Ole[jmXcc) On \[\e Xe[liYXeOn \[\e
. 4 4 6 *. 6 / - + . - *p \ X ig \i`f [ j+
9QM`T_')(((
0 - -
GaZP_bMXX
GcQPQZ
I^NMZ GcQPQZ / 2 -
~ ~
/--
.2-
(''
. 6 . . * . 6 / - . 5 3 . * 4 - . 5 5 . * 6 -
. 5 1 . * 2 - . 5 / . * 0 -
. 4 4 6 * . 4 5 4 . 5 - . * . -
";[^GcQPQZMZP a^NMZGcQPQZ`TQRUSa^Q_ ^QRQ^`[ )/0)%1(MZP )/1)%
)0((&
OfliZ\j7D uiexjXe[jcXe[jXib`m)Ole [jmXccjbpibfXib`m)jkX k`jk`Z X ckX Y c\j8
@ \d f^iXg_ `Z@ X kX > Xj\) Qd\v8 D `jkf i`ZX cO kX k`jk`Zj] f i On\[\e+ L X ikE+
L fgl cXk`fe + O \Zfe [\[`k`fe . 4 / - *. 6 3 4 ) OkfZb_fcd .636) kXY 1.8 >`OKO)
O \i`\ G) I \[ `Z`e Xcjkpi\cj\e j v ijY\iukk\cj\i+
Bkhf ma^l^ _b`nk^l p^ fZr \hg\en]^ maZm ma^k^ p^k^ ikbfZkber
mph i^kbh]l h _ ]^\ebg^ bg bg_Zgm fhkmZebmr bg Ong]loZee ]nkbg` ma^
gbg^m^^gma\^gmnkr+ Bbklmma^k^pZl ZlaZki ]^\ebg^ Zmma^[^`bggbg`
h _ ma^ \^gmnkr) pab\a ng_hkmngZm^er \Zgghm [^ ZgZerl^] a^k^+ = _*
m^kpZk]l ma^ kZm^l k^fZbg^] Zm Z _Zbker \hglmZgm ab`a e^o^e makhn`*
j 42 j
ahnmZefhlmma^pahe^\^gmnkr+Pa^k^pZl^o^gZgbg\k^Zl^bg\^kmZbg
]^\Z]^l Z_m^kma^_bklmkZib]]^\ebg^+ Pa^ ]^o^ehif ^gmbg Ong]loZee
k^l^f [e^l ma^ ]^o^ehif ^gm_hkhma^k Op^]bla mhpgl kZma^k\ehl^er
_khf Z[hnm ma^ .50-àl+ Pa^ g^qm i^kbh] h _ ]^\ebg^ ]b] ghm \hf ^
ngmbe ma^ .55-àl)pab\a bf ieb^lmaZmma^_Zeebg`bg_ZgmfhkmZebmrkZm^
pZl Zg bfihkmZgm \hfihg^gm bg ma^ ]^\k^Zlbg` ]^Zma kZm^l Zm maZm
mbf^+ Pa^ mbfbg`h _mabl eZm^k ]^\k^Zl^\hbg\b]^lpbma ma^ f^Zlnk^l
_hk lZgbmZkr bfikho^f^gml maZm p^k^ Z\\hf iebla^] Zm maZm mbf^)
ma^k^[r lmk^g`ma^gbg` ma^ Zllnfimbhg maZm ma^l^ k^_hkfl p^k^ ma^
fhlm bfihkmZgm \hgmkb[nmhk mh bfikho^] a^Zema _hk bg_Zgml+ Pabl
Zllnfimbhg g^^]l) ahp^o^k) fhk^ mahkhn`a ZgZerlbl+
E_ ma^ ]^\ebg^ _khf .55- pZl \Znl^] [r lZgbmZkr bfikho^f^gml)
p ^fb`am^qi^\mZfn\aehp^kfhkmZebmrkZm^bg ]bZkkah^Ze ]bl^Zl^l
