• No results found

A Demographic Application of the Estimation of a Varma Model with a Latent Variable

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Share "A Demographic Application of the Estimation of a Varma Model with a Latent Variable"

Copied!
19
0
0

Loading.... (view fulltext now)

Full text

(1)

http://www.diva-portal.org

This is the published version of a chapter published in Nordic Demography in History and Present- Day Society.

Citation for the original published chapter:

Hagnell, M. (2001)

A Demographic Application of the Estimation of a Varma Model with a Latent Variable.

In: Lars-Göran Tedebrand and Peter Sköld (ed.), Nordic Demography in History and Present- Day Society (pp. 47-64). Umeå: Umeå universitet

N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published chapter.

Permanent link to this version:

http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-132452

(2)

=@`hjbm\kcd^=kkgd^\odjijaoc`

Anodh\odjija\R\mh\Ij_`g

rdoc\H\o`ioR\md\]g`

?N`_:NTZRXX

Eiomj_p^odji

E

i\i`\mgd`m \mod^g`]t oc` \pocjm) D\bi`gg %.66.&) oc`m`g\odjincdkn

]`or ``i a`modgdot) \_pgo hjmo\gdot) ipkod\gdot) \i_ m`\g r\b`n di

Or`_`i _pmdib oc` k`mdj_ .42. oj .52- r`m` nop_d`_) pndib\iip\g

_\o\+Odi^`oc`m`g\odjincdkn]`or``ioc`n`ajpmq\md\]g`nr`m`nop_d`_

r docjpo h\fdib \it \ kmdjmd \nnphkodjin) hpgodq\md\o` odh` n`md`n

\i\gtndn r\n pn`_ rcd^c \ggjr`_ \i `hkdmd^\g _`o`h di\odji ja oc`

m`g\odjincdkn]`or``i oc` ajpm odh` n`md`n) \^jind_`m\]g` \_q\io\b`

rc`m``sdnodiboc`jmtkmjqd_`ndinpaad^d`io bpd_\i^`+ Pj nop_thjm`

^jhkg`sm`g\odjincdkn]`or``i_`hjbm\kcd^\i_`^jijhd^odh`n`md`n)

r`c\q`ojpn`hj_`gnrcd^c\ggjror j*r \t^\pn\odjijma``_]\^f)

d+`+ hj_`gn rcd^c\m` iji*m`^pmndq` hpgodkg` `lp\odji ntno`hn+ Pc`

\kkmj\^c pn`_ di D\bi`gg %.66.& r\n _`q`gjk`_ ]t Pd\j \i_ >js

%.65.&)rcjkmjkjn`_\ido`m\odq`\kkmj\^cajm]pdg_dibhpgodq\md\o`

jmq`^ojm*q\gp`_\pojm`bm`nndq`hjqdib\q`m\b` %R=NI=& hj_`gn+

S`ijrh\f`pn`jaoc`a\^ooc\or`\gnjc\q`diajmh\odji\]jpo

orj joc`m odh` n`md`n q\md\]g`n) \ c\mq`no di_`s) \i_ \ om\inajmh`_

mt`kmd^`)oc\oh`\npm`oc`n\h` \noc`m`\gr\b`n+ Pcpnr` _`adi`\

ji`*a\^ojm hj_`g ajm oc` ocm`` di_d^\ojmn) m`\g r\b`n) c\mq`no di_`s)

\i_om\inajmh`_mt`kmd^`+Pc`a\^ojmdn_`ijo`_oc`m`\gdi^jh`+ S`

oc`i `nodh\o` \ m`nomd^o`_ R=NI=%.).& hj_`g rc`m` oc` j]n`mq`_

q\md\]g`)m`\gr\b`n)dnijrm`kg\^`_]toc`g\o`ioq\md\]g`)m`\gdi^jh`+

Pj `nodh\o` np^c \ hj_`g r` `nn`iod\ggt ajggjr oc` \kkmj\^c admno

kmjkjn`_ ]t Ijg`i\\m %.652&+

(3)

Pcdn k\k`m dn jmb\idu`_ \n ajggjrn+ Oomp^opm\g `lp\odjin hj_`gn)

`nk`^d\ggt ajm odh` n`md`n) \m` npmq`t`_ di n`^odji / \i_ oc` _\o\ \m`

_`n^md]`_ din`^odji0+ S` nk`^dat \i_ `nodh\o` \ m`nomd^o`_R=NI=

hj_`gajmjpm_\o\\i__dn^pnnoc`^\pn\gdhkgd^\odjinjaoc``nodh\o`_

hj_`g di n`^odji 1+ Kpm h\di adi_dibn \m` ]md`agt nphh\mdu`_ \i_

njh` ^ji^gp_dibm`h\mfn \m` h\_`din`^odji2+

/+ Oomp^opm\g`lp\odjihj_`gnajmodh`n`md`n

Ei ocdn n`^odji r` bdq` \ ncjmo npmq`t ja %OAI&) `nk`^d\ggt ajm odh`

n`md`n) ajggjrdiboc` \kkmj\^cdi Ijg`i\\m %.652&+ =^op\ggt jigt oc`

nk`^d\g^\n`jaa\^ojm\i\gtndndnom`\o`_dicdnk\k`m+Pc`hjm`b`i`m\g

^\n` ja \ nomp^opm\g `lp\odji hj_`g dn ^jind_`m`_ di R\mdt\h %.661&

\i_ diD`mnc]`b`m `o\g+ %.663&+

= nomp^opm\g `lp\odji hj_`g jm \ Hdnm`g hj_`g) n`` >jgg`i%.656&)

Hj`cgdi%.654&) \i_ FÅm`nfjb*OÅm]jh %.656&) h\t ]` rmdoo`i \n7 D :>M (l } (}  %/+.&

rcd^cdn oc` nomp^opm\g k\mojaoc` hj_`g+ Ei %/+.&)Yx) oc`q`^ojmja

oc` g\o`io `i_jb`ijpn m\i_jh q\md\]g`n dn h sg8 É) oc` q`^ojm ja oc`

g\o`io`sjb`ijpnm\i_jh q\md\]g`n)dnisg rdoc^jq\md\i^`h\omdsK8

> dn oc` hsh ^j`aad^d`io h\omds ncjrdib oc` diagp`i^` ja oc` g\o`io

`i_jb`ijpn q\md\]g`n ji`\^c joc`m8E dn oc` hsi^j`aad^d`ioh\omds

ajmoc``aa`^onjaÉjiP F+Pc`h\omds%E*>&dn\nnph`_ijindibpg\m+É dn

oc` _dnopm]\i^` q`^ojm oc\odn \nnph`_ oj c\q` \i`sk`^o`_ q\gp` ja

u`mj) ^jq\md\i^`h\omds Xw,\i_ rcd^c dn pi^jmm`g\o`_ rdoc Pc`n`^ji_^jhkji`iojaoc`hj_`gdn oc`h`\npm`h`iok\mo7 X&,:=Pe(É %/+/&

