SCANDIA : Tidskrift for historisk forskning

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Aehmder

Keskfih

md

Sweden

1

9

14-1

9

1

8

ichael FutrelP, the first to write anydhing about Keskiila's activities in Sweden during the First World War, noted that an examination of Keskdis Swedish contacts might be a rewarding piece of research for a Swedish investigator.' In essence this work is still undone. Thus this article will give a brief survey ofPaPeksander Meskiila in Sweden during the First World and the motives ofhis activities.

Aeksarader Eduard Keskiila was born in Tarten in 1882. He was one of the prominent figures in the events of 1305-1307 in the Estonian and Eivonian p~ovinces,~ which according to him "constituted a combinationl of a yearning for national liberation and the revolts of workers and pea- sant~''.~ Rchard Pipes claims KesPsiiPa to Rave been a leading Bolshevik in 1305-07. Later, Pipes writes, Gskiila turned into an ardent Estonian na- tionalist.* Life is more varied, though. Aeksander Keskda's tutor at that time, in his years of development, was another Aleksander, Paleksander P61-k~~

Unlike Keskda, P6n-k had an Orthodox backgro~md.~ He studied in Tartu in 1837-31903 and in B905 he defended his candidate thesis in history here.7 In 1901-1983 he lived with the Ke~kiilas.~ In 1899 P6rk had started to collect antiquities in different Estonian regions, in Ingria and Finland, and also in other in Russia. In 1903-1320 P6rk lived and worked in Moscow. In 1906-1914 was he active in the Association of b i t i n g Russia's Nationalities. m e n he returned to Estonia in 1320, he became one of the founding members and chairman of the Estonian

Cd-

tural History Association, and the creator and enthusiastic advocate of the Estonian national pagan religion T a ~ r a . ~ %day he might have been called a national hndarnenalist.

Good

relations betwcen Keskiiila and P6rk continued. m e n Keskiila lived in Moscow in 1308-1910, he stayed at P6rk's pplace.lOThe card that Keskda sent to Moscow in B316 and that irritated BukhaIin as it indu- ded an upmknom name for him, actually mentioned Aeksander P6rk.I' It is worth mentioning that in 1905-1907 another Estonian Taa. ra-religion

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activist, Marta Eepp, also a revolutionary then, was dosely connected t o KeskiPla. Something o f the kind c m also be noticed about t h e t h i n h n g o f Parthur Siefeldt, w h o Pater became Keskda's henchman.'2

T h e beginning of the 20th century was the time w h e n social democracy started t o interest Estonians. T h e first social democratic associations of Estonian students were established around the year 1303 i n Tartu. Alek- sander Keskiila's ties w i t h t h e m are also k n o w n t o have started then.13 About 1904 it is k n o w n that Alebander was the l e d e r o f several circles that aimed at the political education o f people.'* In 1304 an event occur- red that obviously considerably influenced Aeksander Keskijila's further life and fate. m e n the Russo-Japanese war broke out Keskiila started t o work at the newspaper Postimees as editor o f w a r telegrams. Soon aher that a conflict took place between M e h a n d e r Keskiila and the editor o f h t i -

mees Jaan TGnisson, undoubtedly the most prominent Estonian national politician o f the time.

It

is u n k n o w n what exactly happened. G s k i i l a is said t o have mentioned at h o m e that h e had had ideological disagreements w i t h T6nisson.I5 m a t is more, this was n o t the end o f the story; the cul- mination came w h e n KesPsiila challenged T6nisson t o a duel, which the latter refused.16 T e h o w &at o n the night between 23 and 24 April 1304 a private meeting o f the Estonian Student Society t o o k place, which discu- ssed the disagreement between the t w o m e n and accordingly, expelled Keskiila from the Society.17 At the meeting, the main attacker is said t o have been Tijnisson, and Keskiila

Rd

defended himself i n an excellent manner b u t had been expelled "on the basis o f quite vague accusations".18 From t h e n o n A l e k m d e a Keskhila and Jaan T6nisson found themsel- ves o n different sides o f the fiont. I t is k n o w n that i n the a u t u m n o f the same year Keskila organised a socid democratic circle i n the printing shop ofPo~tirnees.'~ T h e situation was

d1

the more tragic because i n Esto- nian foreign policy b o t h m e n represented the same orientation, i.e. orien- tation towards S~andinavia,~' which was n o t at

