312. Matters concerning cooperative agreement projects between Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station and USDA Soil Conservation Service, 1939

UBLIC ROADS

U. S. De2artment of Agriculture

Official Business

CIVIL ENGINEERITL SECTION OF

LIPERIAENT STATION

Year 1940-1941

eta

Project

Project

Person in

Est.Sta.

Est. Sta.

Number

Title

Charge

Salary

_Costs

Expense

_Costs

A.

Materials hesearch

1. High-strength wire for Legault

reinforcement of

pre-cast concrete beams

2. Water-proofing of

adobe structures

B.

Meteorology

$359.00

208.00

$20.00

45.00

1. Experimentta check

of L',ohv,er formula

for evaporation

2. leteorological

Observattons

M.Parshall 353.00

10.00

It

450.00

325.00

+so

Lesign and Invention

1. Fz.11 Velocity Apparatus

2. Hydraulic band Separator

3. Irrigation Structures

(Sand traps, measuring

uevices. seepage control)

Gunder

427.00

489.0

R.ParsIaa11947.00

D.

Pumping for Irrigation and Lrainage

444.

50.00

50.00

100.00

1. Irrigation use of

Code

1833.00

ground water in So.

Platte drainage-1940

2. Ground water fluctuations

133.00

and relation to pumping

3. Lesign and operation

itoher

180.00

of Qumoing .lants

495.00

35.00

125.00

E.

Snow Surveys

1. Photographic methods

TI.Parshal1267.00

55.03

for making snow surveys

2. Snow course measure-

R.2arshal1538.00

250.00

mepts forecast analysis

CASH RE6ERVE

190.00

TOTLLS

$i6164.0

41730.00

der

CP de

Rohwer

4014

--ckS

aAA(1-et

/941-at(

/V93

1

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EIVREAU OF ARIMICULTURAL "ElsiZINEERING:

SOIL CONSERVATION

CONSERVATION SERVICE

Division or Irrigation

Mr. R. L. Parshall Colo. Agr. Exp. Station Fort Collins, Colorado Dear Mr. Parshall:

222 POST OFFICE BUILDING BERKELEY, CALIF. MAIL ADDRESS: P. 0. BOX 180 August

8, 1940

First I wish to apologize for our failure to reply to your letter of July 10 with which you enclosed copies of project outlines prepared for Director Newsom on the subjects of Design and Invention of Irrigation Apparatus and Snow Surveys and Forecasting Irrigation Water Supplies.

I have gone over both of the project outlines and have no objection to their publication or use by Dr. Newsom in their present form.

Very truly yours,

OZtd-e5;743#

C.---

)

K

-A. T. Mitchelson, Acting L'hief, Division of Irrigation

1. Pro.tact Title. Snow Surveys and irrigation Water Forecasts.

ObJective. To systematicall,y measure the water content of tho snow cover on the several drainage areas in Colorado and by analysis of these data to fo.r.ecast the probablo coming saa;t;on's runoff in tho interests of 3. Re%sons for Und3rtakkr4 the Stud. This is ci continuing project, startOd in 1935, and t date five complete yours of records ar,..11 available 46 the basis of forting. Thefurpose of this work Is to for.,)cast tha runoff, in the interest of wAtor supply for 4imrigation, during tho summer season subsequent to tho 1.to wlutar snoLotvoys. Thia cooptio projet in Colontdo oov:)ro

.L11- the main drainagerBrthe State, and for the season 1940/ there were main-71.:cgtirr, vrtorr onr..s .

4. Previous Tiork apd '4.4pOic pp tAe Pr9b.104. Thu value of tho work done under this prokact increases with eaon year record, vald beouse of the accumulation of accurato dependable iolcords over an exended period, the basis for 1-111ttble rorteLing WIll b,,ocome more and more flrmly astablishod.

The ien f thie. .)1-.s4ect., on snow survys and irrigaL..on water forecasts :18 wldoroad and csra.i73 4111 alavan wast,3rn mountain states of

our country, as well 40 the northwest zevinces of Canada.

?erbp flo ottuer field of iwearoh fri oxol opportunity for se4rch-ing our baaiu facts reled to snow, procipitat,lon, character of drainage area and the runoff than does this snow survoy ,r.oject. Much has already been. accomplished in this field with emny phases of the oroblam yet to be investig-ated.

tb,,t imot ,e,:trs, to date, -,ransactiouo !.'r the Hyth.ology Section, Anv!rican Geophyelal Union, has Inaluded a lo,rgil numbor of papers and dis-cussions co-terine tilt broad field f snow survering and IA e relation to

vanoff.

5. Prooadurr-f, The goweral plan now folluwwi is to have the snow surveys made in the field by conlpo,3nt ,b6rv,ers at definite stat,.)d times, usually the first of the months .f February, March, April, and May, and report the resul-is inn.Aiately by toloograph to our Fort Collins headquarters. These data are carefully analyzed and tabulated according to the several drainage areas. These data, in eonjunction with drcipitation records, reservoir fillIngs, soil noisture and other uoofal information, are aseembled and

promptly published in mimeograph form.

These reports are mailed immedLately to an exoAnded 1st of federal, wad state agencies, irrigation companies, business organizations, and others interested in 1.v; tolbji,ot of water supp113s.

This allbject of snow surveys is relativzily nsw and so far, the exper-ience indicates that many phases of the ,)roject ffer definite fields for fur ti;r 5tudy and onvostigation.

6. Probabl; Duration. Tha nature of 411-1E, project definitely classifies it as on of continuation. No st-atement is possible at this time as to the probable time required to determine definitel, the basic fondamentals underlying this study as a whole.

7. Financial Support. The funds supporting this project for this fiscal year ara estimated on the following basis:

Government Station Salar7 3850 't• 575 Labor 100 100 _cluipment 10 100 Supplies 50 Travel 135 (Colorado) $4285 $775 Othsr Souru

$

00 $ 200

8. Personnel. Th following parsonnl and estimated time f assistants have been set up as a chectala for this fiscal y-ear.