Zfhg` bg_Zgml Z_m^k .55-+ >nm mabl ]h^l ghm l^^f mh aZo^ [^^g ma^
\Zl^+ PZ[e^ / ik^l^gml ma^ ]^o^ehif ^gm h _ ]^Zmal _khf ma^ fhlm
bfihkmZgm ]bl^Zl^ `khnil+
PXYc\ /+ ? Xlj\j f ] [\Xk_ Xdfe^ `e]Xekj) Ole[jmXcc . 5 3 - *6 / +
@ \Xk_ j.)--- c`m\ Y`ik_j+
)0.(%.1 )0/(%/1 )00(%0/ )000%1*
6`^[\TeQ`O&" )+ *. , (
8[ZSQZU`MXPU_QM_Q_ 0 *( )- *,
6U^N[^ZQQ\UPQYUOPU_& )1 )* ), 0
9U_& [R^Q_\U^M`[^e[^SMZ_ +. +( ++ +-
9UM^^T[QM +1 -/ .( -0
D`TQ^PU_QM_Q_ ), *- )+ )(
IZWZ[cZOMa_Q .0 *. 0 )(
H[`MX )1/ )1. ),/ ),-
o 8Ma_Q_[RPQM`T OXM__URUOM`U[Z U_ \^Q_QZ`QP UZM\\QZPUd&
OfliZ\7 @ @>) Qd\v+
= ikh[e^f _hk ma^ ZgZerlbl h_ ma^ \Znl^l h_ ]^Zma bl ma^ eZk`^
`khnil pbma àQgdghpg \Znl^à hk bg hma^k k^li^\ml oZ`n^ \eZ llb_b*
\Zmbhgl+ =mkhiar %pab\a Zelh \hf ikbl^l \hgonelbhgl& \Zg [^ bg\en*
]^] bg ma^l^ oZ`n^ ]bZ`ghl^l Zl p ^ee Zl ma^ `khni h _hma^k \Znl^l)
pa^k^ ^li^\bZeer \Znl^l ebd^ áp ^Zdg^llá) á_^o^ká Zg] ám^^mabg`á
j 43 j
p^k^ \hffhg bg ma^ _bklm i^kbh]+ Pa^l^ ]bl^Zl^ ]^lb`gZmbhgl p^k^
^li^\bZeer \hffhg Zfhg` bg_Zgm ]^Zmal+ Pabl fZd^l bm fhk^ ] b_*
_b\nem mh ^lmZ[ebla Zgr _bkf \hg\enlbhg) ^li^\bZeer Zl ma^l^ `khnil
p^k^ ma^ fZbg \hgmkb[nmhkl mh ma^ _Zeebg` bg_Zgm fhkmZebmrkZm^ Z_m^k
.55-+ Pa^ bgm^k^lmbg` bg\k^Zl^ bg ]bZkkah^Ze ]bl^Zl^l \Zg i^kaZil
[^^qieZbg^][r ]^Zmal[^bg`fhk^\Zk^_neer]bZ`ghl^]Zg]ZeZk`^k
ikhihkmbhg h _ ]^Zmal [^bg` ]bZ`ghl^] Zm Zee+/0 E_mabl pZl ma^ \Zl^)
p^ phne] aZo^ ^qi^\m^] ma^ l^ZlhgZe iZmm^kg h _ ma^l^ ]^Zmal mh
k^l^f [e^ maZm h_`Zlmkh*bgm^lmbgZe ]bl^Zl^l+ Pabl pZl) ahp^o^k) ghm
ma^ \Zl^+ S abe^ ]bZkkah^Ze ]bl^Zl^l aZ] ma^ ^qi^\m^] i^Zd bg eZm^
lnff^k) l^ZlhgZebmr_hkma^ `khnih _àngdghpgà Zg]oZ`n^]bZ`gh*
lbl pZl ]b__^k^gm+ Jh lnff^k i^Zd \Zg [^ b]^gmb_b^]+ Eglm^Z]) mabl