2:= 2 (O %/+0&

ã

Pc`t %ksg& \i_ oc` s %lsg& q`^ojmn \m` oc` j]n`mq`_ `i_jb`ijpn

\i_ `sjb`ijpn q\md\]g`n) m`nk`^odq`gt= %ksi& \i_= %ksh& \m`oc`

^j`aad^d`io h \omd^`n oc\o ncjr oc` m`g\odji ja t ojZPF+ \i_ s oj É)

m`nk`^odq`gt) \i_ É %ksg& \i_ 5 %lsg& \m` oc` `mmjmn ja h`\npm`h`io

ajmt\i_s) m`nk`^odq`gt+ Pc` `mmjmn jah`\npm`h`io\m` \nnph`_ oj

]`pi^jmm`g\o`_rdocÉ\i_É\i_rdoc`\^cjoc`m+Pc``sk`^o`_q\gp`n

*  15 *

(4)

jaA\i_ 2 \m` u`mj \i_ oc`dm ^jq\md\i^` h\omd^`n \m` -  \i_ - ) )

Z  i+ _ i

m`nk`^odq`gt+Pjndhkgdath\oo`mnPe+) t\i_s\m`rmdoo`i\n_`qd\odjin

amjh oc`dm h`\in+

=go`mi\odq`gt)r`^\i_`adi`\Hdnm`ghj_`gjigt]t %/+.& \i_ %/+/&+

Pcdn dn njh`odh`n`skm`nn`_ \n oc`apggHdnm`ghj_`g ]``dib \ nk`^d\g

^\n`ja\np]hj_`gjadon`ga+ Pjn``ocdn)r`rmdo` %/+.&) %/+/&)\i_ %/+0&

dioc`ajmh

R

Eoa

=) -

=)t C (

%/+1&

!Z" !4 i ! f "

! mL Q F é

j k (

Alp\odji%/+1& bdq`n`lp\odjin %/+/& \i_ %/+0&)rcdg`oc`pkk`mk\mo

ja`lp\odji %/+2& bdq`n`lp\odji%/+.&+ Pc`gjr`mk\moja`lp\odji%/+2&

dnh`m`gt\o\pojgjbtrcd^cn\tnoc\o {

Ei ocdn ajmh oc` Hdnm`g hj_`g dn ^c\m\^o`mdu`_ ]t oc` k\m\h `o`m

h\omd^`n=) >) oc`^jq\md\i^`h\omds jaoc` nomp^opm\g `mmjmn)R t,)\i_

oc`^jq\md\i^`h\omdsjaoc``mmjmndioc`h`\npm`h`iohj_`g)- +S`

nc\ggpn`ocdnajmhjaoc`Hdnm`ghj_`gg\o`mdin`^odji1+

Ei hj_`gn ajm odh` n`md`n _\o\) g\o`io q\md\]g`n \m` n`g_jh pn`_+

Pc`m`\njiajmocdndnoc\ohj_`gndiqjgqdibg\o`ioq\md\]g`n)d+`+Hdnm`g

h j_`gn) \nnph ` di_`k`i_`io j]n`mq\odjin+ Bjm odh` n`md`n _\o\)

cjr`q`m) j]n`mq\odjin \m` _`k`i_`io \i_ q\md\]g`n `scd]do \poj*

^jmm`g\odji \i_ \m` ^mjnn^jmm`g\o`_ rdoc ji` \ijoc`m+

Eo dn kjnnd]g`) cjr`q`m) oj di^jmkjm\o` \poj^jmm`g\odji \i_ ^mjnn*

^jmm`g\odjidioc`Hdnm`gam\h`rjmf+Bjma\^ojm\i\gtndnIjg`i\\m%.652&

ajmh pg\o`_ \ _ti\h d^ a\^ojm \i\gtndn h j_`g r c`m` oc` j]n`mq`_

q\md\]g`n\m`\nnph`_oj]`gdi`\m^jh]di\odjin)ijojigtjaoc`a\^ojmn

\ooc`n\h`odh`kjdio)]po\gnjjag\bb`_a\^ojmn+D`\gnj\ggjr`_ajm

\poj^jmm`g\odji di oc` m`nd_p\gn+ Pcdn _ti\hd^ a\^ojm hj_`g ^\i ]`

m`ajmhpg\o`_ \i_ `nodh\o`_ \n \ Hdnm`g hj_`g+ S` rdgg pn` oc\o \k*

kmj\^cg\o`m di n`^odji1+

O`q`m\g ^mdo`md\ c\q` ]``i kmjkjn`_ ajmep_bdib oc` ado jaHEONAH

hj_`gnrc`i\kmdjmdfijrg`_b`dnijo\q\dg\]g`oj\d_^cjjndib\hjib

_daa`m`iohj_`gn) n`` `+b+ >jgg`i %.656&) Hj`cgdi %.654& \i_ ocZ hjm`

m`^`io>jgg`i*Hjib%.660&+=pnp\g^mdo`mdphdnMe)oc`m\odjTd , R d ja

(5)

oc`^cd*nlp\m`bjj_i`nn*ja*adono\odnod^nT/e oj_`bm``njaam``_jhRe)

^jmm`nkji_dib oj hj_`gI e+S` rdgg \gnj pn` oc` ijmh`_ ado di_`s

%iad& \i_ oc` k\mndhjidjpn ado di_`s %kad& di oc` ^jhk\mdnjin ja oc`

_daa`m`iohj_`gn+

Pc`ijmh`_ adodi_`s ^jhk\m`n oc` bjj_i`nn jaado ja \ k\mod^pg\m

hj_`g)I e)ojoc` bjj_i`nnjaadoajm\ipgghj_`g)I l ) \i_dn iad:% T /j * T /%k&,T/j %/+3&+