R. L. Parshall Carl Rohwer -W. °ode M. Parshall -Steno4raphlr 9 months -- --12 - - Loader - - Assistant ^ it

9.

Departmmts Involved. This project is being directed by th=1 Division of Irrigation, Soil Conservation Service, U. S. D. A., in cooperation with the Colorado ,gricu17ura1 Expt-riment Station. In addition o this, the following agencies cooperate in carrying on the work:

U. S. Forst Serv

U. S. Nationql Park Servic, U. S. Bureau of R;ciamation U. S. Neather Bureau

U. S. 6aological Survey U. S. War Department

State 3nginer of Colorado

City and County of Denver and Irrigation Associations, Power Companies and others.

10. Reggnal or National Cooperation. This project is widespread over the mountainous western states and the cooperation with the Colorado Experiment Station is but One f many cooperating agencies.

1. ProJect Title. Irrigation Structures. 2. Objective.

A. Sand Traps; The development of one or more practical types of such (le-y-IA:es that 7(111 tid ellannoc.o o: 7ole Lad load und:r various field conditions; such as, nature of material, velocity of flow, size of channel, outlet conditions and other limitations.

B. Water Measuring Devices: Work has already been accomplished in the devel-opment of a type of device that is intended to meet field conditions where

the ova:Liable head f ,r measurement is limited, such as f r channels having flat grades.

C. instruments: To develop an acre-foot integrating instrummt suitable for use in connection 'with a special design of measuring device, operated in open channels, which ma:, also be applied to the discharge line from a pumping plant to record the acre-feet of water pumped and applied as irrig-ation during any period or for the 'total season's operirrig-ation.

D. Ditch Lining: To perfect practical methods ,f lining irrigation channels to prevent seepage loses, thus increas:ng tha efficiency of the available irrigation water supply.

3. Reasons for Undertaking the Study.

A. Said Traps: The purpose of developing practical designs of sand traps is to meet the growing ne.A for such devices that will trap out the deposit from channels and tnus maarially lesson the maintenance and operation costs,

particularly irrigation systems.

B. Measuring Devices: The efficient use of irrigation water supplies de-pends largely upon careful measurement and proper distribution f the avail-able supply, as dependent upon rights and decrees for such water. At the present time, there a real need for a 2pactical measuring (twice, of simpIa construction and operation, that will weet th,o requirements f measuring lo N velociy flows.

C. Integrating insurumenta: To promote tho efficiency of irrigation sapplies when applied to definite areas of crops. it is believed important that a definite record of the amount of water applAed should be available to enable the farmer to know the extent f a single rrigation, as well as the total fur

he season. Also where water is purchased or contracted, sach a record dould form the basis for settlement.

D. Ditch Lining: The consistent shortage of irrigation supplies has made aviuen. the necessity of sav_ni; ,; ter b, lining irrigation channels

for the purpose of reducing a minimum 'lit losses. Und,er some known conditions of soil, more than one half of the supply carried in small laterals and ditches is lost before It can be actually applied to the field. It has been estimated that the general over-all efficiency of irrigation supplies is only about one-third.

4. Previous 5ork and Present Outlook on the Problem.

is.. Sand Traps: Thera has now been developed the vortex tube and the riffle deflector sand 'craps, also the practical application of these in combina-tiontion. Work has been accompli2hed n ne gratag or louver type of trap together with studies on the carved deflector. The vortex tube and riffle

deflectors are believed advanced to tha point where recommendation can be made for use under certain field conditions. Thera is yet to be in-vestigated the siphon sand trap which, if found to possess merit, may find a useful application under certain limiting field conditions; namely, for such cases where the available grade for slucing purposes is so

flat that sand and silt deposited in the canal cannot be moved out with-out resorting to mechanical means, such as by dredging or pumping.

B. Measuring Devices: The Parshall measaring flume is generally

re-garded as a pracsical moans of meeing a ver,s large percentags sf all field conditions. This device is capable of accurate measurements of both small and large flows in open channels. For eonli"ions ,7 low vilocisy flow, and limited loss of head, this measuring flume is not ideally suited because of the required exactness of determining the effective heads or degree of submergence. Special equipment is required to measure carefully the heads and under field conditions it has been found difficult, if not impossible, to make such observation when using the s..dinary methods now practiced in the field. It is the ambition to perfect a measuring device that does not require the measurement of heads. Instead, a buoyant turbine will be used where the rate of rotation will be the index of discharge.

C: integrating Instrument: Two such integrators have been built at the hydraulic laboratory for field use. Neither ,f these were considered sufficient to be classed as highly practical, and therefore, nothing fur-ther has been done in advancing tne design sf these experimental instru-ments. Both types are clock driven and fsr this reason handicapped as a reasonably inexpensive inssr-iment shich would be within roach of the farmer. D. Ditch Lining: Some experimental sserk has been done in lining irrigation channels with cotton fabric asing tar as a binding medium. This exper-imental cotton lining, which did not prove successful, was placed in a smull lateral near Fort Collins in Oe:,ober, 1938. This experience re-sulted in an improved plan for doing such work. It is the intention to line a portion of an irrigation lateral in the College Farm where cotton fabric and asphalt will be used in 'he construction. A number of re-quests have been received for information as to methods, materials, and costs in csnnecsion with ;ae problem of preventing seepage from small farm laterals.

5.

Procedure. The general plan underlying the study and investigation of such devices will be to resort to various experimental laboratory settings, and by test and visual observation, study trends and reactions which will guide in Use proportioning and design of workable and

prac-tical devices. The proposed study having to do with the siphon type of trap, will be undertaken at the BAlvue Laboratory by setting up a 1/4 scale model and investigate it 8 possibilities. Certain hydraulic

data will be systematically observed and recorded for final analysis. B. geasuring Devices: A full scale m ,del of low head, adjustable

3

for limits of accuracy. :safore publicizing and recommending the general use of such a device, steps will be taken to study the , poration and lim itutions under actual field csndiions.