]bl^Zl^ `khni fhk^ k^l^f[e^] ma^ l^ZlhgZe iZmm^kg h _ Zbk[hkg^
]bl^Zl^l+/1
= elhpa^gehhdbg`Zmma^l^ZlhgZeiZmm^kgZfhg`Zeebg_Zgm]^Zmal)
p ^ _bg] maZm ma^ k^lnem bg]b\Zm^l bg\k^Zlbg` fhkmZebmr _khf `Zlmkh*
bgm^lmbgZe ]bl^Zl^l Z_m^k ma^ bgmkh]n\mbhg h _ibi^] pZm^k+ Pa^ lnf*
f^k i^Zd `khpl fhk^ Zg] fhk^ ]hfbgZgm ngmbe ma^ eZm^ .55-àl Zg]
^Zker .56-àl+/2 ?hgl^jn^gmer ma^ ]^o^ehif ^gm bl \hgmkZkr mh paZm
hg^ phne] aZo^ ^qi^\m^] k^`Zk]bg` ]bZkkah^Ze ]bl^Zl^l+ Pa^ \hg*
lmkn\mbhg h _pZm^k*ibi^l Zg] l^p^kl Zg] [^mm^k _hh] \hgmkhe hn`am
mh aZo^ ]bfbgbla^] ma^ [k^^]bg` `khng] _hk `Zlmkh*bgm^lmbgZe bg _^\*
mbhgl) [nm mabl ]h^l ghm l^^f mh aZo^ [^^g ma^ \Zl^ bg Ong]loZee+
Pabl fb`am bg]b\Zm^ maZm ar`b^gb\\hg]bmbhgl aZ]ghmr^m bfikho^]+
L^kaZil lZgbmZkr f^Zlnk^l \hne] ghm d^^i iZ\^ pbma ma^ ikh[e^fl
pab\a p^k^ \k^Zm^] [r ma^ _Zlm `khpbg` ihineZmbhg) [nm bm \hne]
Zelh [^ Zg bg]b\Zmbhg h_]^_b\b^gm pZm^k jnZebmr+ S^ dghp maZm ma^
mhpg aZ] fZgr ikh[e^fl pbma pZm^k jnZebmr _hk Z ehg` mbf^+ J^p
_bem^kl aZ] mh [^ [nbem) Zg] Z \a^f b\Ze ZgZerlbl bg .554 \hg\en]^]
maZm ma^ pZm^k pZl ghm \e^Zg ^ghn`a _hk ]kbgdbg`+ Eg =n`nlm .556
]bZkkah^Ze ]bl^Zl^l p^k^ lik^Z]) ikh[Z[er ]n^ mh \hgmZfbgZm^]
]kbgdbg` pZm^k) pab\a Zelh pZl ma^ hibgbhg h _eh\Ze g^pliZi^kl+ E_
ma^k^ p^k^ Zgr bfikho^f^gml ]n^ mh ibi^] pZm^k) mabl fb`am aZo^
[^^g ^__^\mbo^ _bklm bg ma^ .56-àl) Zm e^Zlm k^`Zk]bg` ma^ lik^Z] h _
`Zlmkh*bgm^lmbgZe ]bl^Zl^l Zfhg` bg_Zgml pab\a ]^\ebg^] ]^_bgbm^er
_khf maZm mbf^+
=iZkm_khf ma^ihllb[bebmr maZm[Z] pZm^k pZl ma^ fZbg\Znl^)p ^
lahne] Zelh \hglb]^k hma^k ihllb[e^ ^qieZgZmbhgl [^abg] ma^ ab`a
j 44 j
bg\b]^g\^ h _ ]bZkkah^Ze ]bl^Zl^l Zfhg` bg_Zgml+ Kg^ ln\a \bk*
\nflmZg\^ bl ma^ ik^oZbebg` _^^]bg` iZmm^kgl bg ma^ ]blmkb\m+ S^
dghp _khf \hgm^fihkZkr lmn]b^l maZm ma^ Rxlm^kghkkeZg] \hngmr