Pc`k\mndhji`jpnadodi_`sdn\hj_dad^\odjijaoc`ijmh`_adodi_`s+

Eoo\f`ndioj\^^jpiooc`iph]`mjaam``_jh]thpgodkgtdiboc`ijmh`_

ado di_`s ]t oc` m\odj ja oc` _`bm``n ja am``_jh ja hj_`gI e) Re)oj

ocjn`jaoc`ipgghj_`gI l ) Rl)oc\odn) kad: %Re,qj&iad %/+4&+

0+ Pc`_\o\

Pc` _\o\pn`_ajmoc``nodh\odji\m` \iip\godh`n`md`najmoc`rcjg`

jaOr`_`i_pmdiboc`k`mdj_ .42.*.52-) h`\npm`_amjhoc`dmh`\in+

S`rdggpn`oc`ajggjrdibijo\odjiajmoc` j]n`mq`_q\md\]g`n7 B : B`modgdot) h`\npm`_]toc`^mp_`]dmocm\o`ajmt`\mo)

n

I :\_pgoIjmo\gdot) _`\ocm\o`ajm\b`n /-*2-ajmt`\m o )

n

J : Jpkod\gdot)oc`^mp_`h\mmd\b` m\o`ajmt`\mo)

n

N : oc` N`\gr\b`ndi_`sajmt`\mo*. )

n

BE :oc`D\mq`no\nn`nnh`ioajmt`\mo*. ) o

@HN :admno@daa`m`i^`jaHjbb`_Nt`kmd^`ajmt`\mo*. )

n

NE : N`\gEi^jh`ajmt`\mo*. %pij]n`mq`_ jmg\o`ioq\md\]g`&

Pc` m`\g r \b`n di_`s) N) dn _`q`gjk`_ \o oc` @ `k\moh `io ja

A^jijhd^Ddnojmt)Hpi_Qidq`mndot)n``FÅm]`mb%.64/&)\i_dnj]o\di`_

]t _dqd_dib oc` _\dgt r\b`n ja \ a\mh g\]jpm`m ]t \ ^jno*ja*gdqdib

di_`s+Pc`c\mq`no\nn`nnh`io)D)dn\i\nn`nnh`iojaoc`c\mq`noji\

n^\g` ja dio`b`mn amjh - oj 3) rc`m` - no\i_n ajm \ q`mt ]\_ c\mq`no

*  2- *

(6)

\i_ 3 ajm \ q`mt bjj_ ji`+ Ei oc` ^ j no*j a*gdq di b  di_`s di oc`

_`ijhdi\ojmjaoc`m`\gr\b`ndi_`s)mt`dn\idhkjmo\iok\mo)\i_nj

oc` m`\g r\b`n di_`s \i_ oc` mt` kmd^` \m` ^jmm`g\o`_ ]t _`adidodji+

Pc`mt`kmd^`dnijino\odji\mt\ndoc\n]joc\om`i_\i_\idi^m`\ndib

q\md\i^`+ Oj oc` mt` kmd^` dn om\inajmh`_ oj \ no\odji\mt n`md`n) @HN)

]to\fdiboc`admno_daa`m`i^`jadongjb\mdoch+

Ei \i\gtudib oc` _`k`i_`i^` ja \_ p go h jmo\gdot r` jigt pn`

hjmo\gdot _\o\ajm\b`n/-*2-) \nr` fijramjhkm`qdjpn nop_d`n ajm

oc`n\h`_\o\)n``d+`+>`ibonnji\i_Kcgnnji%.652&)oc\ooc`hjmo\gdot

_daa`mn np]no\iod\ggt ]`or``iocdn \b` bmjpk \i_ oc` \b` bmjpk jq`m

2-t`\mn ja\b` \i_ \gnj ^cdg_m`i+

Pc`kmd^`n) \n r`gg\noc`r\b`n)r`m` _`^d_`_ dioc`\poph i\i_

r`m` c`g_ ads`_ piodg oc` i`so \pophi+ Pc` c\mq`no \nn`nnh`io r\n

\gnjh\_`dioc`\pophi+Pcpn\nN)D\i_@HN)h\digt\m`h`\npm`n

jaoc` no\i_\m_ jagdqdiboc` np]n`lp`iot`\m) r`pn` oc` np]n^mdkoo

ajm oc` ocm`` di_d^\ojmn \ot`\m o*.) ajm^jiq`id`i^`+

Pdh` n`md`n kgjon jaoc` ocm`` di_d^\ojmn jam`\g di^jh`) N) D) \i_

@HN) ncjroc\ooc`t\m`no\odji\mtn`md`n+ =gnjoc`kgjonjaa`modgdotB)

\_pgo h jmo\gdot I) \i_ ipkod\gdot J di_d^\o` oc\o oc`n` n`md`n \m`

no\odji\mt]po oc`tc\q` n`q`m\g g\mb`jpogd`mn+ Lgjon jaoc` n`md`n \m`

ncjri diD\bi`gg %.665&+ Pc` n\hkg` ^mjnn ^jmm`g\odjih\omd^`n N%f&

: vm*+%f& x)rc`m`m*+%f&dnoc`n\hkg`^mjnn^jmm`g\odjijag\bf]`or``i

n`md`dd\i_n`md`nr\gnjbdq`idiD\bi`gg%.665&)ncjroc\ondbidad^\io

^jmm`g\odjin `sdno]`or``ioc`q\md\]g`nijojigtajmoc` u`mj*g\bb`_

^mjnn ^jmm`g\odjin ] p o \gnj ajm cdbc`m g\bn+ Oj di h j_`ggdib oc`

m`g\odjincdknjaoc`q\md\]g`nr`ncjpg_\og`\noo\f`dioj^jind_`m\odji

^mjnn^jmm`g\odjin jag\b.+

1+ Anodh\odjija\m`nomd^o`_R=NI=hj_`g

Ei D\bi`gg %.66.& oc` d_`iodad^\odji ja \ R=NI= hj_`g ajm oc` ajpm

j]n`mq`_q\md\]g`nB)I) J)\i_Nr\n\^^jhkgdnc`_]tnop_tdiboc`

k \oo`mi  ja ^mjnn ^jmm`g\odji h \omd^`n \i_ k\mod\g \pojm`bm`nndji

h\omd^`n+=R=NI=%.).&hj_`gr\nd_`iodad`_ajggjrdiboc`\kkmj\^c

jpogdi`_diPd\j\i_>js %.65.&+ =ao`mn`oodibdindbidad^\iok\m\h`o`m

`nodh\o`noju`mj)din`q`m\gnp^`nndq`no`kn)\m`nomd^o`_R=NI=%.).&

hj_`g r\n `nodh\o`_+ Pc` k\m\h `o`m `nodh\o`n ajm ocdn hj_`g \m`

ncjri di o\]g` 1+.) r c`m` oc` adbpm`n r docdi k\m`ioc`n`n \m` oc`

\]njgpo` o*q\gp`n ajm oc` k\m\h `o`m `nodh\o`n+ 9@ \i_ -  _`ijo` oc`

k\m\h`o`mnjaoc`\pojm`bm`nndq` \i_oc`hjqdib\q`m\b`k\mojaoc`

R=NI=%.).& hj_`g) m`nk`^odq`gt+

(7)

P\]g` 1+.+?jk`dXk`fe]fi k_\ i\jki`Zk\[ P;LG;$,',% df[\c)