C. Integrating Instruments: It is proposed that a full scale working model f thia instriment be built at the laboratory and tested either at the Ballvua Laboratory or Campus Hydraulic Laboratory for accurac:: and lLmi:ons, .nd -clam 1ter ts operate ts alder field condi;ions as proof of its practicability.

D. Ditch Linings: Matgrials are now on h nd for Indertaking the placing sf a c ttsn fabric-asphalt experimental lining in a section of lateral on the College Farm. Appropriate notes will be recorded as to the pro-cedure follswed and later observations will be made as to ths durability, weakness in th3 cons ,ruction, and 4sh:r deSails useful in preparing a

brief repor. _tside from the Us.) of cotton fabric as a sealing medium,

emulsified Asphalt mixed with loam soil and spread as e. sarface over the sides and boom of the channel should be tried which may prove to be a cheap and effective means of checking the slapage losses. also sandy secions of channels, known to be elaces of 91,te'3SLiive loss of water, could

be traed *Jith different ,sercentages of bentonits properl placed and covered protect against displacement by erosion. Experimental sections could be treated with waste products from the cement factory near Fort Col-lins. Measareusats of the discharge before and after treatment of these experimental sections should be made to d3t3rmin the water saved as re-lated to th csst f such improvements.

6. Probable Duration. The parts of this project, as enumerated, will re-quire more time than can be given to the full coverage of the work this fiscal year, 1940-41. It is not likely that any laboratory work on the siphon sand tra,2, low head measuring device or integrating instrument can be done until the last quarter of the year. The 'experimental cotton-asphalt ditch linlug may be accomplished after the irrigation season closed late in Se..tamber, 1940.

7. Financial Sup ort. The funds supporting this project are estimated on the following cooperative basis:

Government station. Salary $ 162 $ 947 Labor 50 -1;quipment 50 50 Supplies 50 -Travel 1.50

3 19 ,

$ 104rt

8. Versonn31. Th3 following prJonnel and e6timited time assistants have been sat up as a schedule fo.: . 11Ls fiscal year.

R. L.

Partihall, 3

month:, Carl 1Whwer, 1 months r;;. monhs

Maxwell Parshall, _! months Stenographer, 2 months

1,eaders Assistants

9.

_{Departments involved. This project is being directed by tiw Division}

of Irrigation, Soil Conservation Service, U.S.D.., in cooperation with tht Colorado Agricultural CAperiment Station.

IU. Regional or National Cooperation. Project carried under cooperative agreement between the Division of Irrigation, Soil Conservation Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture and the Colorado gricultural Experiment

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327S

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE

Washington, D. C.

January 31, 1939.

PREPARATION OF RESEARCH WORKING PLANS

ag.

In accordance -with the Dopartmont's UNIFORM PROJECT SYSTEM, research activitios of tho Soil Conservation Servico have becn organized on the basis of financial, work, and line projects.

This organization is set forth in a mimeographod pamphlot which has boon distributed to tho fiold. If, howevor, any field office

should be without the pamphlot, a copy may be had from the office of the Chiof of Resoarch.

MEMORANDA OF UNDERSTANDING have also becn comploted with various buroaus of the Federal Govcrnmont and with the State agri-cultural experiment stations. Such Memoranda have boon supple-montod by COOPERATIVE PROJECT AGRELENTS which scrve as a basis for spocific work alonE linos given in thc Outli•ne of Financial, Work, and Line Projects.

The actual proceduro in i.is' out these agrecments must be outlined in WORKING PLANS covoring each specific study under-taken or to be undorunder-taken. (Soe Field Memorandum SCS

Although a number of studies are alroady covored by such working plans, thorc arc still many which are not, and for thesc as won as for new studios contomplated, working plans must bo proparod as soon as possible. Sinco this is a requirement of tho Departmont, it is necessary that such plans be in not lator than May 1, 1939, if funds are to be allottod for the work next year.

In drawing up working plans it is ossontial to keep in mind the various purposos which thoy sorve. First of all (1) they

require thc workor to think through his projoct and to organize the proceduro. Furthermore, (2) thoy serve as a basis for the requost and subscquent allocation of funds, (3) they arc the basis on which Section Heads determine the adequacy of projcot programs and of thc technical moans to be employed, (4) thoy supply a record assuring tho reasonable continuation of the various studios despite

person-nel changes, (5) they furnish thc lozical basis for proparation of progress rcports, (6) thoy provide specific information which makes possible a proper accounting for public funds, (7) they make pos-siblc thc coordination of research and related programs, (8) they enaS le cooperators to keep themselves informed about important Setails of work.

The Wbrking Plan

Attached hereto is a revised outline for working plans which replaces that part of the mimeographed instructions Typical Cooperative Project Agreement With a Cooperative Agency entitled Typical Project 1:Torkirg Plan. The outline for cooperative aFree-ments remains unchanged. The revised outline for working plans is essentially the same as the one previously used, differing pr pally in a shifting of emphasis to certain portions of the plan.

The working plan should cover a specific piece of research rather than a location (see Field Memorandum SCS #714), and should relate to one of the approved line projects as listed in the

Outline of Financial, Work, and Line Projects. In some instances, two or more working plans, involving a like number of line

proj-ects, may be complementary, and in such cases this interrelation-ship should be shown in each plan. A given location may require several plans. On the other hand, however, one plan may serve for a single study carried on at tuo or more locations not widely separated.

Details of procedure are to be given in an appendix and should be sufficiently complete that even if leadership should be reassigned, •t.reak in observations will occur, and no unwarranted change in procedure will result.