pa^k^ Ong]loZee bl lbmnZm^]) pZl \aZkZ\m^kbl^] [r ab`a bg_Zgm fhk*
mZebmr pab\a pZl Zl\kb[^] mh ma^ ikZ\mb\^ h _ Zkmb_b\bZe _^^]bg`+ Eg
lhf ^h _ma^k^ihkml_khf ma^ ikhobg\bZeiarlb\bZgl bg ma^ Ong]loZee
]blmkb\m p^ aZo^ lmZm^f^gml Z[hnm ma^ aZkf_ne _^^]bg` ikZ\mbl^l)
^o^gb_p ^lhf ^mbf ^laZo^\hgmkZ]b\mhkrbg_hkfZmbhg bgma^k^ihkml
k^`Zk]bg` mabl mhib\+ Pabl\hne][^Zk^ZlhgZ[e^^qieZgZmbhg_hkma^
ZiiZk^gm eZ\d h _\hgg^\mbhg [^mp^^g bfikho^] ikhoblbhg h_pZm^k
Zg] ma^ ]^o^ehif ^gm h _`Zlmkhbgm^lmbgZe ]bl^Zl^l+
Bhk àhma^k \Znl^là ma^k^ ]h^l ghm l^^f mh [^ Zgr \e^Zk ]^o^ehi*
f^gm+ Pa^ ]^\k^Zl^ bg Zbk[hkg^ ^ib]^fb\ ]bl^Zl^l bl fZbger ]n^ mh
ma^ ]blZii^Zk^g\^ h_ lf Zeeihq+ Pa^ hger ]bl^Zl^l pab\a lahp^]
ikhghng\^] ehp^k fhkmZebmr bg ma^ l^\hg] i^kbh] p^k^ ma^ Z[ho^
f^gmbhg^] `khnil pbma Zmkhiar Zg] ma^ ngli^\b_b^] \Znl^l+
EgPZ[e^ 0 fhkmZebmrZfhg`\abe]k^g_khf ]b__^k^gmlh\bZe\eZll^l
bl ik^l^gm^]+ =l \hne] [^ Zllnf^]) \abe]k^g h_ab`a^k lh\bZe \eZll
aZ] ehp^k fhkmZebmr+ >nm ^q\^im _hk bg_Zgml _khf ma^ lfZee `khni
h _eZk`^l\Ze^^gmk^ik^g^nkl) ma^ ]b__^k^g\^lp^k^kZma^klfZee+ Kg^
PXYc\ 0+ Ee]Xek d fikXc`kp `e [`]]\i\ek jf Z `X c ^ifl gj) Ole [jmXcc . 5 3 - *6 / +
@ \Xk_j.)--- c`m\ Y`ik_j+
)0.(%/1 )00(%1* 9QOXUZQ
G[OUMXS^[a\ >BF 7[^Z 9QM`T_ >BF 7[^Z 9QM`T_ AM^SQ_OMXQQZ`^Q\QZQa^_ )(/ *0 + ))0 +, , #)($+
E^[RQ__U[ZMX_ )/) *(- +, ))- ).- )1 +*$/
BM_`Q^M^`U_MZ_ )1. )(* *( )/. +, . )($*
D`TQ^\Q``eN[a^SQ[U_UQ )0- -(+ 1+ )+- -(* .0 */$(
A[cQ^cTU`QO[XXM^ ).. +(* -( 1/ ++1 ++ ,*$.
6^`U_MZ_ )0- )0. ++ )*. 00+ ))) +)$1
GWUXXQPc[^WQ^_ )// )((0 )0. )+* +(+ ,( *-$,
IZ_WUXXQPc[^WQ^_ )1( )+(. *,0 ),- ),10 *)/ *+$/
>XXQSU`UYM`QOTUXP^QZ */) )))+ +(* *). 0/- )1( *($+
IZWZ[cZ_[OUMXS^[a\ +- )11 / 0. )+1 )* l
OfliZ\7 @@>) Qd\v+
j 45 j