41

characteristic o f Esto- nian politicians o f t h e day Today t h e h t e o f these m e n , A e h a n d e r Keskila and J a m T6nisson, has one similar streak: the fact that w e d o n o t h o w exactly where their graves are. W e only h o w that one m u s t have been buried at o n e end o f Europe, the other at t h e other end o f Europea2'

Keskinla's stay i n Sweden can be divided into three periods. T h e first started in a u t u m n P314 (in October) and lasted until either December in uhe same year or January 13 15 .2' T h e second was f r o m M a y 19 B

5

until

J u n e

n

9

n 6, but

&is was n o t a continuous stay: Re sometimes travelled t o G e m a n y or even t o Switzedand. There are n o data about him having been i n Sweden during, the second half o f B 9 B

G.

However, it is h o r n that

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he was back here at the turn of the year of 13 16-1 917 and then stayed in Stockholm for a longer time until the autumn of 1318.

KeskLila got in touch with Germany's an~bassador, Bern Gisbert von IPornberg on

7

September P914.*' Three days later he gave the ambassador a letter for the German government in which he claimed that in Esro- nia a movement to be re-united with Sweden was strengthening. He also posed two questions to the German government: on what conditions would they recognise and support this movement and what would Ger- many want in return for its materid and military assistance?23 By agree- ment with von Romberg, in October 19

P4

Keskida embarked on a recon- naissance trip to S ~ e d e n . ' ~

At the time of the First World War Stockholm constituted an impor- tant link on the pathway through which Lenin in Switzerland kept contact with ktrograd and his homeland. The man who administered this connection, Alehander Shlyapnikov, appeared in Stockholm approxima- tely at the same rime as Keskiila - at the beginning of October 1914. lit is known that on 11 October, Lenin, who was living in Bern, received a letter from Shlyapnikov in which the latter stated that he had arrived in Stockholm to administer a connection between the Central Committee and R~ssia.'~ From then on Lenin and Shlyapnikov were in lively correspondence. According to the information of Lenin's Biographical Chro- nide, until December when Shlyapnikov travelled to Copenhagen, they exchanged 13 Petters, of which

7

from Shlyapnikov to Lenin and

G

from Lenin to Shlyapnikov. These letters contained reviews of the situation in Russia; in addition, in these letters Lenin gave instructions to Shlyapnikov about how to organise via Stocl&olm transport to Russia of "both letters (1) and people (2) as well as literature (3)". Shlyapnikov dso took care of Lenin's correspondence with the Bolshevik members of the Duma.*%ven when Shlyapnikov left for Copenhagen, Lenin inquired about the situation ofthe illegal connections with Petrograd and so, in December, while in Copenhagen, ShPyapnikov informed him of the ties with Russia.''

It is not impossible that Keskda obtained an overview of the contents of these Petters, at least the ones that had been sent in October and No- vember. In the middle of November 13

14,

a Russian revolutionary, Alek- sandnra KoPloneai, was arrested in Sweden and then expelled from the country.28 Before that, however, Jako"DogrovsPci, whose role Michael FutrelP has described in great detail,'%ad introduced Keskiila to Bogrovski was the secretary of the Bolshevik group, When Shlyapnihv was away, it was Bogrovski who was responsible for transport to and from Russia. It is possible that the acquaintance with the activities of Lenin's

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organisation in Stockholm that Keskiila made through Bogrovski, beca- me an incentive for him to call the Germans' attention to Lenin.

Futrell was unable to find out what ethnic group Bogrovski belonged to, referring to him as "either Estonian or Russian"":e is said to have spoken both languages. Consequently GsktiPa was not clear about it either, or maybe he had forgotten something. Futrel1 also writes that Bogrovski's h r e is ~ n h o w n . ~ ' However, there is the following possibility: at the beginning o f the 20th century the pseudonym PoBuovski was used by a Russian Social Democrat, a post o&cial called NikoPG Dezhkn. Dezhhn was a member o f Mi&GP Kdinids group. The 26-year-old Kdi- win

anad

the 15-year-old Dezhkn had become acquainted at the end of 1901. Eaten; Kdinin wrote about Dezhkn several times, calling him one of the most active underground workers in TdPinn. In 1903 Dezhkn was caught disseminating forbidden literature. He had thew, and even Pater on similar occasions, used the pseudonym Pohovslki. He sat in prison until the autumn of E 904. m e n he was released, Mdinin had already left

Td-

linn, whereas Kesktda wras to arrive soon. IEPokrovsk is h e same man as Bogrovsk then he was not an Estonian. Dezhkn was born in December

1886 in the city of Ostaskov in the province of Tv~I-.'~

Hn Stocbolm, Keskda's relations writ& Berlin were findly

sad-led.