Expenses which might be designated "overhead" or

%$L$J should be distributed to thc separate working plans so that

the sum of funds requested in the several plans rill be equal to the budget for any one work center (station, headquarters, field project, not including 7ashington offices). The only funds not to be included thus are B-0 monies.

It should be noted that a working plan though completed, should not become fixed. As thc work develops and changes arc required, they are readily accomplished through amendments made in the form of a letter, which will bc attached to file copies of the plan or plans involved. Such amendment is urged in order that the

v

very best deelopments in knowledge and technique may be utilized. In addition to the (1) Outline for a Typical Project Working Plan, there is attached also a (2) statement

latt

Pertaining to the organizing of research studies. The er, although a simple, general statement, will, it is hopcd, serve in some measure to relate our various field studios to the functions with which the Research Division is charged.

Attention should now be given to the preparation of working plans in order that proposed studies may bc approved and that all fiuld studios may be adequately represented in the allocation of

3

-funds for the coming year. Plans already approved should be care-fully reviewed and if necessary, brouF_ht up-to-date by amending or by rewriting them. For the moment, Appendixes A and B may be presented as more outlines. They should, however, be developed into final form just as soon as possible, and except for ncw work proposed, should be submitted not later than July 1, 1939. Appen-dix C, BUDGET, obviously must accompany working plans submitted for the first time.

The Washington staff will give all the assistance it can in the revision and preparation of these working plans.

M. L. Niches, Acting Chief, Division of Research.

OUTLINE OF WORKING PLAN FOR RESEARCH STUDIES

Identification of the specific working plan: In the upper right-hand corner of the first page should be shown:

(1) The financial-work-line project number (2) The fiscal allocation number

(3) The date under which the working plan is submitted, thus:

B-1-2-3 B-3-2-1

OKLA-R-1 17R-10

Jan. 4, 1938 Nov. 6, 1938

An amendment to the first example will be identified thus: B-1-2-3

OKLA-R-1 Jan. 4, 1938

Amend. Aug. 22, 1938.

If a fiscal allocation number has not yet been assigned, space should be left to be filled in later.

I. TITLE: This should briefly but adequately, hence in specific terms, identify the study which is to be undertaken, not merely the field to which the study is related.

LOCATION: Give the headquarters address of the line project leader Tas defined in Field Memo. SOS ,;714). If the actual work is to be done at some other place, indicate the location.

OBJECTIVE OR OBJECTIVES: Give a clear, complete, and specific statement of the objective or of objectives; what it is you propose to disclose. This should not be a statement of

method, or of justification, or a history. The study must, of course, relate directly to the soil and water conservation program.

IV. PREVIOUS WORK AND PRESEMT OUTLOOK ON THE PROBLEM: Indicate that "This section is covered in Appendf777—

V. _{PROCEDURE: This should sot forth the plan of procedure, showing in}

logical sequence the specific surveys to be made, the experi-ments to be set up, the types of equipment that will be used, the kinds of observations that will be made, etc. It will be

2

-very helpful to inventory the variables recognized and antici-pated; if they are to be manipulated, the directions of

variation allowed; if they are to be measured; the types of measurements that will be made.

Details of construction, of technique, of analyses, etc., should be included in an appendix. It is not the intention so to fix procedure that revisions are prohibited, but to secure a clear understanding of the means which will be employed in carrying on experiments.

VI. TECHNICAL LEADERS AND PERSONNEL:

..,..•••••••••••.••••••••••Mi.

"For leaders, see section for signatures." Technical Assistants:

VII. COOPERATION: If the study is a cooperative one, show what parts of the work will be done by each cooperator, the kind and amount

of the contribution to be made by each. Identify also the specific Cooperative Project Agreement under which the plan is prepared.

DATE OF INITIATION: Date on which the work is to begin. The work plan must be submitted sufficiently in advance of this date to permit its being checked and approved prior to the beginning of work. If the plan is being written to cover work already under way, the date of actual initiation should be given. IX. ANTICIPATED DURATION: Show the date by which it is believed the

objective can be attained.

X. ESTIMATED COST: Show the amount of money needed during the fiscal year. This includes only SCS Research funds.

A complete budget breakdown for the fiscal year should be given in an appendix and a reference made here to that appendix.

- 3 _

•

Submitted:

Linu Projcct Leader Recommended:

Project Supervisor

Approved:

Director, T000perating) Agricultural Experiment Station.

Chief, Division of Research, Soil Conservation Service.

Date

Date

Work Project Leader Date

Section Head Date

Date

Amendments to this work plan (whether for reducing or expanding -the work, or for making revisions of any kind) may be submitted in letter form. The specific plan or plans concerned should be identi-fied by means of the symbols appearing in th e uer pp right-hand corner of the first page, and tho revisions be clearly and concisely•should

stated.

APPENDIX A

PREVIOUS WORK .AND PRESENT OUTLOOK ON THE PROBLEM:

This section should contain an introduction to the study. There may be stated the problem as recognized, a resume' of tho im-portant work thus far done, the present status, and the anticipated developments, that is, the premises on which the work proposod is based. If desired, there may be included also a specific statement of reasons for making the study.

References cited should have a rather direct bearing on tho problem, and should be limited to those with which the worker is fairly familiar.

4

-APPENDTX B DETAILS OF PROCEDURE:

In large part, methods of instrumentation and of making various kinds of analyses are fairly well standardized. It is necessary only to show which of several methods is to be used.

Time of taking observations, or samples, etc., can readily be shown, frequently by means of a chart. Where plots are involved, treat-ments to be applied from year to year can be shown, also by means of a table or chart. Even with the procedure thus given, great flexi-bility is still possible. Usually the man in actual contact with the work can best determine whether or not changes should be made. Having decided upon them, he should provide an adequate record through amending the work plan. This is quickly accomplished by submitting the pertinent information in letter form.