K

-

.+02 +./ ë $*+0 1  + +

%+& %+& %4+5& %3+1& %1+2& %+& %+& %+&

+2. +.1

%Ö& %/+6& %+& %+& %+& %+& %+& %1+-&

+-6 +4- + *+-1

?K $

%2+/& %..+5& %+& %Ö& %Ö& %Ö& %1*/&

+45

%+& %+& %+& %.1+/&

+

%Ö& %Ö& %Ö& %Ö&

+

Pc` adi\g m`nomd^o`_ adoo`_ R=NI=%.).& hj_`g) r doc `nodh \o`_

k\m\h`o`mn bdq`idio\]g`1+.)`skg\din oc`m`g\odjincdkn\hjiboc`n`

ajpmj]n`mq`_odh`n`md`n\noc`ajpm*`lp\odjintno`h7 B : .1+0 ( .+02J ( -+./N ( -+01\ ( \ %1+.&

n n*f n*f B)n*. B)n

I :2+52 ( -+2.I * -+.1\ ( \ %1+/&

n n* f N)n*. I)n

J : .+05 ( -+-6I ( -+4-J ( -+-1\ ( \ %1+0&

n n*f n*f N)n*. J)n

N : .1+. ( -+45N ( \ %1+1&

n n*f N)n

Kaoc`n`ajpm`lp\odjin)%1+.&`skg\dinoc`a`modgdotdiOr`_`i_pmdib

oc` .42.*.52- ^`iopmt di o`mhn ja oc` ipkod\gdot \i_ oc` m`\g r\b`n)

]jocji`t`\m`\mgd`m) \i_ \gnj jaoc`a`modgdotdikm`^`_dibt`\mn+ Pc`

`aa`^on\m`kjndodq`)di^m`\ndibipkod\gdot\i_\i_m`\gr\b`nm`npgodib

di cdbc`m a`modgdot+ Djr`q`m) oc` ^j`aad^d`io ja .+02) m`km`n`iodib oc`

diagp`i^` amjhipkod\gdot jia`modgdot) dn ojj g\mb` oj m`km`n`io jigt \

_dm`^o ^\pn\g `aa`^o+ Pcdn g\mb` `aa`^o amjh ipkod\gdotji a`modgdot c\n ]``ij]n`mq`_km`qdjpngt)?\mgnnji %.64-&)H``%.642&)\i_H``%.65.&)

\i_ dn \oomd]po`_oj njh` pifijri^jhhji`sjb`ijpn a\^ojm+

*  2/ *

(8)

Bmjh %1+/& oc` \_pgo hjmo\gdot dn n``i oj _`k`i_ ji oc` m\i_jh  ncj^fajmoc`m`\gr\b`noc`km`^`_dibt`\m\i_jioc`\_pgohjmo\gdot

oc` km`^`_dibt`\m+ =n `sk`^o`_) di^m`\n`_ m`\gr\b`n \m` \nnj^d\o`_

rdoc _`^m`\n`_ hjmo\gdot+

Bpmoc`m) %1+0&`skg\dinoc`ipkod\gdotdio`mhnjaoc`\_pgohjmo\gdot

\i_ oc` m`\g r\b`n) ]joc ji` t`\m `\mgd`m) \i_ \gnj ja oc` ipkod\gdot

oc` km`^`_dib t`\m+ Pc` `aa`^on \m` kjndodq`) nj di^m`\ndib hjmo\gdot

\i_m`\gr\b`nm`npgodicdbc`mipkod\gdot+ Pcdndndi\^^jm_\i^`rdoc

rc\or`rjpg_ `sk`^o \n hjm` _`\ocn m`npgodihjm`m`h\mmd\b`n ja

oc`i`rgtrd_jr`_\i_k`mc\kndihjm`h\mmd\b`jkkjmopidod`n_p`

oj dic`mdo\i^`+

Bdi\ggt) amjh %1+1& oc` m`\g r\b`n _`k`i_ jigt ji oc` m`\g r\b`n

oc` km`^`_dib t`\m+ Ei ocdn ^jio`so do dn i\opm\g oj dio`mkm`o oc` m`\g

r\b`n di_`s \n \i di_`k`i_`io jm `sjb`ijpn q\md\]g` rcd^c _j`n

ijo _`k`i_ ji\it jaoc` joc`mocm``q\md\]g`n+

S`rdggijrajmhpg\o`oc`ndhkg`noHdnm`ghj_`g)^\gg`_Ij_`g.+.)

rcd^c^jmm`nkji_n oj oc` m`nomd^o`_R=NI= hj_`gdio\]g`1+. rdoc

oc` dh kjmo\io b`i`m\gdu\odji oc\o oc` j]n`mq`_ q\md\]g` N dn ijr

m`kg\^`_]toc`g\o`ioq\md\]g`NE)m`\gdi^jh`)_`adi`_]t\ji`*a\^ojm

hj_`gajmoc`j]n`mq`_q\md\]g`nN)D)\i_@HN+Pc`ndhkg`nohj_`g)

rcd^c ^jmm`nkji_n oj oc` m`nomd^o`_ R=NI= hj_`g di o\]g` 1+. \i_

di^gp_`n oc` ji`*a\^ojm h j_`g nomp^opm`) dn oc` ajggjrdib hj_`g)

`lp\odjin %1+2& \i_ %1+3&)

%1+2&

B : Ü J ( Ü k ( ` É  ( ^

n .0 n*f .1 n*. .. B)n*. B)n

I : Ü I ( - É ( É

r // P*. /1 L)Pá. I)P

J : Ü I ( Ü J ( - É  ( É

n 0/ n*. 00 n*. 01 N)n*. J)n

NE : Ü NE ( É

n 11 n*. NE)n

B : ?

n*. B)n*.

I : É

n*. D o*g

J : ?

n*. J)n*.

NE : ?

n*. NE)n*f

ojb`oc`m rdoc oc` ji`*a\^ojm hj_`gn %1+4& \i_ %1+5&

(9)

N : RNE ( _

n c n  c)n

D : RNE ( _ %1+4&

n / n /)n

@HN : TNE( _

n 0 n 0)n

N : TNE ( _

n*c c n*c c)n*c

D : RNE ( 5  %1+5&

n*f / n*. /)n*f

@HN : c NE ( 5

n*f 0 n*f 0)n*f

Alp\odjin%1+2&oj%1+5&^\i]`rmdoo`idiHdnm`g ajmh) d+`+ \n t:=h+(_ %1+6&

t

D: ><h(} %1+.-&+

S` oc`i _`adi`t\n oc`\pbh`io`_ ./s. q`^ojm jaoc` _`k`i_`io

\i_di_`k`i_`ioj]n`mq`_q\md\]g`nrdoc. g\b) d+`+

t $ : % B ) I ) J ) B  ) I )J  ) N) D ) @HN) N ) D  ) @HN &+

n n n n n*f n*f n*f n n n n*f n*f n*f

Dr`_`adi`\noc`5s. \pbh`io`_q`^ojmjag\o`ioq\md\]g`n)rc`m`

oc`admnonds `g`h`ion ^jmm`nkji_ oj oc`admnonds `g`h`ion jat ) rcdg`

oc` g\no orj \m` NE \i_ NE ) d+`+ .