The nervous ambassador of Imperial Germany to Stocholm, von Reichenau, in his letter to Bethmann HoPBweg on

B6

October, deemed Keskiila unre- liable. H o m n ; on 27 October KeskiiQa met in StockhoBm a former com- patriot, Professor WiPheBm Osb"~dd, on whom he made a very good am- pression. On 3 November Osmald sent a Better to Zimmermann, in which he gave his positive opinion of Kesk~la, and on B7 December Reic- henau suggested that the Ministry of Foreigh M a i ~ - s pay 10,000 marks to H(eskiPla, which was duly paid to the Patter at the end of De~ember.~~

In a Better sent from Stockholm, Keskda characterised Lenin and the supporters of his direction, the Russian Socid Democrats, who had sett-

led down in Bern. He noted that if one is clever, those people could be used more than they wodd like it themselves. The Better was dated 30

November. The year was

13

14.

This was the first reference to Lenin in the German archives.'* By the wayR Keskiila was well ahead of the other Mex- ander, Alexander Helphand-Parws, who had acquired a reputation in Germany as a patron of the Russian re~lutionahy movement. P a m s

did

not contact the mbassador of Imperid Germany to Istanbul until 8 Janu-

ary

B31

5, four months later than Keskiila with Roderg, and F a m s arri- ved in Berlin during the First TSVorld War for the first time at the end of February, 19 4 5,35 thus dmost m o months &er Keskiila.

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KeskGla was in Stockholm again in May 113 11

5.

At the beginning of this month, on 3 May, he had submitted a long memorandum to the Political Department of the German General Staff, in which he analysed Lenin's organisation and characterised Lenin as a strong organiser, who would be able to exercise the most brutal and inexhaustible energy: "Lenin is a real M o ~ c o v i t e " . ~ ~ O n Friday,

14

May 1915, Aeksander Keskiila received a passport in the name of Alexander Stein from the German Ministry of Foreign Mairs. The timing of this event was not a coincidence. In this way a week ended, during which Berlin had exerted considerable pressure on StockhoPnm to persuade the Batter to join the military alliance against Russia.37

On Tuesday, B 8 May, Meksander Keskula had dready started his jour- ney O n this day, in Sassnitz, "Alexander Stein's" passport received its first stamp.

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in all, this passport was stamped ten times during 19 15. Seven of these were received in Sassnitzis - on B8 May, 20 July, 3 August (two), 23 October and 17 November, and three in 6ottmadingen - on 3 B Au- gust (two) and

4

Be it accidental or not, KeskiPPa's second arrival in Stockholm coincided with the period when Keskiila's friend Bogrovski was the one to commu- nicate more with Lenin than the other local Bolsheviks did. Some time after k B May Bogrovski brought Lenin news about the arrests of Bolshe- v i b in Petrograd and informed the leader of the Bolsheviks about how to travel to Sweden and about living conditions there: the issues that Lenin had taken m interest in." Bn July 1915, Keskiila emphasised to Berlin once again the importance of Lenin as the destroyer of the Tsarist regime in Russia and warned the Germans against a big and modernised Russia. Bn September, however, the Lenin programme that k k i i l a had submitted to Berlin had, according to Fritz Fischer, caused a turning point in the German revolutionary policy towaxds Russia and helped to overcome the weaknesses of the concept of

Since the summer of 191

5,

KesP<da spent increasingly longer time in StoclPnolm. In October he arrived together with the Lithuanian Juozas Gabrys. At the end of the month Gabvs returned to Switzerland, whereas Keskiila stayed in Sweden."' This, by the way, happened while Berlin once again more actively attempted to include Sweden in warfare."