APPENDIX C BUDGET:

The total anticipated cost for the fiscal year should be broken down into considerable detail. The use of headings similar to those given in the OBJECTIVE CLASSIFICATION OF ACCOUNTS outline is recommended, inasmuch as the fiscal keeping of accounf:s is based on this classification.

Although the information cannot be precise, it must represent an intelligent estimate, since from many budgets such as this one will the Soil Conservation Service Research Division budget be

prepared.

Changes in established budgets will be submitted as amendments to the working plans affected, such changes being covered also by the necessary revisions of Cooperative Project Acreements. If an in-crease of funds is desired, the amended budget must be submitted in time to be included in Division of Research estimates, that is prior to August 1, immediately preceding the fiscal year for which the increase is requested.

I

•

ORGANIZING A RESEARCH STUDY

Research, no matter in what field, is primarily a process, consisting of a systematic investigation of some phenomenon or series of phenomena to discover facts or the natural laws controlling them.

The organization of a study for this purpose can be resolved into several distinct parts, each of which has its place in a sequence but is not limited to that place. Each investigation must first of all be organized to anmer a specific problem which exists either as a broad general question calling for extended work or as a more limited question relating to a special point. In any case, the problem must be clearly defined, if the investigation is to be effective. In certain instances, therefore, a preliminary study is required before the research project can be organized.

A very profitable, even necessary, pursuit in this relation is the analyzing of the different factors involved, breaking them dawn into simplest components practicable. Those which can vary, should be sorted according to whether the variation can be controlled, measured, or both controlled and measured. Nith such an inventory at hand, the investi-gator is better able to select for treatment or observ&tion or both the minimum number of phenomena through which he may secure a measure of the larger principle under consideration. This process has especial value in connection with action programs such as the one to which the Soil Conservation Service is committed.

Once the problem to be investigated has been clearly formulated, the next step in the investigation should be a comprehensive reviaw of the literature bearing on the subject. This should be of such scope, even to the point of including unpublished material, that no important investigation is overlooked. Only by means of such a review can the investigator determine along what lines he should develop his project so as to promise a new contribution to the solution of the problem.

Mith the problem defined and the previous work reviewed, fre-quently the next step is the formulation of an hypothesis. Often,

however, the hypothesis cannot be formed immediately and there is needed a series of carefully made, exploratory observations from which it may be evolved. The validity of the hypothesis (as determined later) is influenced to a considerable extent by the breadth of background of the investigator, as well as by his ability to coordinate available infor-mation.

Formulation of the hypothesis should be followed by the setting up of an experiment or series of experiments by means of which the

ii

hypothesis may be adequately tested. If the phenomena to be investi-gated are of such magnitude or of such complexity that they cannot be obtained in controlled experiments, the researcher must resort to using their occurrence in nature as the basis for his observations.

Beginning with the first observations made and continuing

throughout the study, the investigator must make a critical evaluation of the kind of data obtained as well as of the experiments set up and of the phenomena chosen for observation, to determjne whether these elements contribute to the soluticn of the problem at hand. When he feels that he has sufficient data, he must determine in all sincerity whether his hypothesis is justified in the light of information

developed. In this respect, definite benefit is derived from the use of statistical method, provided the experiments or plan of making observations were developed so as to permit application of the method. The willingness to revise an hypothesis or even to discard it when results require such action, is an indication of a scientific mental attitude.

The final stage in a research study is to assemble the results in form for publication in order to make the findings available to other investigators, to technicians and to the public. Sufficient detail

should be included in the write-up that others may determine for them-selves whether they will accept the conclusions as tenable. Too many investigators tend to postpone this final work, but until it has been completed the research is not finished. Only by dissemination of infor-mation acquired by different investigators can the general field of knoAledge be enlarged.

4:rli

Project

Number

CIVIL ENGINEEKL4 SECTION OF EXPUI41:1T STATION

Year 1'140-1341

OS 401

Project

Title

Person in

Chsrge

Est.Sta.

Salary

Costs

Est. 6tb.

Fxense

A.

Materials Research

1. High-strength Are for Legault

reitforcement of

pre-cast concrete beams

E. Vat-or-proofing of

aclobe structures

#359.00

208.00

420.00

45.00

•N•

Bo Ieteorlca,

1. Exptrimentz,1 c4eek

of Imhwer formula

for evaporation

.iete.)rological

0brvtionS

M.Par;lhall 3453.00

tt

_450.00

10.00

4E5.00

C.

Lesign and Invaution

--D

.

MP M. M. ...

1. Fs' .

.11 Velocity Apparatus Gunder

427.00

2. Hydraulic Sand Separstor

et

.

Trrleation Structures

R.Parsha11947.00

(and tx-_, moi_uring

,

....?yipt3 A sece

crtroll

?tamping for Irrigatin and Lrairne

4P PremP44.44444441441 .. 4/A 4111

50.00

50.00

100.00

AIMP.

1. Irrigation use of

ground water in So.

Platte drainage-1940

2. Orolind water fluctunticns

and relation to pumping

3. 1.(sign and .-Jperation

of 3um4.pg ;,:lsrtz

Snow surveys

Code

1333.00

133.00

Rohwer

180.00

1. Photographic methc,ds

for making snow surveys

2. Snow course

measure-men

tts rortgust

analysls

CASH RESERVE

TOTi,LS

1.?ar3ha11267.00

R.Parzhal1538.00

1Jci._00

16164,0'

750Po

41750.00

April 13, 1340

gr. Ralph Parshall

Campus

Lear Ir. Parshall:

Enclosed is an outline for the preparation of

research v,orKing

It is our cesire that all

projects in the Civil Engineering Section of the

Experiment StatiDn next year be written up in

con-formity with these outlines.

Lirector Newsom has requested the annual report

and the budget be in his hands by April 22. Will you

therefore co the following things before April 18:

epo

on

ao

v

o

fn

r

ut

i

h

m

ol

c

br

f

t

f

ne

o

i

e

r

s

-Our budget for next year will be made out

the basis of these reports received. I should have

these reports all in by Thrusday, April 18, in

order that I may get my report to Lirector Newsom

by the twenty-secona.