n n*c

D $ :%HB) HI) HJ) HB ) HI ) HJ ) NE) NE &+

n n n n n*c n*c n*c n n*c

Pc`km`adsHdiHBno\i_najmoc`g\o`ioq\md\]g`oc\om`km`n`ionBdi

jpmhj_`g`o^+ +

Pc` g`ao pkk`m 3s3 k\mo ja = dn \i d_`iodot h\omds) rcdg` oc` g`ao

gjr`m 3s/ \i_ oc` mdbco pkk`m 3s/ k\mon \m` ]joc u`mj h\omd^`n+ Pc`

mdbco gjr`m 3s/ k\mo ja = ^jio\din oc` ji`*a\^ojm hj_`g nomp^opm`)

*  21 *

(10)

=  :

s

4  j - =

rc`m`=:

E -

E -

o 0 -

- E

- E

- R .

Pc`g`aopkk`m3s3k\moja- `dn\u`mjh\omds)]`^\pn`B\i_HB`o^+

\m` d_`iod^\g) \i_nj\m`oc`g`aogjr`m3s3 \i_mdbcopkk`m3s3k\mon+

Pc`mdbcogjr`m3s3k\moja- `dn \_d\bji\gh\omdsrdococ`admno\i_

ajpmoc)n`^ji_\i_adaoc)\i_ocdm_\i_ndsoc`g`h`ion`lp\g) ndi^`É

\i_ É `o^+ c\q` oc` n\h` q\md\i^`) d+ `+ p

d)o*d

-  : - -

- -

rdoc - :

+' - - - - -

+ +, - - - -

- - +. - - -

+ - - - -

- - - - +- -

- - - +.

-d)-/) \i_ -0 m`nk`^odq`gt m`km`n`io oc` m`nd_p\g q\md\i^`n di oc`

ji`*a\^ojm hj_`g+

> dn \ 5s5 m`bm`nndji h\omds r doc iji*u`mj `g`h`ion jigt di oc`

mdbcok\mo \ndi_d^\o`_dio\]g`1+.) d+ `+

(11)

> :

- - - |`- - | l

- - - - | e - - -

- - - - | .- | .- - -

- - - -

- - - -

- - - -

- - - , < 1 1

- - - -

Pc` ^jq\md\i^` h\omds ajm É) c\n ]`nd_`n don _d\bji\g `g`h`ion

\gnj ocm`` iji*u`mj jaa*_d\bji\g `g`h`ion \n di_d^\o`_ di o\]g` 1+.)

d+`+

P `

- p )

- -

p )

! o - - p )

- - - -

- - - -

- - - -

- ! / 1 ! 0 1 -

p ) ) Ä

- e &)# +

- - e&3

- - - e&)V

D`m` oc` _d\bji\g `g`h`ion \m` \gg pi`lp\g) ndi^` oc` hj_`g _j`n

ijo c\q` oc` n\h` `lp\odji ajm B \n ajm B `o^+) \n r` jigt c\q`

diajmh\odjiamjhorj odh` kjdion+. o[.

Pcdnhj_`gdn`nodh\o`_amjhoc`^jq\md\i^`h\omdsjajpm_`adi`_

t ) oc\odn) amjh o

*  23 *

(12)

Z8 Z Z Z Z

%1+..& )

rc`m`?Mdnoc`^mjnn^jq\md\i^`h\omdsjag\b-ajmoc`ndsj]n`mq`_

q\md\]g`n) d+`+ oc` jm_di\mt ^jq\md\i^` h\omds) rcdg` dn oc` ^mjnn

^jq\md\i^`h\omdsjag\b. ajmoc` ndsj]n`mq`_q\md\]g`n+

Pc`h\sdhphgdf`gdcjj_ h`ocj_r\npn`_di\gg`nodh\odji+

Pc`m`npgonamjhoc``nodh\odji\m` _`kd^o`_dio\]g`n1+/oj1+1+ Ei

o\]g` 1+1) HBH h`\in oc` g\bb`_ q\md\]g` ja HB) oc` g\o`io q\md\]g`

^jmm`nkji_dibojoc` j]n`mq`_q\md\]g`B`o^+ +

P\]g` 1+/+JXiXd\k\i \jk`dXk\j]fi df[\c ,),)

=]njgpo`o*q\gp`n\m`bdq`irdocdik\m`ioc`n`n+

R\md\]g` N D @HN

Hj\_dibn7R( .+-- -+01 *-+-0 . %*& %0+0& %0+0&

N`nd_p\gq\md\i^`n 3/+/2 /+16 -+-/

%6+4& %6+-& %5+6&

Cjj_i`nn*ja*adono\odnod^7 :155+4/ rdoc_a q : 23 M : 5+40) iad : -+05) kad : -+06

(13)

P\]g` 1+0+?jk`dXk`fe i\jlckj]fi df[\c ,),)

=]njgpo`o*q\gp`n\m`bdq`irdocdik\m`ioc`n`n+

K -

-+60 .+22

%Ö& %Ö& %3+1& %/+0&

+13

%+& %2+4& %Ö& %Ö&

+.. +35

%Ö& %2+5& %..+3& %Ö&

0+01

%Ö& %Ö& %Ö& %/+4&

*.+36

%1+.& %Ö& %Ö& %Ö&

+62

%Ö& %Ö& %Ö& %/+-&

*-+01

%Ö& %Ö& %Ö& %/+.&

%Ö& %Ö& %Ö& %Ö&

P\]g` 1+1JXiXd\k\i \jk`dXk\j]fi \iifi mXi`XeZ\j `e df[\c ,),)

=]njgpo`o*q\gp`n\m`bdq`irdocdik\m`ioc`n`n+

R\md\]g` HB HI HJ HBH HIH HJH NE NEH Ammjm q\md\i^`n .+0- 2+/- -+02 2+2/ 3+54 -+5- .+41 -+51