By

the autumn of B9 B

5

at the latest, KeskCala has rented an elegantly furnished villa with a Barge garden and numerous servants in Stockscsund, a suburb of Stoc%&olm. Here he gave excellent dinners, where his wife, a nice litde Swiss lady, acted as a hostess, and where one sort ofwine followed another, as Wermann Gummereas recalled ten years The fnrst entrance in

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Gurnrnerus' diary about a meeting between him and KeskiiPa was made on

4

November 1915.44 Gurnmerus introduced Keskula to Rdael Erich, the future Finnish Prime Minister in 1320-1 92 1, and his other compatri- o t ~ . ~ ~ Hn the spring o f 1916, Keskiila used his connections with the Finns to disseminate Bolshevik propaganda literature in

Keskcla came into contact with the Swedish activists and established particularly good relations with Swedish o%cers, by skilEully making use of ehe historicd ties from the time when Estonia belonged to Sweden.47 Keskda stayed longer in StochoPm until June 19

16,

after which the Ger- mans and Finns persuaded him to travel to Lausanne and participate in the 3rd Conference o f the Union of Nati~nalities.~' At this conference KeskiiBa did not speak, but Re did submit a memorandum, which was published both in the Conference publication and as a separate brochure. B6 je CoBlimder singled it out from m o n g the declarations given to the Conference: "Here indeed speaks a spirit &at despite the hostile circums- tances stubbornly exalts itself and the like to be equal partners in conpe- tition with any other ~aation."~'

Hn summary, the principles of this memorandum that had been sub- mitted in the name o f Estonians were the following. In the conre o f KeskibPa's thoughts was the Baltic Sea. The first three sub-chapters of the Memorandum, which bore the title "The Question of Estonia and the Question of the Nordic Countries", dI dealt with the problem of ruling the Bdn-ic Sea.50 In his vision, three cultural areas co%lided in the Baltic Sea region: Kultu~k~eis, as he has called a d drawn them with his own hmd on the maps preserved at Stanford. These were the East European cultural area or Russia (Osteuropiiischer Kulturkreis or Russhnd), the Central Euro- pean cultural area (Mi~eleuropiiischer Kulturkreis) and the Worth Europe- an cu8mrd area (Nordeu~.opiiicher Kultzkrkreis)

.

The latter started with Hce- land in the west and comprised on the one hand Denmark, Nomay and Sweden and on the other hand Estonia and Finland and reached as

h r

as Karelia. In the Baltic provinces, true enough, its southern border ran dong very schematic lines, i.e. it was somewhere m u n d the present southern border o f Esto~ia.~' Estonia, which had initially belonged to the No~thern European cultural area, was annexed to the Centrd European culcurd area in the beginning o f the 13th century, regained its place in North Europe in the 16th century. In the 18th century it fell under the ~ o k e o f Eastern Europe, f o m which it now, at the time o f the First VYbrld War, tried to liberate itself to rejoin the Nordic Countries.

The

last chap- ter of the Memorandum, "Estonian Nationd Aspirations and the Ques- tion of the I\Tsrd-Bic Countries", finished with the words: "On the solution

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to the problem of the Nordic countries, which is also a world historic4 problem, depends the whole existence of the Northern European civilisa- tion, as well as its grandeur. Such is the question of the Nordic ~ o u n t r i e s . " ~ ~

In 1985 a Swede, Hans Bjijrkegren, published a book called Ryskapos- tez, which ended with a chapter about Neksander KeskiiPa, bearing the title "A Dream about a Baltic Sea State".53 Alehander Kan mentions that historians have never reviewed this piece ~ f w r i t i n g . ~ ~ The pages dedicated to Keskiila in this book deserve some comments. Bjiirl~egren's methods of work were fast: when there were no facts available, he used his fantasy or relied too much on his memory, which, however, sometimes failed him. Some examples: Bjijrkegren was convinced that Keskiila spent the last years ofhis life in the United States, where he died as well. We emphasised this more than once.55 Keskiila did not die in America, he died in Spain and it is altogether unknown whether he visited the USA at all. Still, in the USA, in New Haven, lives Keskda's former pupil and a long-time friend, Juan Linz, Professor ofPo1itica.l Science at 'dale Uni~ersity.~~ Simi- larly, Bjijrkegren repeatedly emphasised that Keskiila had severed relationships with Germany already in June 13 16." In reality, this happened almost exactly one year later.j8 Nevertheless, it is true that in summer P316 the relationships between Keskiila and the Germans did start to deteriorate. About the money that Keskiila had received from the Ger- mans, Bj~rkegren claimed to b o w that in 1923 Keskiila had offered to pay it back, but had received no reply.j9 Pn fact, he not only offered to pay it back, he did pay and the Germans have a written confirmation of re- ceipt of moneyb0 Neither is it true that Futrell met KeskiiPa in 1362.61 Sometimes it is simply editing that is missing. I?it first Bjorkegren wrote that the Swedish police had interrogated Alehander Keskda about Gus- taf Paju for the first time in April 191 8 and that Kesktila had made a number of revealing statements about the latter. He later claims that Keskda had handed over his undisciplined agent to the Swedes in Febru- ary 1918.62 Bjorkegren can be believed when other sources confirm what he says or when his data match the system that has been created with the help of other authors.