Sincerely yo s,

N. A. Christensen

Lean of Engineering

NAC/jw

Enclosures

3276

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE

Washington, P. C.

January 31, 1939.

PREPARATION OF RESEARCH VMRKING PLANS

••••.

In accordance with the Department's UNIFORM PRCJECT SYSTEM, research activities of the Soil Conservation Service have been organized on the basis of financial, work, and line projects.

This organization is set forth in a mimeographed pamphlet which has been distributed to the field. If, however, any field office

should be without the pamphlet, a copy may be had from the office of the Chief of Research.

MEMORANDA OF UNDERSTANDING have also been completed with various bureaus of the Federal Government and with the State agri-cultural experiment stations. Such Memoranda have been supple-mented by COOPERATIVE PROJECT AGREEMENTS which serve as a basis for specific, work along lines given in the Outline of Financial, Work, and Line Projects.

The actual procedure in carrying cut these agreements must r$utlired in WORKING PLANS covering each specific study under-taken or to be underunder-taken. (See Field Memorandum SCS *714.) Although a number of studies arc already covered by such working plans, there are still many which ore not, and for these as well as for new ntudies contemplated, working plans must be prepared as soon as possible. Since this is a requirement of the Department, it is necessary that such plans be in not later than May 1, 1939, if funds are to be allotted for the work next year.

In drawing up working plans it is essential to keep in mind the various purposes which they serve. First of all (1) they

require the worker to think through his project and to organize the procedure. Furthermore, (2) they serve as a basis for the request and subsequent allocation of funds, (3) they arc the basis on which 'Section Heads determine the adequacy of project programs and of the

technical means to be employed, (4) they supply a record assuring the reasonable continuation of the various studios despite person-nel changes, (5) they furnish the logical basis for preparation of progress reports, (6) they provide specific information which makes possible a proper accounting for public funds, (7)' they make pos-sible the coordination of research and related programs, (8) they enable cooperators to keep themselves informed about important details of work.

-2

The Working Plan

Attached hereto is a revised outline for working plans which replaces that part of the mimeographed instructions Typical Cooperative Project Agreement With a Cooperative Agency entitled Typical Project Working Plan. The outline for cooperative agree-ments remains unchanged. The revised outline for working plans is essentially the same as the one previously used, differing princi-pally in a shifting of emphasis to certain portions of the plan.

The working plan should cover a specific piece of research rather than a location (see Field Memorandum SCS 4714), and should relate to one of the approved line Projects as listed in the

Outline of Financial, Work, and Line Projects. In some instances, two or more working plans, involving a like number of line proj-ects, may be complementary, and in such cases this interrelation-ship should be shown in each plan. A given location may require several plans. On the other hand, however, one plan may serve for a single study carried on at two or more locations not widely separated.

Details of procedure are to be given in an appendix and should be sufficiently complete that oven if leadership should be reassigned, no break in observations will occur, and no unwarranted change in procedure will result.

Expenses which might be designated "overhead" or administra-tive, should be distributed to the separate working plans so that the sum of funds requested in the several plans will be equal to the budget for any one work center (station, headquarters, field project, not including Washington offices). The only funds not to be included thus are B-0 monies.

It should be noted that a working plan though completed, should not become fixed. As the work develops and changes arc required, they are readily accomplished through amendments made in the form of a letter, which will be attached to file copies of the plan or plans involved. Such amendment is urged in order that the very best developments in knowledge and technique may be utilized.

In addition to the (1) Outline for a Typical Project Working Plan, there is attached also a (2) statement pertaining to the organizing of research studies. The latter, although a simple, general statement, will, it is hoped, serve in some measure to relate our various field studies to the functions with which the Research Division is charged.

Attention should now be given to the preparation of working plans in order that proposed studies may be approved and that all field studies may be adequately represented in the allocation of

3

-funds for the coming year. Plans already approved should be care-fully reviewed and if nocessar, brought up-to-date by amending or by rewriting thorn. Fr the moment, Appendixes A and B may be presented as mere outlines. They should, however, be developed into final form just as soon as possible, and ercept for now work proposed, should be submitted not later than July 1, 1939. Appen-dix C, BUDGET, obviously must accompany working plans submitted for the first time.

The Washington staff will give all the assistance it can in the revision and preparation of these working plans.

Attachments.

M. L. Nichols, Acting Chief, Division of Research.

OUTLINE OF WORKING PLAN FOR RESEARCH STUDIES

Identification of the specific working plan: In the upper right-hand corner of the first page should be shown:

(1) The financial-work-line project number (2) The fiscal allocation number

(3) The date under which the working plan is submitted, thus:

B-1-2-3 13-3-2-1

OKLA-R-1 VR-10

Jan. 4, 1938 Nov. 6, 1938

An amendment to the first example will be identified thus: B-1-2-3

OKLA-R-1 Jan. 4, 1938

Amend. Aug. 22, 1938.

If a fiscal allocation number has not yet been assigned, space should be left to be filled in later.

I. TITLE: This should briefly but adequately, hence in specific terms, identify the study which is to be undertaken, not merely the field to which the study is related.

LOCATION: Give the headquarters address of the line project leader (as defined in Field Remo. SCS 714). If the actual work is to be done at some other place, indicate the location.

OBJECTIVE OR OBJECTIVES: Give a clear, complete, and specific statement of the objective or of objectives; what it is you propose to disclose. This should not he a statement of

method, or of justification, or a history. The study must, of course, relate directly to the soil and water conservation program.