%1+.& %4+-& %4+-& %4+-& %4+-& %4+-& %-+5& %.+.&

=nr`^\in``amjho\]g`1+/oc`adojajpmhj_`gdnijoq`mtbjj_+

Djr`q`m)c`m`r`c\q`\oc`jm`od^\ggtnk`^dad`_hj_`g)njr`^\iijo

`sk`^o\bjj_ado+Bjmdino\i^`)dijpmhj_`gr`c\q`ijonk`^dad`_oc`

\poj^jmm`g\odjin oc\o kmj]\]gt `sdno+ S` b`o njh` dindbco dioj oc`

kjnnd]g` hdnnk`^dad^\odji ja jpm hj_`g da r` nop_t oc` hj_dad^\odji

di_d^`n+Pc`hj_dad^\odjidi_`sdn\h`\npm`jaoc`km`_d^o`__`^m`\n`

diT/da\ndibg`^jinom\diodnm`g\s`_\i_oc`hj_`gdnm``nodh\o`_+Bjm

jpmhj_`goc`g\mb`nohj_dad^\odjidi_`sdn34+-3ajm`g`h`io%.-)4& ja

- ) d+ `+ oc`^jq\md\i^`]`or``ioc`m`nd_p\gndiN \i_N + Oj\h\di

kaj]g`hrdoc jpm hj_`g n``hn oj ]` oc\o r` dbijm` \poj^jmm`g\odji

dioc`m`nd_p\gn dioc`h`\npm`h`iohj_`g) oc` ji`*a\^ojmhj_`g+

*  25 *

(14)

O`oodiboc`^jq\md\i^`n]`or``ioc`m`nd_p\gndiN \i_ N) ))D \i_

D oe) @HN \i_ @HNZ) m`nk`^odq`gt) am``) rcd^c r` ^\gg hj_`g .+/)

bdq`n\iT./ja1-5)..rdoc20_`bm``njaam``_jh+Pcdndn\^jind_`m\]g`

_`^m`\n` di T/ amjh oc` ajmh`m q\gp` ja 155+4/ r doc 23 _`bm``n ja

am``_jh + Pc` j oc `m bjj_i`nn ja ado h `\np m`n ncjr  \ ndh dg\m

dhkmjq`h`io+S`ijrb`oM:4+4-)iad:-+22) \i_kad:-+1-\njkkjn`_

oj oc` `\mgd`m M:5+40) iad:-+05) \i_ kad:-+06+

Pc`m`npgonamjhoc``nodh\odjijahj_`g.+/\m`_`kd^o`_dio\]g`n

1+2 oj 1+4+

P\]g` 1+2+JXiXd\k\i \jk`dXk\j]fi df[\c ,)-)

=]njgpo`o*q\gp`n\m`bdq`irdocdik\m`ioc`n`n+

R\md\]g` N D @HN

Hj\_dibn7R( .+-- -+/- *-+-0

%*& %2+1& %3+1&

N`nd_p\gq\md\i^`n 34+15 /+30 -+-/

%4+.& %6+-& %5+6&

Ammjm ^jq\md\i^`n7 31+0. -+63 *-+---0

%3+4& %0+0& %-+/&

Cjj_i`nn*ja*adono\odnod^7 Tè:1-5+.. rdoc_a q : 20 M : 4+4-) iad : -+22) kad : -+1-

(15)

P\]g` 1+3+?jk`dXk`fe i\jlckj]fi df[\c ,)-)

=]njgpo`o*q\gp`n\m`bdq`irdocdik\m`ioc`n`n+

1; -

-+52 /+./ $*/+..

%Ö& %Ö& %2+2& %.+1& %2+.& %Ö& %Ö& %Ö&

+16 +40

%Ö& %3+/& %Ö& %Ö& %Ö& %Ö& %Ö& %.+1&

+.- +36 *-+/2

%Ö& %2+0& %..+4& %Ö& %Ö& %Ö& %Ö& %.+1&

3+.1

+%Ö& %Ö& %Ö& %.+4&[ +  K %Ö& %Ö& %Ö& Z

P\]g` 1+4JXiXd\k\i \jk`dXk\j]fi \iifi mXi`XeZ\j `e df[\c ,),)

=]njgpo`o*q\gp`n\m` bdq`irdocdik\m`ioc`n`n+

R\md\]g` HB HI HJ HBH HIH HJH NE NEH Ammjm q\md\i^`n .+51 2+.6 -+01 2+2/ 3+54 -+5. .2+21 -+06

%1+.& %4+-& %4+-& %4+-& %4+-& %4+-& %0+6& %-+4&

S` omd`_ n`q`m\g joc`m hj_`gn) rcd^c \m` _dn^pnn`_ di _`o\dg di

D \bi`gg %.665&+ Ei oc`n` h j_`gn r` ^jind_`m`_ g\bb`_ a\^ojmn)

\poj^jmm`g\odji ja n`^ji_ jm_`m \i_ oc` `so`indji ja jpm hj_`gn oj

orj \i_ ocm`` odh` g\bn+ S` rdgg c`m` ^jiadi` jpmn`gq`n oj bdqdib \

nph h \mt ja oc` m`npgon amjh oc`n` hj_`gn di o\]g` 1+5) rc`m` oc`

k\m\h`o`m`nodh\o`najmoc`\pojm`bm`nndq`\i_hjqdib\q`m\b`k\mon

ja oc` m`nomd^o`_ R=NI=%.).& \m` bdq`i+

*  3- *

(16)

P\]g` 1+5+JXiXd\k\i \jk`dXk\j]fi k_\ Xlkfi\^i\jj`m\ Xe[ dfm`e^

Xm\iX^\ gXikj f]k_\ i\jki`Zk\[ P;LG;$,',%]fi df[\cj)

Ij_`g Ü Ü Ü Ü Ü Üd - ` `

.0 .1 // 0/ 00 11 7.. /1H 01

Kigt N .+02 -+./ -+2. -+-6 -+4- -+45 *+01 -+.1 ï*+-1 .+. -+60 .+22 -+13 -+.. -+35 0+01 **.+36 -+62 *+01 .+/ -+52 /+./ -+16 -+.- -+36 3+.1 */+.. -+40 *+/2 .+0 -+6. *1+30 -+2/ -+-6 -+41 *..+1- */+02 *+0- -+./

/+. .+-3 -+1- -+14 -+.- -+36 -+51 *+11 0+-4 **+6- /+/ -+66 -+21 -+14 -+.- -+34 -+51 *+23 /+1- **+44 /+0 .+-3 -+11 -+15 -+.- -+36 .+.4 *+30 /+04 **+40 /+1 .+13 *./+-- -+16 -+.- -+42 -+/1 *+42d *+.- -+-1 /+2 .+13 *./+-. -+16 -+.- -+43 -+/1 *+42d *+.- -+-1 0+. -+.. -+54 -+12 -+-2 -+/- -+2- *+0- .+5/ **.+/2 0+/ -+-6 -+.0 -+14 -+-1 -+.4 -+.0 */+/0 -+52 *+25 0+0 -+-4 .+1- -+13 -+-2 -+.5 -+16 *+00 .+.. **+5- 0+1 -+/. -+61 -+11 -+-3 -+/- -+00 *+15 .+4- **.+//