An essential part of the sub-chapter dedicated to Gustaf Paju comprises the interrogation and confession of Alehander Keskiila to the Swedish police on 22 April 191 8. Further investigation into the matter has verified that the majority of what Keskiila said about Paju was true." 31thout delving into the stony of Gust& K)+, which would digress us from the topic, H want to mention that Bjbrkegren has in principle made correct

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references t o the minutes of Keskiilds interrogation." Furthermore, Bjorkegren's conclusion &at KesPciilais activities did n o t attract m u c h at- tention from the Swedish police is also true.65

In connecting this case and the case o f Gustaf Paju, t w o hypotheses are possible. T h e first - is it n o t possible h a t the lack o f attention o f the

Swedish police t o Keskiila's activities was caused b y t h e latter's good con- nections w i t h the Swedish oE~cers, w h i c h was emphasised b y Gumarmerus! T h e Estonian was first interrogated w h e n the police department whose task was t o ianvestigate espionage had been removed from the competence o f the General S t d , i n fact t w o m o n t h s aker &is

h d

happened.66 T h e second - Bjijrkegrew criticises &skeala for having mercilessly handed over his agent kaju t o the Swedish police." T h i s m a y indeed seem t o be t h e case i f w e assume that K e s k d a was a c o m m o n adventurer and an agent. 'Ilet if w e assume that Keskiila imagined t h e future o f Estonia as part o f Sweden or i n close ties w i t h Sweden

and

himself as a politician i n this country, w e can t h e n interpret this behaviour as being ioyd t o the Swedish authorities.

It seems &at during the second

hdf

o f 1316, f ~ o m t h e conference i n Lausanwe until t h e end o f the year3 Keskiila was away from Sweden.68 At

the end o f

1316

or at the beginning o f the next year h e re-appeared in Stockholm, staying for a longer t i m e again. I n 1917 Keskila established his o w n Estonian O f i c e i n Stoc&olm. According t o a member o f t h e Estonian Foreign Delegation, Ferdinmd Kull, h e had seen his mission as protecting the rights o f Estonia, Livonia and P n g ~ i a . ~ ~ %'hen relationships w i t h Germany start cooling d o w n , E;esBciila$ contacts w i t h the representa- tives o f the Entente started t o develop. Hn April 13 13 h e himself divided his activities during the W o r l d W a r into three ~ e r i o d s : B3 14-1

9

17 as a German agent; 13 1 7-1 3 18 a supporter o f the Entente and since B 3 1 X -

against the Entente.'O Hw connection with H(eskda it has often been emp- hasised &at besides the militasy, journalists were representatives o f the other profession

with

w h o m h e succeeded i n maintaining good rela- tions." Were

H

feel intrigued

by

the article " S o m e Traits o f t h e History o f the DevePoprnent t h e Estonian Independence Thought", w h i c h was pub- lished i n t h e January issue o f the pro-activist journal Svensk Tidk~ift;'~

Wlimy

d o

I

dare t o ascribe this article t o Aeksander KeskiiBa! T h e author

of

h i s m i c l e is certainly an Estonian. T h i s is confirmed by t h e journal itselt noting that the article has been obtained from "an especially profession&' Estonian. In addition, the factend precision o f the article is noteworthy especially i n places where a Swede could have made mistakes.