IV. PREVIOUS WORK AND PRESENT OUTLOOK ON TI1E PROBLEM: Indicate that This section is covered in Appendix

A77-V. PROCEDURE: This should set forth the plan of procedure, showing in logical sequence the specific surveys to be made, the experi-ments to be set up, the types of equipmeizt that will be used, the kinds of observations that will be made, etc. It will be

2

-very helpful to inventor:), the vcriables recognized and antici-pated; if they are to be manip'llated, the directions of

variation allowed; if they are to be measured; the types of measurements that will be made.

Details of construction, of technique, of analyses, etc., should be included in an appendix. It is not the intention so to fix procedure that revisions are prohibited, but to secure a clear understanding of the means which will be employed in carrying on experiments.

VI. TECHNICAL LEADERS AND PERSONNEL:

"For leaders, see section for signatures." Technical Assistants:

VII. COOPERATION: If the study is a cooperative one, show what parts of the work will be done by each cooperator, the kind and amount

of the contribution to be made by each. Identify also the specific Cooperative Project Agreement under which the plan is prepared.

VIII. DATE OF INITIATION: Date on which the work is to begin. The work plan must be submitted sufficiently in advance of this date to permit its being checked and approved prior to the beginning of work. If the plan is being written to cover work already under way, the date of actual initiation should be given. IX. ANTICIPATED DURATION: Show the date by which it is believed the

objective can be attained.

X. ESTIMATED COST: Show the amount of money needed during the fiscal year. This includes only SCS Research funds.

A complete budget breakdown for the fiscal year should be given in an appendix and a reference made here to that appendix.

Submitted:

Roc ommend.ed:

Approved:

7r-Director, Cooperating) Agricultural Experiment Station.

Line Project Leader Date

Project Supervisor Date

Mbrk Project Leader Date

Section Head Date

Date

Chief, Division of Research, Date Soil Conservation Service.

Amendments to this work plan (whether for reducinc or expanding the work, or for making revisions of any Lind) ,_Se submitted in letter form. The specific plan or plans concerned should be identi-fied by means of the symbols appearing in the upper right-hand corner of the first page, and the revisions should be clearly and concisely stated.

APPENDIX A

PREVIOUS WORK .LND PRESEPT OUTLOOK ON THE PROBLEM:

This section should cortain an introduction to the study. There may be stated the problem as recognized, a resume' of the im-portant work thus frr done, the present status, and the anticipated developments, that is, the premises on which the work proposed is based. If desired, there may be included also a specific statement of reasons for making the study.

References cited should have a rather direct bearin og n the problem, and should be limited to those with which the worker is fairly familiar.

-4

•

APPENDIX B DETAILS OF PROCEDURE:

In large part, methods of instrumentation and of making various kinds of analyses are fairly well standardized. It is necessary only to show which of several methods is to be used.

Time of taking observations, or samples, etc., can readily be shown, frequently by means of a chart. Where plots are involved, treat-ments to be applied from year to year can be shown, also by means of a table or chart. Even with the procedure thus given, great flexi-bility is still possible. Usually the man in actual contact with the work can best determine whether or not changes should be made. Having decided upon them, he should provide an adequate record through amending the work plan. This is quickly accomplished by submitting the pertinent information in letter form.

APPENDIX C BUDGET:

The total anticipated cost for the fiscal year should be broken down into considerable detail. The use of headings similar to those given in the OBJECTIVE CLASSIFICATION OF ACCOUNTS outline is recommended, inasmuch as the fiscal keeping of Lccoun';s is based on this classification.

Although the information cannot be precise, it must represent an intelligent estimate, since from many budgets such as this one will the Soil Conservation Service Research Division budget be

prepared.

Changes in established budgets will be submitted as amendments to the working plans affected, such changes being covered also by the necessary revisions of Cooperative Project Agreements. If an in-crease of funds is desired, the amended budget must be submitted in time to be included in Division of Research estimates, that is prior to August 1, immediately preceding the fiscal year for which the increase is requested.

ORGANIZING A RESEARCH STUDY

Research, no matter in what field, is primarily a process, consisting of a systematic investigation of some phenomenon or series of phenomena to discover facts or the natural laws controlling them.

The organization of a study for this purpose can be resolved into several distinct parts, each of which has its place in a sequence but is not limited to that place. Each investigation must first of all be organized to answer a specc problem which exists either as a broad general question calling for extended work or as a more limited question relating to a special point. In any case, the problem must be clearly defined, if the investigation is to •I3 In certain iI stances, therefore, a preliminary study i•s required before the research project can be organized.

A very profitable, even necessary, pursuit in this relation is the analyzing of the different factors involved, breaking them down into simplest components practicable. Those which can vary, should be sorted according to whether the variation can be controlled, measured, or both controlled and measured. Nith such an inventory at hand, the investi-gator is better able to select for treatment or observAion or both the minimum number of phenomena through which he may secure a measure of the larger principle under consideration. This process has especial value in connection with action programs such as the one to which the Soil Conservation Service is committed.

Once the problem to be investigated has been clearly formulated, the next step in the investigation should be a comprehensive review of the literature bearing on the subject. This should be of such scope, even to the point of including unpublished material, that no important investigatiII is overlooked. Only by means of such a review can the investigator determine along what lines he should develop his project so as to promise a new contribution to the solution of the problem.

With the problem defined and the previous work reviewed, fre-quently the next step is the formulation of an hypothesis. Often,

however, the hypothesis cannot be formed immediately and there is needed a series of carefully made, exploratory observations from which it may be evolved. The validity of the hypothesis (as determined later) is iI fluenced to a considerable extent by the breadth of background of the investigator, as well as by his ability to coordinate available infor-mation.

Formulation of the hypothesis should be followed by the setting up of an experiment or series of experiments by means of which the

2-.

hypothesis may be adequately tested. If the phenomena to be investi-gated are of such magnitude or of such complexity that they cannot be obtained in controlled experiments, the researcher must resort to using their occurrence in nature as the basis for his observations.