0+2 -+.5 -+64 -+11 -+-3 -+.6 -+02 *+2/ .+32 **.+.3

Ojh`jaoc`k\m\h`o`m`nodh\o`nncjr\bm`\ono\]dgdotjq`mhj_`gn)

d+`+ oc` `nodh \o` ja Ü ) r cdg` joc`mn _daa`m \ bm`\o _`\g) ]joc di

h\bidop_` \i_ ndbi+ Eidio`mkm`odib oc`n` `nodh\o`n r` gjjf ]\^f oj

oc`]`bdiidibjaocdn n`^odji)rc`m`oc` dio`mkm`o\odjijaoc` jmdbdi\g

m`nomd^o`_ R=NI=%.).& hj_`g r\n _dn^pnn`_+ S` admno gjjf \o oc`

\pojm`bm`nndq`k\m\h`o`mn)rc`m`r`ajpi_oc\odor\nm`\nji\]g`oj

`sk`^o\ kjndodq` ndbiajm Üd0\i_ ÜZ+ S` j]o\dikjndodq` ndbin ajm \gg

(17)

`nodh\o`njaÜ )rcdg`hj_`gn.+0)/+1)\i_/+2)\gghj_`gndi^gp_dib\

g\bb`_a\^ojm)c\q`i`b\odq`ndbinajmÜ \i_ocpnncjpg_]`_dn^\m_`_

ajmoc\om`\nji+Pc`m`h\didib\pojm`bm`nndq`k\m\h`o`mn<Ü/) Ü0/)\i_

ÜZ\m`\gg`sk`^o`_ojc\q`kjndodq`ndbin)rcd^coc`tb`odia\^oadi\gg

hj_`gn+

Ppmidibijrojoc`hjqdib\q`m\b`k\m\h`o`mnr``sk`^o\kjndodq`

admno jm_`m ^jq\md\i^` ]`or``i oc` `mmjmn di oc` a`modgdot `lp\odji+

Odhdg\mgtr``sk`^o\i`b\odq`admnojm_`m^jq\md\i^`]`or``ioc``mmjmn

dioc`hjmo\gdot`lp\odji)\i_\kjndodq`admnojm_`m^jq\md\i^`]`or``i

oc``mmjmndioc`ipkod\gdot`lp\odji+?jhk\mdiboc`n``sk`^o`_m`npgon

rdococ`ndbindio\]g`1+5)r`adi_oc\or`j]o\dioc`rmjibndbinajm

hj_`gn .+0) /+1) \i_ /+2 ajm - \i_ - +

/1 01

Eo dn hjm` _daad^pgo oj ep_b` oc` ndu` ja oc` `nodh\o`_ k\m\h`o`mn

oc\ioj\nn`nnoc`dmndbi+Djr`q`m)r`rdggh\f`oc`ajggjrdibm`h\mf+

Ei oc` ]`bdiidib ja ocdn n`^odji r` ijo`_ oc\o oc` ndu` ja Ü ajm oc`

jmdbdi\gm`nomd^o`_R=NI=%.).&hj_`g).+02)r\nojjg\mb`ojm`km`n`io

jigt\_dm`^o^\pn\g`aa`^o+ S`ijradi_oc\oajm\itm`\nji\]g`r`gg*

adoodib h j_`g) `+b+ h j_`g .+/) /+/) jm 0+/) \gg h j_`gn r doc jigt

\poj^jmm`g\odjijaoc`admnojm_`majmoc`a\^ojmm`nd_p\gn\i_ijg\bb`_

a\^ojm) oc` `nodh\o`n ja Ü00 \m` -+52) -+66) \i_ -+-6) m`nk`^odq`gt) \gg \

]do nh\gg`m oc\i .+02 \i_ ocpn hjm` m`\nji\]g`+

2+Ophh\mt\i__dn^pnndji

S` c\q` ajpi_ oc\o) \gocjpbc oc` ndhkg` hj_`g km`n`io`_ \o oc`

]`bdiidibjan`^odji1)hj_`g.+.)dnojjndhkg`ojm`km`n`io\i\_`lp\o`

\kkmjsdh\odji ja jpm _\o\) \i `so`indji ja ocdn hj_`g \ggjrdib ajm

admno jm_`m \poj^jmm`g\odji]`or``ia\^ojm m`nd_p\gn) hj_`g .+/) bdq`n

\]`oo`m\kkmjsdh\odji+Odhdg\m^ji^gpndjin\m`_m\ri)dar`^jind_`m

hj_`gn rdoc orj jm ocm`` g\bn) ocpn hj_`gn /+/ \i_ hj_`gn 0+/ \m`

]`oo`m oc \i  h j_`gn /+. \i_ h j_`gn 0+.) m`nk`^odq`gt+ D jr `q`m)

`so`indjin jajpmhj_`gn\ggjrdibajm\g\bb`_a\^ojm\ i _ ,j mn`^ji_

jm_`m\poj^jmm`g\odji]`or``ia\^ojmm`nd_p\gn_jijobdq`hp^c]`oo`m

adon+

S`ijradi_oc\oajm\itm`\nji\]gtr`gg*adoodibhj_`g)d+`+hj_`gn

r doc jigt \poj^jmm`g\odji ja oc` admno jm_`m ajm oc` a\^ojm m`nd_p\gn

\i_ijg\bb`_a\^ojm)oc``nodh\o`nja\omjp]g`njh`k\m\h`o`mdijpm

jmdbdi\gm`nomd^o`_R=NI=%.).& hj_`gijr]`^jh`hjm`m`\nji\]g`+

Koc`m\kkgd^\odjinjag\o`ioq\md\]g`ndiodh`n`md`nhj_`gn\m`ajpi_

diAibg`\i_S\onji%.65.&)D\bi`gg%.66/&)\i_Pmdq`gg\oj)>jm_dbiji

\i_ C\`o\i %.660&+

*  3/ *

(18)

N`a`m`i^`n

>`ibonnji) P+ \i_ K cgnnji) N+) Pc` no\i _ \m_  ja gdqdib \i_ h jmo\gdot m`nkjin` di

_daa`m`io\b`n + ?lifg\XeDflieXcf ]JfglcXk`fe'. %.652&)kk+0-6*0/3+

>`iog`m)L+I)\i_>ji`oo)@+C+) Odbidad^\i^`o`non\i_bjj_i`nnjaadodioc`\i\gtndnja

^jq\md\i^`nomp^opm`n +JjpZ_fcf^`ZXc<lcc\k`e)55%.65-&)kk+255*3-3+

>jgg`i) G=+) MkilZkliXc ?hlXk`fej n`k_ ?Xk\ek PXi`XYc\j) %J`rUjmf)Sdg`t) .656&+

>jgg`i) G =) \i_ Hjib) x O) `_n+) N\jk`e^ MkilZkliXc ?hlXk`fej df[\cj) %J `r ]pmt L\mf)