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claims that during three years he had received "trustworthy information" about events in Estonia not only &m the Estonian press, but also from "well-informed" prominent Estonians. Hence we can conclude that the author had not been in Estonia

all

the time, which corresponds to Keskula's life. Secondly, a number of thoughts in the article correspond to the ones in Keskiila's authentic texts. There are several arguments to prove that the author of the article could not have been Jaan TGnisson, for instance. First, this issue of the journal had been sent to the printer's right &er 16 January because the column giving a review of current affairs bore that date, but Jaan Tiinisson arrived in Stockholm about ten days later, on 26 Jan~ary.'~ Second, during the thirry years that P have done research on these problems, I have never come across a statement or even implication that the article could have been written by T6nisson or any other Estonian.

VCie shodd not forget Nathm S~derblom either, the world-famous Swedish archbishop. It is not impossible that on 27 June 1928, when the archbishop as the specid envoy of the Swedish h n g inaugurated the monument to Gustavus Adolphus in tart^,'^ he was also thinhng about the man f o m this town he had called his fiend.

Hf

not earlier, this acquaintance could have emerged in spring 1317, when Keskiila mice visited Uppsda. He first arrived there on 20 March and probably returned to Stocldmolm on 2 April; on 16 May he came to Uppsala for the second time.75 The first preserved postcard &om Keskula to the archbishop (depicting Toompea in Tallinn), dates [torn 25 July in the same year; the second (depicting von Baer's monument of Toomemagi in Tartu) from

4

August.

On

10 August P 3 17 Kesktila sent a hmd-written letter to Soder- blorn, on 31 May P918 a typed one. Hn the latter he wrote about the unification of the Ingrian, Estonian, Finnish and Swe$ish Protestant Chlarches because he thought that "[d]mrch einen solchen nordischen Krchenbeis wiirde das protestantische Irnperium Gustav Adolfs vor- IauGg wenigstens auf $ern Lrchlichen Gebiet wieder in die Erscheinung treten kijnnen". 76

In the memoirs of the member of the Estonian foreign delegation Fer- dinand Kull, Keskihla somewhat unexpectedly disappears. At the beginning ofSeptember he is still mentioned," but then Mull is concerned with other problems and he does not say what became of Keskla. As Keskijlla's letter to Sijderblorn of 31 May 191 8 betrays, he h d hatched plans to leave Sweden since early spring.

In

that letter he also writes that he would stay on in Sweden for at least W O more weeks." However, more time was

needed.

At

the turn of June-July (24/6-10/7) he and his wife spent t w ~

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to say farewell to the Baltic Sea and his horneland, which lay behind it, for good, as there is no poof that KeskGPa had at any time Pater visited Esto- nia or Scandinavia.

O n P

7

September 19 18 he and his wife are still in StochoPrn, staying at the Regina Hotel,8o but a week later his comrade from StocPd.loBrn days, Oskar EBevant, sends him a letter to Christianiaeal In 1919 he is back in Switzerland, where he dso lived in the 1920s. Pn 1932 he moved to Spin, where his sister was studying. He spent the last d a y s of his life in Madsid in 1963. But any attempts to 6md his grave have filed; the author of this article has visited that country three times for &is purpose.

Notes

1 Michael Futrell, Northern Underground. Episodes of Russian Revolutionary Tvdnsport and Communications through Scandinavia andlcinknd, 1863-1917, London 1963, p.

147; Michael Futrell, Undeiordiskt i Norden. Episoderfdn y s b revolutionara tram- porter och firbindelsergenorn Skadinavien och Finlund 1863-1917, Stockholm 1963,

p. 146.

2 Eesti Piiigiarhiiv Filiaal (The Branch of Estonian National Archives, ERAF), stock 27 (The Commission of History of the Communist Parry of Estonia), series 1, item 128,

p. 8, 10-11, 16-17; item 131, pp. 6-7.

3 Hoover Institurion on War, l<evolution and Peace. Archives (HIWRT, A). A. Keskuela Collection, Box number 2, Folder ID, Status of Estonia, La historia del ferrocarril (Translated by Liis Kallikorm).

4 &chard Pipes, The Russsian Revolution, 1899-1919, London 1997, p. 381. 5 IHeinrich Erits & Endel Kuusik, "Aleksander Keskiila inimese ja revolutsionaarina

kaasaegsete mdestustes", Ajdloolin~Ajakiri 1999: 3 4 , pp. 47,49.

G Eesti Ajalooarhiiv (Estonian Hissorical Archives, EAA), stock 402 (Tartu University), series 1, item 21747, p. 3.