Beginning with the first observations made and continuing

throughout the study, the investigator must make a critical evaluation of the kind of data obtained as well as of the experiments set up and of the phenomena chosen for observation, to determine whether these elements contribute to the soluticn of the problem at hand. When he feels that he has sufficient data, he must determine in all sincerity whether his hypothesis is justified in the light of information

developed. In this respect, definite benefit is derived from the use of statistical method, provided the experiments or plan of making observations were developed so as to permit application of the method. The willingness to revise an hypothesis or even to discard it when results require such action, is an indication of a scientific mental attitude.

The final stage in a research study is to assemble the results in form for publication in order to make the findings available to other investigators, to technicians and to the public. Sufficient detail

should be included in the write-up that others may determine for them-selves whether they will accept the conclusions as tenable. Too many investigators tend to postpone this final work, but until it has been completed the research is not finished. Only by dissemination of infor-mation acquired by different investigators can the general field of knowledge be enlarged.

ESSENTIAL POINTS TO BE COVERED IN A RESEARCH

PROJECT OUTLINE

* *

1. Title. Make this a specific, brief, clear, aeequate

cnaracter-ization of the work to be undertaken (such words as "study of" or

"In-vestigation of" should be omitted for brevity).

2. Objective. Clearly define the aims or immediate purposes which

the project seeks particularly to accomplish.

3. Reasons for UpdertakInA the s-No. Indicate the importance of

the problem to agriculture or rural life, the activity ,r interest of

any particular group of citizens in connection with it, the justification

for its study at public expense, and the probable use to which the

re-sults will be put.

4. ereviow Work and Present Outlook on the Problem. Briefly

sum-marize prior relatea work at the intitution an elsewhere, citing the

more important pertinent contributions to the literature. Indicate

present activity in this field. Give briefly the present status of

the problem ane set forth analytically the phases which need further

study. Ineicate the extent to which the project aims to meet this

need.

Proce 1,1re. Indicate explicitly the essential working plans for

field and labo atory research ana the metheaology and technique to be

employed in attaining the proposed objectives. Where quantitative

val-ues are sought, the procedure followed should assure data susceptible

of approved statistical analysis. dention tee specific phases of the

project to be sndertaken currently as distinguished from phases to be

left for later attack, an indicate the place or places wnere the work

is to be conducted.

Ait

er,pably Luration. 3tate the length of time probably required

to cars*, out the specific objectives of the ,,r3ject.

Financiall blaports. Indicate the annual amounts apportionea to

.

(1) salaries and (2) maintenance based on careful analysis by the leader

of the anticipatea requirements for salary, labor, equipment, supplies,

travel, other operating expenses, publication, etc.). Where more than

one fund is used in support f the project, the estimated allotment

from eadh fund should be indicated.

)1

.

Per#0,pnel. Leeignate the leader or leaders in charge of the project

or t e chairman of the project committee. The ether teciinically-trained

staff members who are assigned to work on the project should also be

listed.

oft,

peDartmepts Involved. List each department or organized eivision

in tni- institution coetributing essential services or facilities to the

work of the project. If there is an advisry, coordinating, or

eirect-ing committee for the project, the facts should be indicated.

Regional,. or

National Cooperation. If the project is conducted

as paytt of some particular formal or informal coordinated program of

work with other institutions or agencies, state tne facts. If the

project is carriea on unaer a written eemorandum of understancing, state

the facts, with date f such memorandum.

June 27, 1940

Mr. Ralph Parshall Campus

Dear Mr. Parshall:

This is to call your attention to the notice sent you on June 20, regarding your research project write-ups.

If it is convenient, we would like very much to have your report on these projects by the end of the week.

Very truly

N. A. Christen n Dean of Engineering

COLORADO

STATE COLLEGE

OF AGRICULTURE AND MECHANIC ARTS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING FORT COLLINS. COLORADO

Ir. Ralph Parshall

Campus

Lear Ir. Parshall:

June 19, 1940

Lirector Newsom has requestea that all projects

be written up according to the outline from the United

States Lepartment of Agriculture, a copy of which is

enclosed.

Will you, therefore, prepare a research project

outline for those projects unaer your charge auring

the year, 1J40-41 (see enclosed table). Please make

these outlines as concise as possible without omitting

any

of the essential aata.

Irs. Hansen, the secretary of this office, will

be glad to assist in making these outlines and five

copies of each are necessary.

Sincerely yours,

404601

-9if

N. A. Christensen'

Dean of Engineering

NAC:jh

Encl.

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COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT Between the

COLORADO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION And the

SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE, U.S. DEPRTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Relative to

Irrigation Investigations in the State of Colorado during the fiscal year July 1,

1939

to Tune 30, 1940.

Legal Authority for the Work. Appropriations made for the United States Department of Agriculture in the Agricultural Appropriations Act for the current fiscal year 1940, and Acts and regulations of the State of Colorado governing the appropriations and expenditures of the State Agri-cultural Experiment Station.

THIS AGREEMENT, made and entered into this First day of July,

1939,

by and between the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, hereinafter known as the State, and the United States of America by the Secretary of Agriculture, hereinafter called the Government.

WHEREAS, there shall be maintained in cooperation investigations to study "commercial" types of hydraulic instruments and apparatus required in the irrigation and

drainage

of Western farm lands with a view of improv-ing their usefulness in irrigation; to gather data pertinent to the practical and economical phases of pumping for irrigation; to study evaporation

from

water surfaces; and by periodic snow surveys determine the quantity of water in storage and issue irrigation water supply forecasts in Colorado;

WI TNESSETH:

I. Both parties to this agreement mutually agree to carry out the terms of this agreement by execution of the following plan:

(a) To develop ways and means of ridding conveying channels of the silt, sand, and gravel transported by the water,

(b) To determine by means of tanks the hydrology of soils and the

effect of vegetation thereon in relation to farm irrigation requirements. (c) To study the problems of pumping for irrigation and drainage

either by means of existing plants or pumping plants installed for experimental purposes,