O\b`) ?\+) .660&+

?\mgnnji)C+) J di `o``i oc *^`i op mt  a`modgot jn^dgg\odjin + JfglcXk`fe Mkl[`\j' /1 %.64-&)

kk+1.0*1//+

Aibg`) N) \ i _  S \onji) I+) =  K i `*B \ ^oj m I p godq \ md\ o`  P dh ` O `md`n I j_`g ja

I `omjkjgdo\iS \b`N\o`n + DflieXc f ]k_\;d\i`ZXe MkXk`jk`ZXc;jjfZ`Xk`fe' 43 %.65.&)

kk+441*45.+

D \bi`gg) I+) =  I p godq \md\o` Pdh ` O`md`n = i\gtndn ja B`modgdot) = _ p go I jmo\gdot)

J pkod\gdot)\i_N`\gS \b`ndiOr `_`i.42.*.52-+=? jh k\mdnjijaPrj@daa`m`io

= kkmj\^c`n +DflieXcf ]I]]`Z`XcMkXk`jk`Zj'2%.66.&)kk+104*122+

D \bi`gg) I+) = i = kkgd^\odji ja N `bm`nndji ji \ H\o`io R \md\]g` ajm Pdh` O`md`n

@ \o\ + Ei L C I q\i _`m D`de_`i) S F\in`i) > Bm\i^dn \i_ C Q D  O``]`m %A_n&)

MkXk`jk`ZXcG f[\cc`e^%Agn`qd`m).66/&)kk+./.*./6+

D\bi`gg)I+); e Xggc`ZXk`fef]k_\\jk`dXk`fef ]XPXidXdf[\cn`k_XcXk\ekmXi`XYc\) N`n`\m^c

N`kjmo.66572 %Hpi_) @ `k\moh `iojaOo\odnod^n)Q idq`mndotjaHpi_) .665&+

FÅm]`mb)H)+=B`jkfipf ]Ji`Z\j `e Mn\[\e ,2.-(,4,/ %Hpi_)C g`mpk).64/&+

FÅm`nfjb)GC)OÅm]jh)@+) ?CML?? 2);  Al`[\kf k_\Jif^iXdXe[;ggc`ZXk`fej %?cd^\bj)

OLOOdi^+).656&+

H``) N+@+) J \opm\ga`modgdot) kjkpg\odji^t^g`n \i_oc` nk`^om\g \i\gtndn ja]dmocn \i_

h \mmd\b`n +DflieXcf ]k_\;d\i`ZXe MkXk`jk`ZXc;jjfZ`Xk`fe'4- %.642&)kk+/62*0-1+

H``) N+@+) Ocjmo mp i  agp^op\odjin di qdo\g m\o`n) kmd^`n \i_ r `\oc`m + Ei JfglcXk`fe

ki\e[jXe[\Xicpdf[\ie?e^cXe['`_do`_]tA+=+S mdbg`t\i_N+O^cjad`g_%?\h]md_b`)

D \mr \m_ Q idq`mndot Lm`nn) .65.&+

Hj`cgdi)F+?+)FXk\ekPXi`XYc\Gf[\cj%JF)H\pm`i^`Amg]\ph =nnj^d\o`n)Ddggn_\g`).654&+

I jg`i\\m) L ? I+) =  @ ti\h d^ B\^ojm I j_`g ajm oc` =i\gtndn ja I pgodq\md\o` Pdh`

O`md`n + Lnt^cjh `omdf\) 2- %.652&) kk+ .5.*/-/+

Pd\j)C+?+ \i_>js)C+A+L+) I j_`gdibh pgodkg`odh `n`md`nr doc\kkgd^\odjin +DflieXc

f ]k_\;d\i`ZXe MkXk`jk`ZXc;jjfZ`Xk`fe'43%.65.&)kk+5-/*5.3+

Pmdq`gg\oj)> jm_dbiji\i_C\`o\i) = @ti\h d^I j_`gjaAh kgjth `io7= ijoc`mHjjf

\onjh`Ennp`njaBjmh pg\odji)E_`iodad^\odji\i_Anodh\odji +EiMkXk`jk`ZXcGf[\cc`e^

Xe[?Xk\ek PXi`XYc\j)JifZ\\[`e^jf ]k_\Cek\ieXk`feXcQfibj_fg' Ni\ekf'CkXcp' ,0(,2Dlcp

,44,) A_do`_]tG+ D \b`i) @+ F+ >\mocjgjh `r \i_I+ @`dnog`m %Agn`qd`m) .660&+

R \mdt\h ) F J+) =  ^jh h ji am\h `r jmf ajm `nodh \odib h pgodq\md\o` \pojm`bm`nndq`

di_`sh j_`gn + =fdglkXk`feXcMkXk`jk`Zj">XkX;eXcpj`j'.4%.660&)kk+1/.*10/+

(19)

=^fijrg`_b`h`ion

Pc`\pocjmrjpg_gdf`ojoc\ifkmja`nnjmPjhht>`ibonnji)@`k\mo*

h`io jaA^jijhd^ Ddnojmt) Hpi_ Qidq`mndot) ajm kmjqd_diboc` _\o\+

Bdi\i^d\gnpkkjmodn\^fijrg`_b`_amjhDOBN) Pc`Or`_dnc?jpi^dg

ajmN`n`\m^cdi oc` Dph\idod`n \i_ Oj^d\g O^d`i^`n+

*  31 *

References

Related documents

46 Konkreta exempel skulle kunna vara främjandeinsatser för affärsänglar/affärsängelnätverk, skapa arenor där aktörer från utbuds- och efterfrågesidan kan mötas eller

This project focuses on the possible impact of (collaborative and non-collaborative) R&amp;D grants on technological and industrial diversification in regions, while controlling

In: Lars-Göran Tedebrand and Peter Sköld (ed.), Nordic Demography in History and Present- Day Society (pp. Umeå:

In: Anders Brändström and Lars-Göran Tedebrand (ed.), Population Dynamics during Industrialization (pp.. Umeå:

In: Lars-Göran Tedebrand and Peter Sköld (ed.), Nordic Demography in History and Present- Day Society (pp.. Umeå:

In: Lars-Göran Tedebrand and Peter Sköld (ed.), Nordic Demography in History and Present- Day Society (pp. Umeå:

Adult mortality and childhood conditions: Long-term effects of urban life in 19th century Sweden.. In: Lars-Göran Tedebrand and Peter Sköld (ed.), Nordic demography in history

In: Lars-Göran Tedebrand and Peter Sköld (ed.), Nordic demography in history and present-day society (pp. Umeå: Umeå universitet,