7 EAA, stock 402, series 1, item 21478, pp. 85-86. 8 E M , stock 335, series 5, item 51, p. 22.

9 Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum. Eesti I(La6tuurilooline Arhiiv (Estonian Literary Museum. Estonian Cultural History Archives, EKM EKLA), stock 193, item 35:36, pp. 3 4 .

10 E M , stock395, series 5, item 51, p. 31. 11 Futrell, pp. 137, 148.

12 Alfred Erich Senn, "The Myth of German Money During the First World War",

Soviet Studies 1976: 1 , pp. 87-88. 13 E M , stock 395, series 5 , item 5 1, p. 23.

14 ER@, stock 27, series 1, item 248, pp. 10-13. 15 E W E stock 395, series 5, item 51, p. 23.

16 Oskar Eoorits, "Eesti ajaloo p6hiprobleemid", heseicvushte kiiavara 11, Uppsala 1355, p. 110.

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37 EAA, stock 1767, series 1, item 717, p. 2.

18 Elrnar IGrotx, '%US-lasi E.V. vdisteenistuses", EUS album XV, Stockholm 1970, p. 61.

19 E M stock 27, series l , item 248, p. 1.13.

20 Iceskula, La Question Esthonienne et Id Question Septentrionale. Mimoire prksenti az~ nom des Esthoniens B Id I h e Conj%ence des Nationalitis, Lausanne 1918; Kaido Jaan- son, "Estonia and Baltic Sea Co-operation: From Idea to Reality", Nationalities Papers 1995:1, p. 79.

21 Jaan Tdnisson, who was arrested during the first Soviet occupation (1940-1941), vanished without a trace and any attempts to identify the circumstances of his death or find his grave have only resulted in various speculations.

21 Alfred Erich Senn, The Russian Rez~obtion in Switzerland I 9 1 6 1 9 1 Z Wisconsin 1971, p. 61; Olavi Arens, "Aleksander Keskiila", Eesti Zaduste Akadeemiu Eimetised. Uhiskonnateadused 199 1 : 1, p. 32.

22 Werner Hahlweg, Lenins Riickkehr nach Russland 1917. Die deutschen Akten, Leiden 1957, p. 39.

23 Seppo Zetterberg, Die Liga der FremduoIker Russlands 191G1918. Ein Beitrag zu Deutschhnds antirussisc/~em Propagandakrieg untev den Fremdvolkern Russhnds im Ers- ten Weltkrrieg Helsinki 1978, pp. 52-53.

24 Stefan T Possony, Lenin. The Compulsive Revolutionary, Chicago 1964, p. 176. 25 Viadimirllyich Lenin. Biograjtcheskaya khmnika. Tom 3. 1912-1917, Moskva 1972,

p. 285.

26 Ibidem, pp. 287-288,290-292,2944295,239-302. 27 Ibidem, pp. 304305.

28 Aleksandra M. Kollontai. "Reuoluts$a - velikdya myatezhnitsa . . . " I~brann~yiepirma 1901-1952, Moskva 1989, p. 463.

29 Futrell, pp. 122-124, 126, 129-133, 136138, 140-141, 146147, 152.

30 Aleksander G. Sjlapnikov, &nun semnadtrdtogo godd. Semnadtsatyi god, Moskva 1?92, p. 344.

31 Futrell, pp. 141, 143.

32 Kaido Jaanson, "See kummaline eestlane", Looming 1990:7, p. 959. Mikhail Kalinin, also from the province of Tver, was the head of state of the Soviet Union in 1919- 1946.

33 Senn 1971, p. 61; Zetterberg, p. 54; Tnger Schubert, Schweden unddas DeutscheReich im Erstevz Weltkrieg Die Aktivi~tenbewegun~ 19141918, Bonn 198 1, p. 23. 34 Arens, p. 32; Possony, p. 175.

35 Zbignev Zeman, Vinfred Sharlau, Parvus - kupets revolutsyi, New York 199 1, pp. 165,

175. 36 Arens, p. 33.

37 Wilhelm M. Carlgren, Neutralitat oder Allianz. Deotschlands Beziehungen zu Schweden in den AnfdngQahren des ersten Weltkrieges, Srocliholm 1962, pp. 102-1 11.

38 Yale University Library Manuscripts and Archives. Keskula Papers. Group 3 1 1, box No. 3.

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39 VMimir1hi~-h Lmin, pp. 337, 340, 345, 357.

40 Friez Fischer, Grzffnach der W/eItm(kcht, Die K~ie~szielpolitik des kaiserlichen Deutsch- land 1914/18, DritteAzlfige, Diisseldorf 1964, pp. 178-1 81.

41 Senn 1371, p. 71. 42 Carlgren, pp. 213-229.

43 Herman Gummerus, Jugare och aktivister, Melsingfors 1927, p. 192.

44 Suomen Mansallisarkisto (National Archives of Finnland, I a ) , 602:220 (Herman Gummerus Collection), 40.

45 Gummerus, p. 192 46 P(A, 602:220,40. 47 Gummerus, p. 132

48 Kaido Jaanson, "Eestlane Aleksander Keskiila ja Rahvuste Uniooni I11 konverents Lausanne' is 1916. aastal", Akddeemia 2000:9, pp. 1840-1850.

49 Biirje Colliander, "kausannemotet 19 16. Ete ideologiskt varsel under forsta varldskri- ger", Acta Acahmiae Aboensis, Ser. A, Humaniora 19642, pp. 3 6 4 3 .

50 Keskula, pp. 5-1 l.

51 HIWRP, A, A. Keskuela Collection, Box number 2, Folder ID, Status of Estonia, Marre No. 2.

52 Keskula, pp. 19-20.

53 Hans Bj~rkegren, RYskaposten. De ryska revolutionurerna iiliorden 190619I7, Stock- holm 1985, pp. 312-339.

54 Aleksander Kan, "Lenin, Branting och Hogiund, Scandid 1999:1, p. 109. 55 Bj~rkegren, pp. 331, 338,365.

56 Juan Linz, "Between nations and disciplines: personal experience and intellectual un-

derstanding of societies and political regimes", in Hans Daalder (ed.), Comparative Ezlropean Politics: The Story of a Profession, London 1997, p. 101; Juan Linz, Estonia Notes, New Haven 1998 (Manuscript in the ownership of Kaido Jaanson). 57 Bjorkegren, pp. 31 6,335.

58 Willi Gautschi, Lenin als E m i p n t in der Schweiz, Ziirich 1973, p. 172. 59 Bjorkegren, p. 339.

60 Yale University Library. Manuscripts and Archives ( W L . M&). Keskula Papers. Gro- up 3 1 1, box No. l , folder No. 7.

61 Bjorkegren, p. 339. They met in 1961 (Furrell, p. 143). 62 Bjorkegren, pp. 317,336.

63 Ibidem, pp. 315-320.

64 Rharkivet (National Archives of Sweden, M), Starens polisbyrh for overvakande av udanningar i riket, E 3 3 , Korresponensserien VPM 1917-1918, n:o 81 1.

65 Bjorkegren, p. 332.

66 RA. Starens polisbyrin for overvakande av utlanningar i riket. 67 Bjorkegren, p. 336.

68 Furrell, p. 134.

69 Ferdinand Kull, Masumehi ja boheembi Esimesi Eesti diplomaate, Tallinn 1996, p.

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70 Jaanson 1930, p. 964.

7 1 Jakob Ploompuu, "IGri Vabariigi eelaegadest", Tulimuld 195 1 : 1, p. 44.

72 Estonus, "Nigra drag ur den esrlandska ~jdfstandi~hetstankens utvecklingshistoria", Svensk Edskrij? 19 18: 1 , pp. 29-38.

73 Ants Piip, Tormine aasta. Ulevaade Eesti viilispoliitika esiajast 191 7-1918. dastal doku- mentides ja miilestc~sis, arebro 1966, p. 100.

74 Postirnees 27, 28/6 1928.

75 M. Statens polisbyrbn, Harbargerarlrort (poli~erin~skort), 1317 E 6 3 5

76 Uppsala universitetsbibliothek. Handslrrifis- och musika~delnin~en (UUB. HM) (Copy by favour of Ken Kalling).

77 Kdl, pp. 222-223.

78 UUB. HM.

79 Starens polisbyrL E 6: 61, Harbargerarkort (poliseringskort), 191 8. 80 Ibidem.

8 1 Yale University Libraty Manuscripts and Archives. Keskula Papers. Group 3 1 1, box No. 4.